Unit 1: Fundamentals of Computers - BCA 1st Year (In-Depth Notes)
1. Introduction to Computers
A computer is an electronic device capable of processing data to produce meaningful
information. It performs tasks based on instructions called programs. It can perform
arithmetic and logical operations and can store, retrieve, and process data at high speeds.
2. Computer Definition
A computer is a programmable machine that accepts raw data as input, processes it using a
set of instructions (software), and produces output as information. It also stores the results
for future use.
3. Characteristics of Computers
- Speed: Executes millions of instructions per second.
- Accuracy: Highly accurate; errors usually due to human input.
- Automation: Can perform tasks automatically after instructions are provided.
- Storage: Can store large volumes of data.
- Versatility: Can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
- Diligence: Does not suffer from fatigue or lack of concentration.
- Multitasking: Executes multiple tasks at once with efficiency.
4. Evolution and History of Computers
- First Generation (1940-1956): Used vacuum tubes; large and expensive.
- Second Generation (1956-1963): Used transistors; smaller and more efficient.
- Third Generation (1964-1971): Used integrated circuits (ICs).
- Fourth Generation (1971-present): Use of microprocessors.
- Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Based on Artificial Intelligence and quantum
computing.
5. Basic Organization of a Digital Computer
A digital computer consists of:
- Input Unit: Devices that feed data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
- Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions (RAM, ROM, etc.).
- Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- Output Unit: Displays output (monitor, printer).
6. Number Systems and Conversions
- Decimal (Base-10)
- Binary (Base-2)
- Octal (Base-8)
- Hexadecimal (Base-16)
Conversions:
- Binary to Decimal and vice versa
- Decimal to Octal/Hexadecimal and vice versa
7. Computer Codes
- BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal): Represents decimal numbers using binary.
- Gray Code: Binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.
- ASCII: Represents English characters as numbers (e.g., A = 65).
- Unicode: Supports characters from multiple languages and symbols.
8. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra deals with binary variables and logic operations:
- Basic operations: AND, OR, NOT
- Derived: NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
- Truth Tables: Represent output values for all input combinations.
9. Software Types
- System Software: Manages hardware and provides services (OS, compiler).
- Application Software: Helps users perform specific tasks (MS Word, games).
- Utility Software: Maintains computer resources (antivirus, disk cleanup).
10. Programming Languages
- Low-Level Languages: Machine and Assembly languages.
- High-Level Languages: C, Java, Python; easier to write and understand.
11. Translators
- Assembler: Converts assembly code into machine code.
- Interpreter: Translates and executes code line-by-line.
- Compiler: Translates whole program into machine code before execution.
12. Algorithms, Flowcharts, and Pseudo Code
- Algorithm: Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.
- Flowchart: Visual diagram showing steps in an algorithm using symbols.
- Pseudo Code: English-like statements representing programming logic.
