Module 2 - Islamic Scholarly Tradition

Theology- Aqida > Sect

Theist vs Atheists

Theists: Polytheist vs Monotheist

Monotheist: Islam, Christians, Jews

Di erence in Monotheists:
Jews: Hz Moosa AS brought the nal religion
Christians: Hz Esa AS brought the nal religion

Islam: Hz Muhammad SAAW is the nal prophet and also Islam is the nal religion
Shia: Hz Ali RA and 11 more selected Imam hold a special position after the Nabi and above
the rest of the humanity
Sunni: Companions of the Prophet SAAW hold respectable position above other humanity but
don’t hold any position of Imamat

PH
PIH

Spirituality- Ihsan- Rohaniat - Tasawwuf > x Sect

Naqshbandi
Chishti
Qadri
Soharardhi
Sai

Fiqh - Legal Methods - Jurisprudence - Islamic Law

Hana
Maliki
Shaa
Hanbli
Jafri

Muqalad/Ahl Madhab
Ghair Muqalid/Ahl e Hadith/Sala /Wahabi

Deobandi/ Ahl Sunnah wal Jama

Brelvi

Mirzai/Ahmedi/Qadiani
Ismaili/ Nusharia
Yousafzai
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 Jurisprudence [Fiqh]

Time of Prophet (SAAW)

1. Wait for wahy (revelation)
[Wahy Matlu] - P (SAAW) was not allowed to change words - Quran / Hadith Qudsi
[Wahy Ghair Matlu] - P (SAAW) to choose words - Hadith
2. Hadith/Sunnah [Words, Actions, Tacit Approval]
3. Mashwara
4. Ijtehad bil Rai - [Incident of Hz Muaz ibn Jabal RA]

Sources of Knowledge:

Quran > Hadith > Mashwara > Ijtehad bil Rai

‫نذ ُروا ۟ َق ْو َم ُه ْم إِذَا َر َج ُع ٓوا ۟ إِ َليْ ِه ْم َل َع َّل ُه ْم‬ ِ ‫آئفَ ٌۭة ِّليَتَفَ َّقهُوا ۟ ِفى ٱلدِّي‬
ِ ُ‫ن َولِي‬ ِ َ‫نفروا ۟ َكآفَّ ًۭة ۚ فَ َل ْو َال نَفَر ِمن ُك ِّل ِفر َق ٍۢة ِّمن ْ ُه ْم ط‬
ْ َ
ِ ِ
ُ ِ َ‫َو َما َكا َن ْٱملُؤْمنُو َن لي‬
‫يَ ْحذ َُرو َن‬

˹However,˺ it is not necessary for the believers to march forth all at once. Only a party from
each group should march forth, leaving the rest to gain religious knowledge then enlighten their
people when they return to them, so that they ˹too˺ may beware ˹of evil˺.
Dr. Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran

Ta aqqu d din

1. Equally good opportunity or better

2. Full Time Job
3. Spend time to impart this knowledge

The 4 Caliphs
Abu Bakr RA - Quran > Hadith > Shura > Ijtehad bil Rai
Omer ibn Khattab RA - Quran > Hadith > Majlis e Aam and Khass > Ijtehad bil Rai
Usman RA - Quran > Hadith > Ijma > Qiyas
Ali RA - Quran > Hadith > Ijma > Qiyas
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 QIYAS: (methodology of Ijtehad)
De nition: Analogy, In light of Quran/Sunnah, Jurist, Legal matters
Examples:

Quran > Khamar (Alcohol) - Haram/Prohibited - ILLAT = Intoxicant

Drugs? - Haram/Prohibited - ILLAT = Intoxicant

Hadith > Nail Polish - Ablution will not be complete

Accessory - Same
Tatto/Sticker/Oil Paint - Same

Illat : Impermeable to water

IJMA: (methodology of Ijtehad)

De nition: Consensus of Opinion, In light of Quran/Sunnah, Jurist, Legal matters

Examples:

Quran > Time of Juma enters > Prepare or reach the place of Juma and stop transactions
Introduced a second Azaan on the day of Juma

Hadith > Mukabar ke awaz pay amal kiya tau namaz zaya
Sound System?

