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Chapter 1: Funtions and Graphs
Course Name: Mathematics for Engineering
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Content
1. Review of Functions
2. Basic Classes of Functions
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Content
1. Review of Functions
2. Basic Classes of Functions
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Function
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly
one element, called f (x), in a set E .
The set D is called the domain of the function f .
The range of f is of all possible values of f (x) as x varies
throughout the domain.
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Function
Example 1
f : D −→ E
x 7→ y = f (x) = x 2
We refer to x as the independent variable and y as the dependent
variable, because it depends on x.
The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range is the set of nonnegative real numbers.
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Function
Example 1
f : D −→ E
x 7→ y = f (x) = x 2
We refer to x as the independent variable and y as the dependent
variable, because it depends on x.
The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range is the set of nonnegative real numbers.
Example 2
√
For the function f (x) = 3x 2 + 2x − 1, evaluate: f (−2), f ( 2)?
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Function
Example 3
For each of the following functions, determine the domain and range
1) f (x) = (x − 4)2 + 5
√
2) f (x) = 3x + 2 − 2
3
3) f (x) = x−2
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Graph
The graph of f is the set of all points (x, y ) in the coordinate plane
such that y = f (x) and x is in the domain of f .
The graph of f also allows us to picture:
The domain of f on the x−axis.
Its range on the y −axis.
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Graph
Example 4
The graph of a function f is shown.
Find the values of f (1) and f (5). What is the domain and range of f ?
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Graph
Example 4
The graph of a function f is shown.
Find the values of f (1) and f (5). What is the domain and range of f ?
f (1) = 3; f (5) = −0.7; D = [0, 7]; Range(f ) = [−2, 4]
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Representing Functions
There are four possible ways to represent a function:
Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
Visually (by a graph)
Numerically (by a table of values)
Verbally (by a description in words)
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Representing Functions
The human population of the world P depends on the time t.
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Representing Functions
When you turn on a hot-water faucet, the temperature T of the water
depends on how long the water has been running.
Draw a rough graph of T as a function of the time t that has elapsed
since the faucet was turned on.
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Increasing and decreasing functions
Definition
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :
f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ) when x1 < x2
We say f is strictly increasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) when x1 < x2
For example, the function f (x) = 3x is increasing on the interval
(−∞, ∞).
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Increasing and decreasing functions
Definition
A function f is called decreasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :
f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 ) when x1 < x2
We say f is strictly decreasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) when x1 < x2
For example, the function f (x) = −x 3 is decreasing on the interval
(−∞, ∞).
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Even Function
Definition
If a function f satisfies:
f (−x) = f (x), for all x in D
then f is called an even function.
The geometric significance of an even function is that its graph is sym-
metric with respect to the y −axis. For example: y = x 2
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Odd Function
Definition
If a function f satisfies:
f (−x) = −f (x), for all x in D
then f is called an odd function.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. For example:
y = x3
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Combining Functions
Two functions f and g can be combined to form new functions:
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)
(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x)
(f .g )(x) = f (x)g (x)
f (x)
( gf )(x) = g (x) , g (x) ̸= 0
(fo g )(x) = f (g (x))
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Quiz Questions
1) Let h(x) = f (g (x)).
If g (x) = x − 1 and h(x) = 3x + 2 then f (x) is:
a. 3x + 3 b. 3x + 4 c. 3x + 1 d. None of them
If h(x) = 3x + 2 and f (x) = x − 1 then g (x) is:
a. 3x + 3 b. 3x + 4 c.3x + 1 d. None of them
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Quiz Questions
2) If f and g are functions, then fo g = go f
a. True b. False
3)
(fo g )(2) is
a. 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. None of the others
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Question 1
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Question 2
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Question 3
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Question 4
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Question 5
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Question 6
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Question 7
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Content
1. Review of Functions
2. Basic Classes of Functions
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Linear Functions
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph
of the function is a line.
So, we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line
to write a formula for the function as
y = f (x) = mx + b,
where m is the slope of the line and b is the y −intercept.
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Basic Classes of Functions
Power Functions
A function of the form f (x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a power
function.
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Basic Classes of Functions
Power Functions
A function of the form f (x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a power
function.
Polynomials
A function P is called a polynomial if
P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + . . . + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an are
constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.
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Rational Functions
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials
P(x)
f (x) =
Q(x)
where P and Q are polynomials.
The domain consists of all values of x such that Q(x) ̸= 0.
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Trigonometric Functions
f (x) = sinx
g (x) = cosx
sin(x + k2π) = sinx; cos(x + k2π) = cosx, k ∈ Z
D = (−∞, ∞); R = [−1; 1]
sinx π 3π
tan x = , x ̸= ± , ± , ...
cosx 2 2
tan(x + kπ) = tanx, k ∈ Z
R = (−∞, ∞)
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Exponential Functions
The exponential functions are the functions of the form y = f (x) =
ax , where a is a positive constant. D = (−∞, ∞); R = (0, ∞).
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Logarithmic Functions
The logarithmic functions f (x) = loga x, where a is a positive constant,
are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.
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Piecewise-Defined Functions
Example:
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Tranformations of Function
Suppose c > 0
To obtain the graph of y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units upward.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units downward.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units to the right.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units to the left.
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Tranformations of Function
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Tranformations of Function
Suppose c > 1
To obtain the graph of y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
vertically by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = (1/c)f (x), compress the graph of
y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = f (cx), compress the graph of
y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
horizontally by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = −f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the x−axis.
To obtain the graph of y = f (−x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the y −axis.
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Tranformations of Function
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Question 1
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Question 2
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Question 3
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Question 4
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Question 5
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