SENTENCE

CONNECTORS

Basic Lecture
0.01

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1. Similarity
likewise, similarly correspondingly by the same token in the same way

▪ Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly, women must wear a skirt or a dress,
not trousers.
▪ She was late and I similarly was delayed.
▪ You can't teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can't build a
system of values in the current educational climate.

2. Contrast CONTRAST
a. Direct Opposition -On the other
▪ Ali worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ hand
However, Okan hardly did any work at all. -In contrast
▪ Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent (=hard -conversely
working). -however
▪ George is an optimist. In contrast/However/, Bill is a -yet
pessimist. -still
▪ Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer -nonetheless
solitude. -nevertheless
▪ Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six. -even so
b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result) -in spite of this
-despite
▪ She studied diligently for several months.
that/this
Nevertheless/However/Yet/Nonetheless, she failed.
▪ George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
▪ My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal
matters.
▪ It's raining. Even so, we must go out.

3. Result
▪ He passed his exams.
Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/Consequently, he had RESULT
some good news to tell his parents. -as a
▪ Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is consequence
highly respected. -accordingly
▪ He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has -for this/that
made considerable progress. reason
▪ He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely -therefore
-as a result
to be successful.
-consequently
▪ The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices
-hence
are higher now. -thus
-because of
that/this

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4. Addition and Listing
▪
▪ ADDITION AND LISTING
▪ Also,besides,further,moreover,furthermore,in addition,first (firstly, first of all, to
begin with, in the first place, for one thing ),secondly (second, in the second place,
for another thing),thirdly(third, in the third place),finally, lastly, last of all

▪ Aykut plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs a restaurant.

▪ Necla writes short stories, in addition, she writes articles for a newspaper.
▪ To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books.
Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopedias.
▪ During her spare time, Ayla practices the piano; in addition, she plays the vio-
lin.
▪ I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because they are quite
cheap there. Besides, they are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at
the greengrocers'.
▪ Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. Also, it provides good educa-
tional opportunities.
▪ All docs not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation to practice
music. Therefore, he can't become a good musician.
▪ Owning a car has some advantages. First (First of all/Firstly/ To begin with),
it gives you comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you
great freedom of movement.

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5. Time
▪ I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a TIME
shower.
▪ First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the at first
coin-box. afterwards
▪ At first, I had great difficulty with grammar Later, later
however , I was able to overcome these difficulties by then
studying hard. in the
▪ The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop meantime
and prepare the food. meanwhile
▪ They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's have coffee.

6. Exemplification
EXEMPLIFICATION
▪ Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in
the United States life expectancy for women is 75, while it for instance
is 73 for men. for example
▪ Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the to illustrate
earthquake which occurred in Erzincan in 1939 devastated
the whole town, killing more than 35,000 people.

7. Particularization
in particular particularly specifically

▪ Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find

specialty items that larger stores do not contain.
▪ We still needed to arrange several details for the trip. Specifically, we had to
make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.

8. Explanation
that is namely in other words that is to say

▪ The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. That is/In other words/ Namely, it
discussed transportation, currency, and language.
▪ The machinery was not impaired; that is, it wasn't damaged.
▪ Good readers should be able to read between the lines; that is, they should be
able to make inferences (=to draw conclusions) about information that is conveyed
indirectly or given only partially.
▪ There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question of discipline.
▪ As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are appropriate to the
society into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of behavior
which are accepted as normal in his society.

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9. Emphasis
in fact indeed as a matter of fact actually

▪ He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men in Turkey.

▪ I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favorite pastime.
▪ Mural is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for music.

10. Refutation
on the contrary

▪ She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.

▪ I don't hate classical music. On the contrary, I'm very fond of it.

11. Reformulation
in other words to put it in a different way, put differently

▪ He is a conservative. In other words, he favors the preservation of old institutions

in their original form.
▪ Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make a cheaper device?

12. Correction
rather to be more precise

▪ He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying himself.

▪ This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly changed.
▪ Her name is not Margeret. Rather, it is Margot.

13. Transition
as for as to with regard to with respect to
as regards regarding as far as X is concerned

▪ Both Orkun and Ozkan are my friends. Orkun studies law at Ankara University. As
for Ozkan, he studies mechanical engineering at METU.
▪ As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much better than a bicycle. On
the other hand, with respect to convenience, it is difficult to say the same thing.
▪ METU and ITU are similar in several respects (=ways). First, they are both
technical universities. Secondly, they are alike as regards the courses offered.
▪ Sony, which is $550, is much more expensive than Grundig, which is $440.
However, as far as quality is concerned (With regard to/ As regards quality), the
former is far better than the latter.

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14. Alternative
▪ You're welcome to come with us now in our car. Alternatively, you could go later
with Mary.

15. Negative Condition

or else otherwise
▪ I must leave now, or else I'll be late.
▪ You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.

16. Summation/ Conclusion

in summary in brief in short in conclusion to be brief to sum up
all in all
▪ This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short, it is a fiasco.
▪ The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity. In conclusion, it was a
complete failure.

17. Other Sentence Connectors

after all: considering all the factors in the situation

▪ I don't think he should be punished for breaking the window. After all, he's only
five years old.
incidentally/by the way (used to introduce an additional point that the speaker has
just thought of)
▪ Some people, and incidentally that includes Robert, just won't look after
themselves properly.
above all (=more than anything else)
▪ He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see his family again.
all the same: even so, nevertheless, in any case,
▪ I like him; all the same, I don't trust him
anyway, anyhow, in any case
▪ I wasn't asked; anyway/anyhow/in any case, I wasn't keen to go.
instead (used to indicate contrast)
▪ Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.

