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UNIT CRYSTAL STRUCTU RE Lp
SIA GROUP
PART-A
. SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS.
‘at. Explain why we should study the crystal structure of metals.
answer:
Chstal structures of metals are studied because of reasons such as, the formation of crystals in solid state atoms which
sc asumed to be relatively in fixed position, This is studied to determine the geometric form and other physical properties of
sist the use of X-rays. By the study of erystal structures, they have been’ divided ito two types. They are,
1. Crystalline solids and + ote
Amorphous solids.
@. Distinguish between space lattice and erystal structure.
Answer =
Space lattice is defined as the arrangement of atoms in a three- FCC crystal structure of aluminium.
There are 14 ways ie., 14 space lattices where points can be arranged in space such that each has identical surroundings
‘559 crystal structure is based upon one of the space lattice system. i
3. Define crystalline and non-crystalline materials.
Answer
Copstaine N
{Mode Papers, aa | Dee.t4, (R19, 46,
terials Ht ay i é
In crystalline materials, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular manner throughout the material in the form
tfenstals. These crystalline materials may be metallic or non-metallic. Among these, crystalline materials are widely used in
‘sicerng applications, as they possess properties such as ductility, strength, conductivity, etc.
Soverysalline Materials
non-crystalline materials the molecules or atoms donot have any regular arrangement ce, they are arranged randomly
Sidborderly manner. These materials are popularly kiown as amorphous materials. Glass is an example of amorphous materials.
%. Define unit cell. . .
Aaswer r
tai ats Smallest unit ofthe crystal consisting of atoms, ions or molecules is known as unit cell The geometric arrangement
satel shows the symmetry ofthe crystal and the smallest units are called primitive unit cells. A crystal consists of millions
Aah ails whose repitition produces crystal atie, The core points are called the lattice paints. The edges are represented
band ¢ andthe angles between axes are represented asa, Band.”
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(Volume density
(i Planar atomic density
{iy Linear atomic density
"
Answer! eda Paper tan)
‘Yetume Density
o
Volume density of a meal is defined a8 the ratio of
jy of ators inthe unit cell tothe volume of unit cell tis
wee yarn) 7S
eis given by
Volume density,
Weight of sors unt ee
Vole of uit el
Average rut ofatomsin wit cell Atom
= Avago aunberx Volume of unt cell
‘Mathematically, i can beswriten as, :
Where,
EA~Sun of some weigh ofatomsina unitcell
1-Avagadro's umber
602410.
V- Volume of unit cell,
i) Planar Atomic Density
Planar sonic density is defined asthe ratio 8f number
of atoms with their centres intersected by selected area to the
selected area. It depends upon type of erystal structure and
[Planer under whch itis coasiered. Iti denoted by symbol p,
Planar atomic density is given ty.
Narberofatomswith bei centres
‘Seectedarca
(i) Linear Atomic Density
Lines omic density i define asthe ratio of number
‘of atomie diameter ia a given vector to the length of vector. Tk
is desoted by symbol p, Hisgivenby,
Number of atamic diametersin a given vector
% Lengihof vector
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Mr
Answer:
‘st Teast one of which is a metal. The majority of metals used
‘consists of two basi
compounds
(Q6. What causes motals to show alloying behavior
An alley is compound ef wor more chemical elements,
in engineering applications are some form of alloy. Alloying
forms, solid solutions and intermetaie
‘The following are the causes for metals 10 show te
behaviour of alloys.
1; The two elements in the metal have similar erytl
structures,
‘The difference in their atomic radii ess than 15%.
‘The size of solute atom is much smaller than that oftte
solvent atom.
Intermetallic compounds are strong, hard and brie,
because oftheir high melting points and their strengh a
slevated temperatures. Also, due totheir good oxidation
‘sistance and their relatively low density shows goo
Mechanical alloying properties.
Q7. Draw a unit cell of FCC and also show at wax,
one octahedral void init. How many such voldt
are present in it?
