Interprétation des

diagraphies
By
Dr. Franck-Hilaire Essiagne
Integrated Petrophysics and
Formation Evaluation
 WELL LOG NORMALIZATION

Log Normalization in petrophysics is defined as the process of the applying corrective shifts to log traces to remove systematic errors.
While some authors have favored the use of ‘calibration’ (Lang, 1980) or ‘recalibration’ (Shier,2019) to describe the same process. The
sources of systematic errors include tool malfunctions, shop and field mis calibrations, operator errors, and inherent hardware design
limitations.
Log normalization is based on the concept that Maximum and minimum log readings in a zone in an area should have the same log reading.
The assumption includes the fact that there no major geological reasons for the values to vary across space.

• In Well A, the difference in the gamma ray response, measured in API units,
between the limestone and shale is the same as in the type well.
However, in Well A, all of the gamma ray values are too high by a constant
amount Well A can be normalized by simply shifting the entire gamma ray
curve by some constant number of API units.
• Well B has the predicted response in the limestone but has a shale response
that is higher than that in the type well. The gamma ray curve in Well B can
be adjusted using a new scaling factor, in addition to shifting, so that it will
match the type well. New scaling factors is called min- max normalization.

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 WELL LOG NORMALIZATION
Log normalization with constant offset:
1. Norm Log= Log +/- shift
SHIFT = value that moves the median curve value in this zone in this well to the median value
of the key wells.
COMMENTS
This method is helpful when neutron log scale (Sandstone vs Limestone) is unknown or ambiguous. Can be applied to any porosity log or the logarithm of
resistivity. Not recommended for GR or SP..
EXAMPLE
Median sonic log value over selected interval in Key wells is DTCavg = 225 usec/m, Median sonic log value over selected interval in THIS well is DTCavg = 221
usec/m.
SHIFT = 225 - 221 = +4 usec/m, DTCn = DTC + 4
Log normalization with stretch and squeeze:
(��� ��� −��� ���) ∗(��� −��� ���)
Norm Log= Log min + (��� ���� −��� ���)
Log: Input log value
Log max: maximum log value to normalize to
Log min: minimum log value to normalize to
Log High: Actual log value in this zone in this well that corresponds to Log max
Log Low: Actual log value in this zone in this well that corresponds to Log MIN
COMMENTS
This is the method most used for GR and SP curves but can be used with care on any log curve.
EXAMPLE
Assume you want to re-scale all GR logs so that all clean lines are at 20 API units and all shale lines are at 120 API units. That makes GRMIN = 20 API units, GRMAX
= 120 API units for all wells
Assume GRLOW = GR0 = 30 API units, GRHIGH = GR100 = 155 API units in THIS zone in this well.
Assume actual GR at a depth level = 55 API units
GRn = 20 + (120 - 20) * (55 - 30) / (155 - 30) = 40 API units 3
 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

LITHOLOGY DENSITY PEF NEUTRON SONIC

QUARTZ 2.65 1.8 -2 55

CALCITE 2.71 5.08 0 46

DOLOMITE 2.8 3.14 1 40

ANHYDRITE 2.96 5.06 -2 50

SALT 2.07 4.65 -3 66

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 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

General Log responses

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 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

Lithology Identification from Density / Neutron Porosity Logs

• The density tool is usually run with the neutron
• To aid quicklook interpretation they are run on “compatible scales”
• This means that the scales are set such that for a given lithology the curve overlay
• The standard scale is the “limestone compatible” where the neutron porosity
scale is:

• To fit this, the density log has to have its zero limestone point (2.7 g/cc) on the
same position as the neutron porosity zero and the range of the scale has to fit
the neutrons 60 porosity units hence the scale is:

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 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

Lithology Identification from Density / Neutron Porosity Logs

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 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

Lithology Identification from Density / Neutron Porosity Logs

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 LITHOLOGY INTERPRETATION

Lithology Identification
from Density /
Neutron Porosity Logs

ØExample.
ØKnown:
•Neu por= 19%.
•RHObulk= 2.3 g/cm³.