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 Connector Exercises for IELTS

1.A lion was drinking water from a brook. (a) — a lamb was also drinking water from the downstream of the
same brook. The lion saw the lamb and decided to devour it. (b) — he was thinking about how to
accomplish his evil design. (c) –he hit upon a plan. (d) — the lion complained that the lamb was disturbing
him by muddying water. But the lamb said that he was drinking water from downstream. (e) –the questions
of muddying water on his part did not arise. (f) –the lamb argued that it was the lion that was muddying the
water for him as he was drinking water upstream. (g) –the lion retorted that the lamb spoke oil of him a year
ago. (h) — the lamb said that he was not born a year ago. The lion grew into a rage. (i) –he said that perhaps
his father spokes ill of him last year. (j) — the lion had the right to take revenge and kill the lamb.

2.There have been significant changes in the types of entertainment over time. Many of these no longer
exist. (a) — they do, people keep looking for newer forms of entertainment. (b) — snake charming, puppet
shows, jatra, jarigan, sharigan and kabigan which were common forms of entertainment in the past, have
almost lost of their appeal. (c)– , radio used to be a good source of entertainment. (d) — it is giving place to
television and to satellite channels in particular. (e)– , the entertainment business, like other spheres of life,
is getting westernized. (f)– , folk music or palligeeti is now sung with western instruments. (g)– , modern
music is now fusing melodies from folk and traditional songs. (h)– , band and pop music is becoming more
and more popular particularly among the young generation. (i) –sport has become a great source of
entertainment today. (j) — football, which used to be the most popular spectator sport in Bangladesh is
gradually being replaced by cricket.

3.A thing of beauty is a joy forever. (a) a flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its sweet smell attracts
one to all. (b) flower cultivation was very rare in our country. (c) — the scenario has changed. (d) — many
people cultivate flowers not only for enjoying their beauty but also for earning money. (e) — in big cities
and towns many flower shops have flourished. Different kinds of flowers are sold there. (f) — the demand
of flowers is increasing day by day. (g) — they are of great use to us. (h) — we keep flowers in flower vase
to beautify our drawing room. (i)– during marriage ceremony we decorate gate and vehicle with flowers.
Thirdly, we express our love and affection towards anyone with flowers. (j) — the use of flowers is very
great.

4.Food adulteration is a social problem. There is hardly any food that is not adulterated. (a) –, a business
syndicate is involved in this. (b) , they are bringing national health to the edge of death. (c) , people taking
adulterated food will become gradually sick. (d) , they will suffer from many complicated diseases. (e) ,–
they will die. (f)– , food adulteration has reached in an alarming state in our country. (g) –, the authority
concerned is playing a silent role. (h) —, laws regarding this crime are not so strict. (i)– , this crime is going
to be out of control. (j) –, steps must be taken against this heinous crime to save our life.

5.Happiness lies in the mind of a man (a) — beauty lies in the eyes of a beholder. (b) — we can say (c) —
happiness comprises a state of mind. A poor man can be happy with one lakh Taka (d) — it has no
importance for a millionaire. (e)– , the source of happiness lies in us. (f) — we do good work (g) gives
happiness to others, our own happiness also increases by leaps and bounds. One way of doing this is to find
out and go out to those (h) may be in need of our help. The highest form of happiness is derived when we
help others (i) make them happy. (j) in every religion, great importance is put on the service of mankind.

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6.Honesty is a noble virtue. The man (a) — possesses this rare quality is the happiest man on earth. To be
honest, a man should have trustworthiness (b) — nobody trusts a liar. A liar may prosper for the time being,
(c) — ultimately he goes to the dogs. (d) — we should be honest. It is said that honesty is the best policy (e)
— dishonesty is the sign of downfall. God helps those who are honest. (f) — dishonest people are cursed;
Childhood is the best time (g) — children should be taught honesty. It is said (h) ? children should be
allowed to mix with those friends (i) — are honest. (j) — the can mould their characters.

7. Many years ago there lived a king named Soloman. He was very wise and helped people in many ways.
(a) —, his name and fame spread far and wide. The Queen of Sheba heard about the name and fame of king
Soloman. (b) —, she could not believe that he was so wise and wealthy. (c) —, she decided to visit his
country and meet him personally. (d) —, the queen came to king Soloman’s palace. She brought with her
hundred servants who carried many fine presents. (e) —, she brought with her some artificial flowers that
were mixed with some real flowers. (f) —, the flowers were beautiful and looked alike. (g) —, the queen
asked the courtiers to find out the real ones. They took time and watched the flowers minutely. (h) —, they
failed to differentiate. (i) —, King Soloman watched some bees flying over some flowers. (j) —, he realized
those flowers to be real.

Answers
1. (a) as; (b) so; (c) that; (d) while; (e) in fact; (f) if; (g) which; (h) who; (i) and; (j) therefore/so
2. (a) in fact; (b) by doing so; (c) certainly; (d) and; (e) eventually; (f) at present; (g) but;
(h) sorrowfully; (i) as such; (j) so/ therefore
3. (a) likewise; (b) in the past; (c) at present; (d) now; (e) recently; (f) as a result; (g) truly
speaking; (h) firstly; (i) secondly; (j) so/hence
4. (a) even if; (b) thus; (c) once; (d) but now; (e) at present; (f) consequently; (g) moreover; (h)
nowadays; (i) besides/also; (j) but
5. (a) incidentally; (b) so; (c) then; (d) at first; (e) so; (f) instead; (g) then; (h) again; (i) therefore; (j)
so
6. (a) who; (b) because; (c) but; (d) so; (e) whereas; (f) moreover; (g) therefore; (h) hence; (i) in addition;
(j) thus
7. (a) so; (b) but; (c) therefore; (d) accordingly; (e) besides; (f) that; (g) then; (h) but; (i) suddenly; (j)
thus