‘Answer
Unit Cell of FCC
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crystal Structure +
ynrt-1_ CON aaah
tout the main characleriatcs of ceramics
ree Chet i
Ceramics are inorganic componds of tetillic or non-metalic elements
annie of Ceramics :
+ chara amics have high shear and compressiyg strength,
1 Serere resistant 10 high tempera ceep
ne ad. bile and bigh melting point,
x
3 Thermal and electrical conductivity is low.
4 Gaidic ceramics are completely resistant to oxidation even at very high temperatures.
$ Ceramics have good thermal and chemical sabiliy,
& Ceramicsare refractory, chemically resistant and offer a wide range of neutron capture and scatter characteristics. Therefore,
1. Shey are used as fuel elements, controls and shieldings in nuclear applications.
Gia. Discuss the mechanical behaviour of ceramic materials,
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“The mechanical behaviour of ceramic matetials is discussed as follows, . 7
Ceramic materials are non-ductle: So, hey get fractured easily if the stress concentration due to irregul
Fores etc.) exceeds the material strength :
‘They have considerable tensile strength. Por example, glass fibre has higher tensile strength than most of the metals due
toabsence of slip and structural defects
5, They have higher compression strength than tensile strength Hence, ceramics lke concrete, brick ele. are primarily used '
. ncempression locations
“They have greater shear strength and low fracture strength except elay. =
+ «Ceramics have high temperature stabslity and have good resistance to chemicals. This property 1s dominant in crystalline
‘ceramics whereas amorphous ceramics get soft as temperature increase. *
\
‘The only dissdvamage of ceramics is they are brittle in nature and so they have less service life. Due to this brittleness,
they are also difficult to manufacture. .
Gao. Brien explain few mechanical properties of céramic materials. .
Answer #
Mechanical Properties of Ceramics :
Most of te crystalline and nonerystaline ceramics are brite, i.e. the stress-strain curve is linear up to fracture. Normally
censmies contain a large number of flaws like minate surface or interior cracks, intemal pores etc. So, when they are subjected.
tstensile load, stress gets magnified at the cracks and pores and britle fracture occurs. However, for compressive stresses, there
will not be stress magnification athe flaws and ceramics exhibit higher siength in compression than in tension. The stiffneee
{orstant of ceramics materials is much hicher than that of metals lying inthe range of 70 GPa to $00 Gi
G21. Differontiate between ceramic and non-ceramic materials.
Answer t : Model Papers, 1)
‘Ceramic Materials ‘Non-ceramic Materials
1. | Ceramic material may be metallic ornen-metallic. | 1. | Non-ceramic materials are metallic in nature,
2. | These materials have high corrosion and high 2. | These have comparatively less resistance to high
‘temperature resistance. Aemperature and corrosion.
3. | Generally, ceramic materials are strong, hard and | 3. | Non-ceramic materials are strong in tension but
brittle. They are strong in compression. but ‘weak in compression.
‘weak in tension,
4. | ‘The structure of ceramics is complen 4. | ‘These materials possess different crystal structures.
5. | Ceramic materials are good thermal and electri 5. | Non-ceramic materials such as metals are good
insulators. thetmal and electrical conductors.
6. | Most of the ceramics are manufactured by 6. | Non-ceramic materials are manufactured from its ore.
Powder metallurgy techniques,
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Gaz. Whatare ceramic insulators? List thelr proper=
tios.
ncultors are aso called eletie isuttors
sabich resist the flow of lec tical curremt passed through,
Trem they contain onks covala te ov aokecwlae Rew
Trey ate elsctclly tot whi wel tae
varying potentials They are
non -absorbert
‘The main properties of ceramic insulators aneas follows,
5s possess hgh specific resistance (10
0
to withstand high voltages without any
10 oh
breakdown,
{ig telative dielectric constant is greater thy unit 10
wo
swithstand over wide range of electrical voltages.
(iiy Ceramic insustors possess wid fordden ene gop
to produce several ekcon-yols between valance band,
ara the conduction Band.
Resistance 1 less sensitive to imparts
Write about the defects in crystals and their
classification.
(iw
23.
Answer! +
‘An ideal enystal is one which does net contain any
lanice defects: There ae no ideal erytals in mature and they can
never be produced by artificial methods. The presence of defect
J itcets the physical, chemical and electromagnetic properties
Gf a crystal. An imperfection or arregularty an the atomic
arrangement of cr sta called defect. Itean be called as a
deviation from perfect pervicity orideal crystalline structure,
Factors suchas densi, siffness dielectne capaci ity specific
beats which are explained on the basis of perfect periodicity
and ate affected due to the defects. .
‘Thedefeetsin crystal reclassified into three categories.
They are, ‘
(a) Point defects
(b) Line defects or dislocations
(©)_Surface and volume defecs.
24. Define point defects.
Answer:
Ina crystal, point defects are produced by the absence of
atoms or the presence of foreign atoms. The internal energy of 2
Cerysial with point defects s high, while itis compared with the
perfecterystal. The effets caused by these defects will produce
distortion within the crystal structure. The properties of erystals
that get affected by the pretence of point defects are,
L.Electrical resistance
2. Few atomic diameters of distortion or strain
3._ Mechanical steagih
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zs. Explain he types of polnt defects observed,
crystals.