ØSo, Lithology will be s.st

Ø And, porosity will be 23%

19%
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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

Shaliness concept

Oil & Gas effect

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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LOGS EXAMPLES & QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION

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ANALYTICAL WORK FLOW FOR FORMATION EVALUATION

Calculate
Obtain parameters
FM TEMP CALC. formation water
Archie a, m, n
saturation Sw

Calculate flushed
Bad hole Estimate formation
zone saturation
Identification water resistivity
Sxo
The logging data must be calibrated to and
integrated with other hard data, such as that from
cores, pressures, and flow tests, when these are
Determine Estimate mud Net pay
available and appropriate. formation lithology filtrate resistivity determination

Calculate Vshale Calculate porosity

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VOLUME OF SHALE
Shale is a rock, typically defined as an indurated, finely laminated, composed primarily of clay, mud and silt. This definition does not
describe the mineralogy but rather the grain size.

• Whilst clay can refer to grain size it can also refer to clay minerals,
and it is the dual meaning of the word clay that is at the heart of
the confusion in the industry.

• Clay minerals are a group of hydrous aluminium silicates with a

sheet-like structure (phyllosilicates), which adsorb water on their
surfaces. It is these clay minerals that we are concerned about
when determining porosity and water saturation.

• When computing porosity, one should account for the clay

minerals.

• When computing Sw, one should account for the excess

conductivity resulting from the clay minerals.

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CLAY MINERAL TYPES
1. Kaolinite
• It marked by Chemical composition hydrous aluminum silicate
(Al4(Si4O10)(OH)4.
• Its density is similar to quartz and has high hydrogen index leads to high
neutron porosity depending on tool type.
• It does not affect GR.
• It decrease permeability and porosity slightly.
• It has negligible effect on resistivity.
• Slightly permeability reduction.
• Take care this clay type underestimate v shale from GR method, N/D is
preferred in this method.

Authigenic well crystallized Kaolinite

coating grains

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 CLAY MINERAL TYPES

2. Illite
• It marked by Chemical composition hydrous potassium aluminum silicate
K{Al5Si7O20}(OH)4.
• The most abundant clay mineral in the sub-surface.
• The potassium ions lie between the sheets and hold the structure together
by electrostatic attractions to the negatively charged silicon layers.
• It decrease RES and increase GR.
• It has variable higher density than sandstone.
• High irreducible water saturation
• Significant Permeability Reduction

Authigenic well crystallized illite occur

as fibers in SEM

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 CLAY MINERAL TYPES

3. Smectite
• It is marked by different type of Chemical composition
• It has variable AL/SI ratio.
• It is characterized by presence of iron which Inc. neutron porosity
• It decrease RES.
• High irreducible water saturation
• Significant Permeability Reduction
• Swelling clay

Authigenic well crystallized

smectite occur as fibers in
SEM

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 CLAY MINERAL TYPES
4. Glauconite
• It marked by different type of Chemical composition.
• It has higher SI/AL ratio than illite.
• Most mineralogists consider it part of the mica group of minerals, it is
indisputably a sheet silicate, however and it affects logs and contributes to the
water content in the same fundamental way as the true clays.
• The sheets from which it is formed are separated by potassium ions, so
glauconite often contributes to high gamma activity..
• It is characterized by presence of iron which Inc. neutron porosity, high
density and decrease RES.
• Glauconite can make up a significant part of a sandstone in which case it’s high
density, neutron porosity and gamma activity can lead to the sand being
misidentified as a shale
• Glauconite if exist in high amount need futhur investigation of clays.
Best method to recognize
glauconite is thin section sample.
They are identified by bright green
color or brown color. While in SEM
it is recognized by oval shaped
grains.

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 CLAY MINERAL TYPES

5. Chlorite
• It is marked by different type of Chemical composition.
• Alot of aluminium is replaced by magnesium and iron.
• It has high hydrogen index
• It increases neutron porosity and density but it does-not have effect on RES.
• Chlorite is probably best known for its ability to preserve permeability and to
trap large volumes of irreducible water.
• It react with acids.