A. Recording System is not seamless (Storage) - similar to Mukabir (not allowed)

B. Seamless sound system (Allowed)

Prophet (SAAW)
Companions (RA)
Tabieen
Taba Tabieen

halaqas- Schools of Jurisprudence

Fiqh - Final Opinion

Usul ul Fiqh - Principles of Legal Rulings

Sayyidina ‘Umar (r.a) sending Sayyidina Abdullah ibn Masud (r.a.) to the Iraqis in Kufa to teach them
about Islam. And it is said that Ibn mas`ud (r.a.) took this task seriously and before he died, had trained
people who would teach in his place while he supervised. He had six most important students (`Alqama,
Aswad, Masruq, `Abida, `Amr ibn Shurahbil, Harith ibn qays- these six died in the 7th and 8th decade of
the 1st hijri) . It is said that it was because of them that Kufa became a major center of learning. These
students in turn had their own students and so on. [Outstanding among the many that learned from
them was Ibrahim Nakha’I, said to have gathered the knowledge of all of Ibn Mas`ud’s students. Ibrahim
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died in 95. His most outstanding student was Hammad who died in 120. Abu hanifa was hammad’s
student (80-120)].

Why only few schools are left

Hanifi 1. Merged
Maliki 2. Alumni were selected as Qazi
Shafi 3. Students
Hambli
Jafri

Q: You cannot attain Taharat…. Time of Salah has entered and you will not be able to attain
taharat until time ends for the salah

Pray Now Pray Later

1. Aiman/Aymah/Hifsa/AManan/Samreen/Hira X Y
2. Iman/ Y X
3. Taha /Mahnoor/Iman/Humna Y Y
4. X X

RULINGS FOR SOMEONE WHO CAN

NEITHER FIND WATER NOR MUD
Ruling Source Principle (usul)

Qur`an: Ayah of Tayammum When asl/original not

Imam Abu Hanifa (rA) Don’t make qadā possible, turn to naib/
pray now later substitute
Qur’an: Allah does not task a Offering prayer not in
Imam Malik (rA) Neither Nor later soul beyond its capacity capacity as unable to
now obtain taharah, the
prayer removed from
obligations
Qur’an: 2 ayahs First ayah establishes
Imam Shafi’i (rA) Pray now Make qadā 1-Indeed, the salah has been farziyyat of salah
later prescribed for the believers at
appointed times. 2- When you Second establishes
rise to establish the salah farziyyat of taharat
wash your faces and arms
upto the elbows, do masah on
your heads and wash your
feet.
Qur’an: Allah does not task a Obtaining taharah not
Imam Ahmed Bin Hanbal (rA) Pray now No qadā later soul beyond its capacity in capacity, dropped as
a condition for salah
Rafa ya Dain:

While deriving a ruling from Sunnah of the P (SAAW)

Hanafi: we will look into the practice of senior companions
Maliki: we will look into the practice of the people of Madinah
Shaafi: we will look into the number of Hadith for each practice
Hanbali: we will look into the literal meaning of the Hadith

Hanafi/Maliki: No need to do it PREFERENCE

Shaafi/Hanbli: Its important to do it

Other examples of Ijtehad

Tansikh: When a rulings over a particular concept is changed we follow the last ruling
Last Ruling: Naskih
Previous Ruling: Mansookh

Tarjeeh: Preference of one practice over the other

Rafa ya dain:

Tatbeeq: Placing the right solution based on circumstance

Choosing one madhab?

Connect with the madhab who’s scholars are easily accessible and understands your circumstances

Mix and Match?

Hanafi: If you bleed your ablution is void Shafii: It will not nullify the ablution
Hanafi: Ablution is not nullified if you touch Shafii: Ablution is nullified if you touch
a Ghayr Mahram by mistake a Ghayr Mahram by mistake

End up in a situation which is makrooh or Haram and against instruction of our religion

Yes, if you are a person of ilm

Don’t mix and match to cut corners [Nafs]

Meaning of Taqlid?

“Muqalid”
“Ghair Muqalid”/Salafi/Ahl e Hadith/Wahabi