Fundamental of Computer Programming
Course No. CSE-411
Introduction & Evolution of Computer Systems
Delivered By:-
Dr. Jay Kumar Jain
(Faculty of CSE)
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhopal
Introduction to Computer System
•Computer Architecture
•Component
•Evaluation of Computer
•Generations
•Types of Computers
•Programming Language And Their Types
•Machine Language, High Level Language Etc
•Generation of Programming Language
•C Programming Features
•Program Execution in C
•Translators, Assembler, Compiler, Algorithm, Flowchart, Pseudocode.
Definition of Computer
• The term computer is derived from the word
compute. The word compute means to
calculate.
• A computer is an electronic machine that
accepts data from the user, processes the data
by performing calculations and operations on
it, and generates the desired output results.
• Computer performs both simple and complex
operations, with speed and accuracy.
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Definition of Computer
It accepts (inputs), stores, manipulates and
retrieves(outputs) data as number, text, graphics, voice,
video files, or electrical signals according to the specified
mathematics or logical operations detailed in the special
set of instructions. These specific set of instructions is
known as a program.
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Characteristic of Computers
The characteristics of computers that have made them so
powerful and universally useful are speed, accuracy,
diligence, versatility and storage capacity. Let us discuss
them briefly.
• Speed
• Computers work at an incredible speed. A powerful
computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million
simple instructions per second.
• Accuracy
• In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate.
Errors that may occur can almost always be attributed
to human error (inaccurate data, poorly designed
system or faulty instructions/programs written by the
programmer)
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Characteristic of Computers
• Diligence
• Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent.
They do not suffer from human traits of boredom and
tiredness resulting in lack of concentration. Computers,
therefore, are better than human beings in performing
voluminous and repetitive jobs.
• Versatility
• Computers are versatile machines and are capable of
performing any task as long as it can be broken down
into a series of logical steps. The presence of computers
can be seen in almost every sphere – Railway/Air
reservation, Banks, Hotels, Weather forecasting and
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Characteristic of Computers
• Storage Capacity
• Today’s computers can store large volumes of data.
A piece of information once recorded (or stored) in
the computer, can never be forgotten and can be
retrieved almost instantaneously.
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Block Diagram of Computer System
All instructions and data
are stored in the
memory.
All instruction and the
required data are
brought into the
processor for execution.
Input and output
devices interface with
the outside world.
Referred to as Von
Neumann architecture
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Inside the processor
• Also called as Central Processing Unit(CPU)
• A processor consists of arithmetical logic and a control unit
(CU)
• ALU is the main component in a processor that performs
various arithmetic and logic operations.
• The control unit generates sequence of control signals to carry
out all operations.
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Role of ALU
It contains several registers, some general-purpose and some
special purpose, for temporary storage of data.
It contains circuitry to carry out logic operations like AND, OR,
NOT, shift, compare.
It contains circuitry to carry out arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.
During instruction execution the data are brought in and stored
in some registers, the desired operation carried out and the result
stored back in some register or memory.
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What is the role of CU
Acts as the nerve center that sense the states of various functional units and
sends control signals to control their states.
To carry out a specific operation, the control unit must generate control
signals in a specific sequence.
Enable the outputs of registers R2 and R3
Select the addition operation.
Store the output of the adder circuit into register R1.
When an instruction is fetched from memory, the operation(called opcode)
is decoded by the control unit, and the control signals issued.
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Inside the Memory Unit
Two main types of memory subsystems.
Primary or Main Memory, which stores the active
instructions and data for the program being
executed on the processor.
Secondary Memory, which is used as a backup
and stores all active and inactive programs and data,
typically as files.
•The processor only has direct access to the primary
memory.
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Role of Input Devices
•Used to feed data to the computer system from the external
environment.
Data are transferred to the processor/memory after
appropriate encoding.
•Common Input devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystrick
Camera
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Role of Output Devices
•Used to send the result of some computation to the outside
world.
•Common output devices:
LCD/LED screen
Printer and Plotter
Speaker
Projector
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Computer Organization & Architecture
•Computer Organization
Design of the components and functional blocks using which computer systems are
built.
Example: Civil engineer task during building construction(cement, bricks, iron rods,
and other building materials)
•Computer Architecture
How to integrate the components to build a computer system to achieve a desired level
of performance.
Example: architect’s task during the planning of a building (overall layout, floorplan
etc.
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
Electronic computer, Developed by Prof. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I)
It was the first general purpose electronic digital computer. It was designed
by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC.
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
Charles Babbage is called “Father of Computer”
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
CHARLES BABBAGE’S ENGINES .
Charles Babbage (1792-1871) made a
machine called Difference Engine .
Evaluate accurate algebraic expression and
mathematical, This machine is also called as
Babbage's difference engine, Later
modified the device as Analytical Engine .
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
MARK-I - DIGITAL COMPUTER
All calculating machines are invented basically mechanical machine. First
electro-mechanical computer developed by Howard Aiken.
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Babbage Engine
First automatic computing engine was designed by Charles Babbage in the 19th
century, but he could not built it.
The first complete Babbage engine was built in 2002,153 years after it was designed.
•8000 parts
•Weighted 5 tons
•11 feet in length.
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ENIAC
•Developed at the University of Pennsylvania.
•Used 18000 vacuum tubes, weighted 30 tons and occupied a 30ft X 50 ft space.
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Harvard Mark 1
•Built at the University of Harvard in 1944, with support from IBM.
•Used mechanical relays (switches) to represent data.
•It weighted 35 tons, and required 500 miles of wiring.
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IBM system/360
• Very popular mainframe computer of the 60s and 70s.
•Introduced many advanced architectural concepts that appeared in microprocessor
several decades later.
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Intel Core i7
• A modern processor chip, that comes in dual-core, quad-core and 6-core variants.
• 64-bit processor that comes with various micro architectures like Haswell, Nehalem,
Sandy Bridge etc.
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Ref [https://www.pscarivukal.com/2020/05/computer-basics-psc.html]
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Evolution of the types of computer
Systems
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