Mathematics
Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
LESSON 1.3
Sets and the Venn Diagram
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Test Your Prerequisite Skills 2
DepEd Competency 3
Objectives 3
Warm-Up! 4
Learn about it! 5
Let’s Practice 8
Check Your Understanding 14
Key Points 15
Bibliography 16
Mathematics
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Lesson 1.3
Sets and the Venn Diagram
Fig. 1. Shoes in a store
Introduction
In life, we often make simple decisions with various conditions that need to be met. For
example, in choosing new shoes, you would like your new shoes to be color black, and it
should also be within your budget of ₱3 000. Going to a store, you see shoes that are arranged
on the shelves per row based on price and arranged from left to right based on color. In this
situation, you are considering two conditions, (1) the shoes must have the color you want,
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
and (2) their price should not be higher than ₱3 000. So you begin the search for shoes that
meet both conditions.
This activity might seem very simple. This choice came from two different sets of information,
one on color and another on price. Afterward, you looked for a pair of shoes that meet both
conditions. This is an example on how set operations are used in real life situations. We can
analyze this further by constructing diagrams, which are called Venn diagrams, to further
illustrate these sets of information.
In this lesson, we shall learn about sets and Venn diagrams—as well as some of their practical
applications to daily life.
Test Your Prerequisite Skills
Instructions: Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper.
This will help you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in
studying this lesson. Show your complete solution.
1. In a bowl are pieces of paper numbered 1 to 20. Represent the following sets in
roster form:
a. Set 𝐴 is the set of odd numbers.
b. Set 𝐵 is the set of even numbers.
c. Set 𝐶 is the set of prime numbers less than 10.
d. Set 𝐷 is the set of factors of 12.
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2. Consider the universal set of all integers from 1 to 10. Sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are defined as
follows:
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is an even number from 1 to 10}
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a prime number from 1 to 10}
Find the following sets:
a. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
b. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
c. 𝐴 − 𝐵
d. 𝐵′
DepEd Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to solve problems involving sets with
the use of Venn diagram.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Illustrate the set operations using the Venn diagram.
● Solve word problems involving sets.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Warm-Up!
Step In! Stay Out!
Materials
● two chalks with different colors
● meter stick
Instructions
1. Invite 20 classmates to join the activity. Find an area big enough for the activity.
2. Draw a circle on the ground with one meter as its radius.
3. With the same radius, draw another circle using the other colored chalk, overlapping
the first circle. Refer to the figure below.
4. Mark one circle as 𝐴 and the other as 𝐵.
5. Ask your classmates to step inside circle 𝐴 if they like basketball. Those who like
volleyball are to step inside circle 𝐵. The overlapping portion of the circles is for those
who like both basketball and volleyball.
6. Remind them that they are not required to step in if they do not like any of the choices.
7. Do the same activity for two more sets of choices:
a. action movies or romance movies
b. pop music or rap
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
8. Record your results in the table provided.
No. of students No. of students
Choices
inside the circle outside the circle
volleyball
Sports basketball
both
action
Movies romance
both
pop
Music rap
both
9. Share the results to the class.
Learn about it!
The activity you did mirrors the concept behind the Venn diagram. The Venn diagram is
used to represent relationships between a collection of objects or sets.
As shown in figure 2., a Venn diagram usually has a rectangle with circles inside. The rectangle
represents the universal set and the circles inside represent the subsets in the universal set.
The letter name of the set is written beside it.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Fig. 2. Venn diagram with sets 𝐴 and 𝐵
In the above figure, the universal set contains natural numbers from 1 to 10, or
𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Sets 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and 𝐵 = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} are also given. Notice that the elements 2 and 4 are
outside the circles that represent sets 𝐴 and 𝐵. This means that both numbers are not
elements of either 𝐴 or 𝐵.
Essential Question
How will you illustrate the different set operations on a Venn Diagram?
Set Operations and the Venn Diagram
There are four basic set operations that are best understood using Venn diagrams. These
are union, intersection, difference, and complement, which were discussed in the
previous lesson.
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1. The union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the set that contains all the elements
in sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 as represented by the shaded region as shown in figure 3.
Fig. 3. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
2. The intersection of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, is the set that contains all the
common elements to sets 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Fig. 4. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
3. The difference of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 – 𝐵, is the set that contains all elements
in 𝐴 which are not in 𝐵.
Fig. 5. 𝐴 − 𝐵
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4. The complement of set 𝐴, denoted by 𝐴′, is the set that contains all elements in the
universal set that are not in set 𝐴.
Fig. 6. 𝐴′
Let’s Practice
Example 1
Illustrate 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 using Venn diagrams given the following information:
𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
𝐵 = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Solution
For 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
Draw two overlapping circles and fill them with the correct elements. Note that 7 and 9 are
common to both sets, so these numbers need to be in the overlapping parts of the two circles.