Answer t (ot Pon 0 Maye. gg
Thvce typus of point defects are observed in crystal,
UW Vawaney
(ii) Subsrtutional and
iu) Interstanal
() Vacaney
Pout detects observed duc 10 missing OF atom in
known as vacancy point defect
ceystal itice
it
‘ofanatom of the host crystal bya for,
stom is Lnown as substitutional point defect
a
(Gil) Interstitial
Occupation of the void space inthe host tice ty
oT does canad ivainad Seamer
host material produces interstitial pun defect
G26, What are interfacial defects.
Answer:
Interfacial defects are the boundaries that have gx;
dimensional imperfections in crystalline selids wih diferey
crystal structures and acrystallographic erientations, They an?
formed by the clustering of ne defects into plane. Inerfaca)
defects are metastable imperfections are thermoxlynamically ny
stable i
Q27. What is dislocation density?
Answer:
The number of dislocations in a unit volume of
exystaline material is called dislocation density 11 ay
defined as total dislocation Length per unit volume, |
per square centimeter (cm). The dislocation density of
Semiconductor crystals ranges from 1O"em *— 10° aad
for annealed metal, it ranges 10° cm * ~ 10° em’,
'Q28. List the characteristics of dislocations,
Answer !
“The characteristics of dislocations areas follows,
Edge Dislocation
1. Theorientation of edge dislocation is perpendicularts
ite Burgers vector.
2. Anedge dislocation moves in the direction of sip ie,
direction of burgers veetor. According te the shear sre,
negative dislocation moves to the left while, apositie
dislocation moves tothe right.
Serew Dislocation
1. Th oricetation of sstew dislocation is parallel tof
Burgers vevtoe
2, Ascrew dislocation moves ina direction perpendilt
to the Burpets vector
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Ge Why strengthening in metals Is required?
answer ®
The plastic deformation of metals is based on the movement oF motion ofthe dislocations, under the applied shear stress,
spot this movement of dislocations reduces the stength ofthe meial. Thus, strengthening mechanisms are used 19 redhce the
ocations moverent andto increase the strength of metals Generally. the prineiple of strengthening mechanism is “the materiat
i je harder and stronger by restricting the movement of dislocations”
Sante ona
50. List the various strengthening mechanisms In metals.
ert
‘The following are the various strengthening mechanisms in metas.
Strengthening by grain size reduction
Strain hardening
Solid solution strengthening
Precipitation hardening
Particulate strengihening.
Si. Write short notes on precipitation hardening,
ano
Answer #
Precipitation hardening is one of the strengthening mechanism of metals. In this method. the strength and hardness are
increased by heating the metals to cerain temperature, where phase transformation takes place and resuls in formation of minute
particles called precipitates. This hardening is also called as age hardening, since the strength of the metal increases with respect
Terme. And the process differs from the process of treating of ste! for the formation of tempered inartensite.
‘Gaz, What Is meant by slip plane system?
OR
Define slip, slip plane and slip direction.”
Answer # ‘
Slip is defined as the mechanism of permanent deformation or displacement, which involves the movement of one block
ef enstal over the other. The particular plane in which the movement or sliding takes place is known as slip plane and the
deformation occurs in definite direction called slip direction. Slip plane and slip direction together are known as slip system and
depends on the crystal structure of the metal :
033. What Is meant by CRSS7 : .
Answer t
‘The stress applied on the crystal plane for the cause of slip is known as critical resolved shear stress. The slip components
rientation with respect to applied-sress and magnitude of CRSS effects the yield strength of single crystal #
034, Compare slip and twinning.
Answer t :
Slip “Twinning
lis aline defect, ‘ 1. | ttisa surface defect. .
‘The crystal lattice that has slipped will have same | 2. | The crystal latice that has twinned will be like a mirror
‘orientation as original lace image to original lattice.
The axis of erystal after slip remain same. 3. | The axis of erystal after twinning is deformed.
Its generally observed in the material with BCC | 4. | Itis generally observed in the material with HICP crystal
and FCC erystal structure, structure.
Fora slip to propagate, more stress is required} 5. | For the propagation of twinning, less sress is required.
thin the stress required in causing the slip. than the sess required in causing it
Slip can be observed as thin ines under the 6. | Twinning can be observed 2s broad lines under the
microscope microscope. *
Stress required to cause slip is comparatively leas | 7. | Stress required to cause twinning is comparatively high.
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