GENERAL
CHEMISTRY II
Anne Jlaine A. Llosa,
SST-I
REVIEW
• Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules
with the correct chape around the central atom;
• Indicate each bond’s polarity by drawing an arrow to
represent the bond dipole along each bond;
• Determine the molecule’s polarity and indicate this with
an arrow to represent the net dipole moment;
• Identify if the molecule is polar or nonpolar.
Br2
NH3
C H 3B r
Propanone
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
• All matter is made of tiny particles
• These particles are in constant motion
• The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased
temperature means greater speed.
• Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in
the freedom of motion of particles and in the extent to which the
particles interact.
Properties of Matter Molecular Behavior
Gas Liquid Solid
Volume
Shape
Density
Compressibility
Motion of Molecules
KINETIC MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE THREE
S TAT E S
ATTRACTIVE FORCES VS. KINETIC ENERGY
GASES Attractive forces are weak relative to kinetic energy
Attractive forces are stronger because particles
LIQUID
have less kinetic energy
Attractions dominate motion.
SOLID
Particles are fixed in place relative to each other
W H AT I S A P H A S E ?
W H AT I S A P H A S E ?
• is a homogeneous part of the system
in contact with other parts of the
system but separated from them by
a well-defined boundary.
PHASE CHANGES
WHAT HOLDS THE
PARTICLES IN THE SOLID
AND LIQUID STATES?
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
or
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
• Are attractive forces between • Are attractive forces within a
molecules molecule
41 kJ is needed to vaporize 1 930 kJ is required to break all O-
mole of water H bonds in 1 mole of water
Generally, intermolecular forces are
much weaker than intramolecular
forces.
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
AT TR ACTI O N
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
OF AT TRACTION
1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES (LDF)
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles
induced in atoms or molecules
ion-induced dipole interaction dipole-induced dipole interaction
• These forces are present between
all types of molecules due to the
movement of electrons.
• As electrons move around the
nucleus, an uneven distribution
-
causes momentary charge
separations. Slightly positive sides of
a molecule are attracted to the
slightly negative sides of the adjacent
molecule.
• The dipole in the atom (or
nonpolar molecule) is said to be
an induced dipole because the
separation of positive and
negative charges in the atom (or
nonpolar molecule) is due to the
proximity of an ion or a polar
molecule.
POLARIZABILITY
- is the ease with which the
electron distribution in the atom
or molecule can be distorted
Polarizability increases with:
Greater number of electrons
More diffused electron cloud
EXAMPLE:
• F2, the lightest halogen, is a gas, Br2 is a liquid, and the heavier
I2,is a solid at room conditions. Further, the more atoms that
make up the molecules, the stronger are the dispersion forces.
2. DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• Attractive forces between polar molecules
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid
3. ION-DIPOLE FORCES
• Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Interaction Between Water and Cations
in solution
33
4. HYDROGEN BOND
• is a special dipole-dipole interaction between they hydrogen atom
in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative O, N, or F
atom.
A H…B or A H…A
A & B are N, O, or F
HYDROGEN
BONDING IN
DNA
“Measure” of intermolecular force
boiling point
melting point
Hvap
Hfus
Hsub
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
AT TR ACTI O N
SUMMARY
COMPREHENSION CHECK:
Determine what type/s of intermolecular
forces exist between each of the following
molecules?
HBr
CH4
SO2 polar
LDF
dipole-dipole
C H 3C H 2O H
CO2
H 2O - H F
H 2 – CO 2
ARRANGE ACCORDING TO INCREASING IMF
N2
HCN
HF
ARRANGE ACCORDING TO INCREASING IMF
Water
Methanol
Ethanol
Diethyl ether
ARRANGE IN INCREASING BOILING POINT
HCl
HBr
HF
HI