Also, note that 2 and 4 are neither in sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, so these numbers will be outside the circles.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
The union of sets refers to all elements in 𝐴 or 𝐵 or both so we shade both circles.
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}
For 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
We shade the overlapping parts of the two circles since the intersection refers to the set of
elements common to both.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝟕, 𝟗}
Try It Yourself!
Given 𝐴 = {5, 10, 15, 20} and 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}, illustrate 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∩
𝐵 using Venn diagrams.
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Example 2
Using the same given sets in Example 1, illustrate 𝐵′ and 𝐵 − 𝐴 using Venn diagrams.
Solution
For 𝐵′:
To illustrate 𝐵′, shade everything in 𝑈 that is outside 𝐵.
𝐵 ′ = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
For 𝐵 − 𝐴:
To illustrate, 𝐵 − 𝐴, shade everything that is covered by 𝐵 but remove the shade of the
portion belonging to 𝐴.
𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎}
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Try It Yourself!
Use the following sets to illustrate 𝐵′ and 𝐵 − 𝐴.
𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17}
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 13}
𝐵 = {2, 5, 9, 11, 17}
Example 3
Illustrate (𝐵 – 𝐴)′.
Solution
The set (𝐵 – 𝐴)′ is the complement of the set 𝐵 – 𝐴. To illustrate (𝐵 − 𝐴)′, shade everything in
𝑈 that is not in 𝐵 − 𝐴. In the previous item, we have already found the set 𝐵 − 𝐴. It follows that
the set (𝐵 − 𝐴)′ may be obtained by shading everything outside 𝐵 − 𝐴.
(𝐵 – 𝐴)′ = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗}
Try It Yourself!
Using the same information in Try It Yourself! 2, illustrate (𝐵 – 𝐴)′ using Venn diagram.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Real-World Problems
Example 4
In a group of 50 students, 20 of them like Mathematics only. How many students like English
only if 16 of them like both Mathematics and English? How many like English in general?
Solution
Step 1: Illustrate the problem using a Venn diagram.
Mathematics English
20 16 ?
Step 2: Solve for what is asked.
Solve for the number of students who like English in general by considering that
the total number of students is 50.
Number of students who like English only = 50 − (20 + 16)
= 50 − 36
= 14
Therefore, the number of students who like English is 16 + 14 = 𝟑𝟎.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Example 5
Suppose that among the 20 students, 15 students like basketball, 8 students like volleyball,
and 2 students do not like any of the sports. How many students like basketball and
volleyball?
Solution
Step 1: Illustrate the problem.
Draw two overlapping circles. One circle is for basketball, and the other is for
volleyball.
Basketball Volleyball
15 ? 8
Let us denote the sets using the following notation:
𝐴 = set of students who like basketball
𝐵 = set of students who like volleyball
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = the set of the students who like either basketball or volleyball
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = the set of students who like both basketball and volleyball
Based on the illustration, 𝑛(𝐴) = 15, 𝑛(𝐵) = 8, and 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 18 since there
are 2 students who do not like any of the sports.
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Step 2: Solve for 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵.
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑛(𝐵) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
= (15 + 8) − 18
= 23 − 18
=5
Therefore, the number of students who like both basketball and volleyball is 5.
Try It Yourself!
A grade 7 Math teacher asked her students to do a survey of social media platforms
being used by the students. From 100 students surveyed, 88 use App X and 56 use
App Y. Find out the number of students who use both App X and App Y if each of the
students uses at least one of these two?
Check Your Understanding
1. Consider the Venn Diagram below.
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Mathematics
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Grade 7 • Unit 1: Sets
Illustrate the following sets using Venn diagrams.
a. 𝐴−𝐵
b. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
c. (𝐴 − 𝐵) ∪ (𝐵 − 𝐴)
2. Of the 100 students surveyed, 76 use public transportation in going to school and 56
use the family car. How many students use both public transportation and family car?
3. Record shows in a computer shop those 102 customers played game A, 75 played
game B, and 20 other customers played other games on a particular day. How many
customers played both game A and game B if there were 150 customers?
Key Points
• A Venn diagram is used to represent relationships between sets.
• The union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 (denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) is the set that contains all the
elements in sets 𝐴 and 𝐵.
• The intersection of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 (denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) is the set that contains all
the common elements of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵.
• The difference of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 (denoted by 𝐴 – 𝐵) is the set that contains all
elements in 𝐴 which are not in 𝐵.
• The complement of set 𝐴 (denoted by 𝐴′) is the set that contains all elements in
the universal set that are not in set 𝐴.
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Bibliography
Duignan, Brian. "Venn diagram." Encyclopedia Britannica, January 16, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Venn-diagram.
Kenton, Will. “Venn Diagram.” Investopedia. Investopedia, September 21, 2021.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/venn-diagram.asp.
“What Is a Venn Diagram.” Lucidchart. Accessed October 25, 2021.
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/tutorial/venn-diagram.
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