Authigenic well crystallized chlorite occur as rosette

shape in SEM

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 METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS

1. Gamma ray method

The gamma ray log is one of the most common shale volume indicator. The log responds to the changes in natural radiation emitted by formation. In shaly
sands the level of gamma radiation emitted is a function of clay volume.

Linear Method where Vsh=IGr:

�����−����� GR log GR min
Vsh= I GR 
�����−����� GR max GR min
GRlog: value of GR reading of formation to be evaluated
GRmin: value of GR in Clean formation ( least value of GR in evaluated zone, in case of S.S reservoir sand reading is preferred while in case of limestone reservoir
limestone reading is preferred).
GRmax : maximum value of GR (GR shale).
If radioactive minerals (other than clays) occur in sands VclayGR is an overestimated.

• Older or consolidated rocks (Larionov)

o Vsh = 0.33 [ 2(2*IGR) - 1.0]
• Tertiary or unconsolidated rocks (Larionov _alt Vsh)
o Vsh = 0.083 [2 (3.7* IGR) - 1.0]

• Clavier Vsh= 1.7-(3.38 (IGR+0.7)2)1/2

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METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS
In case of spectral gamma ray
���−������
VSH CGR=������−������

CGR: total gamma ray excluding uranium, this equation is the preferred one
�−���� ��−����� �−����
VSH K = VSH TH = VSH U =
����−���� �����−����� ����−����

Some petrophysicists prefer working in

histograms of gamma ray in front of
evaluated zone

Many procedures specify the 5th and 95th percentile readings as the
clean and shale points respectively. It was noted earlier that the shale
parameter should come from a shale bed that is genetically related to
the sand. In other words was deposited by the same general system

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 METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS
5. Density/neutron cross plot
1. In good hole conditions the density–neutron combination is arguably the most
generally applicable method for finding shale volume.
2. Density–Neutron is a particularly powerful pairing that can be used to quickly identify
lithology and to distinguish gas from oil.
3. Clay minerals like kaolinite, chlorite, illite, and montmorillonite, have a high hydrogen
index. However, the minerals quartz & feldspar, calcite, and dolomite, present in clean
sandstones, limestones, and dolostone matrices, don't.
4. Take care you must have neutron in limestone unit to solve for v shale based on
neutron density cross plot.
5. This plot is designed for water saturated rocks. Hydrocarbon density shift points
upward.
6. This technique is not that good with dolomite due to closeness of shale point to
dolomite line, it can be used in careful way.

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METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS
• It is not suitable for sandstone which have a lot of heavy bearing minerals because these
minerals will shift points toward limestone line.
• Choose appropriate lithology line by observation and hence select clean points.
• Clay volume depend on location of different parameters including density and neutron of
shale point and also end points of lithology lines.
• Different software's have different equation, all equations depend on matrix point, shale
density and neutron reading.

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METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS
6. Density/sonic cross plot
• Cross plots of sonic ∆t versus density ρb or φD have poor porosity and
reservoir rock (sandstone, limestone, dolomite) resolution, but they are
quite useful for determining some evaporite minerals.

• The good resolution given by the

c h a r t fo r s a l t , g y ps u m , a n d
anhydrite is shown by the wide
separation of the corresponding
mineral points on the figure.
Its not recommended
to work with cross plot if you
have density and neutron logs

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METHODS OF V SHALE CALCULATIONS
Calibration of Log volume of clay with volume of clay from XRD:
(��� ������ %)∗(�−���� ��������)∗(���� ����� �������)
Wet Weight volume of rock=
������� ����� �������
Where:
Dry weight % = Dry weight percentage of rock in percent
Porosity = Porosity from routine core analysis in fractions
Rock Grain density = Routine core grain density in g/cc
Mineral Grain density = Fixed mineral for a particular mineral and taken from standard log chart Vwcl2 is wet clay derived
reference Tables or book. from XRD.

MIMONITU, 2010

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