8th grade
Forces and
Motion
Learning
objectives
1. I can state the meaning of
forces.
2. I can list different types of
forces and clarify their
meanings.
Key Terms
1. Force
2. Contact force
3. Non contact force
4. Electrostatic
5. Friction
6. Upthrust
7. Tension
Warm Up
1. List 2 forces are shown on
diagram?
2. One or more forces
always act on any object
on Earth. Is this true?
Contents
Definition & unit Types
Representation
Examples
What are
Forces?
FORCE
Basically, it is a push or pull
acting upon an object that
Unit: Newton
You cannot see a force but often
you can see what it does. When
a force is exerted on an object,
it can change the object’s:
1- Speed
2- Direction of movement
3- Shape (for example, an
elastic band gets longer if you
pull it)
MEASURING FORCES
You can measure the size of a force. A device for
measuring forces is called a forcemeter, such as
a spring balance. Forces are measured in units
called “newtons (N)”
Contents
Definition & unit Types
Representation
Examples
Forces representation
Force has both size and direction
Force is represented by arrows pointing to the
direction of the force.
The length of the arrow is to scale, to show the size of
the force.
Weak force from left
to right
Strong force from left
to right
Show the direction of the forces below
Strong force upward Weak force to the right
Strong force upward
Strong force upward
Weak force to the
downward
Weak force to the left
Contents
Definition & unit Types
Representation
Examples
Types of forces
Contact Force Non- Contact Force
Types of forces
Forces can be contact forces, where objects must touch each
other to exert a force. These include:
• Frictional force
• Tension force
• Upthrust force
• Air resistance force
• Applied force
• Spring force
Other forces are non-contact forces, where objects do not
have to touch each other. These include:
• Gravitational force
• Magnetic force
• Electrical force (Electrostatic force)
Contents
Definition & unit Types
Representation
Examples
ATTRACTING AND REPELLING
The gravitational force pulls all
objects in the direction towards the
center of the earth.
FACTORS AFFECTING GRAVITY
1) Mass
As masses increases, gravity increases
2) Distance from the centre of the earth.
• The strength of gravity decreases as you go
further.
Electrostatic force which acts between
objects that are charged.
Ex., Rubbing plastic objects can charge
them with static electricity. Once they
charge they can attract or repel other
charged objects.
Magnetism
Magnets attracts magnetic materials
such as iron, steel or nickel. There is
a magnetic force between magnet and
magnetic materials.
Forces on moving
objects
Friction Is another type of force.
Whenever an abject moves
against another object, it feels
friction forces. These forces act in
the opposite direction to the
movement. Friction makes it
harder for things to move or
tries to stop it moving.
AIR RESISTANCE IS A FORCE THAT
ACTS ON ANY OBJECT MOVING
THROUGH THE AIR.
Water resistance acts on
any object moving through
water.
Factors affecting Air / water resistance
1) Speed of moving object
The faster an object moves, the greater
the air resistance on the object
2) The Shape & size of moving object
N OTE:
1- Both air resistance and water resistance are
types of drag. The moving objects collides with
particles in the air or the water and this slows it
down.
2- In a car or plane a force called thrust pushes
the vehicle forwards.
UPTHRUST AND TENSION
IF AN OBJECT IS IF YOU PULL
F L O AT I N G , T H E WAT E R SOMETHING WITH A
I S P U S H I N G I T U P. T H I S ROPE, THERE IS A
PUSH FORCE IS FORCE CALLED
CALLED UPTHRUST TENSION IN THE
ROPE, WIRE, CABLE
O R S T R I N G T H AT
H A S A W E I G H T O N I T.
QUESTIONS TIME
2- WHY DON’T PEOPLE
ON THE OTHER SIDE OF
THE EARTH FALL OFF?
People on the other side of the Earth do not
fall off because the force of gravity acts
towards the center of the Earth, wherever you
are.
8th grade
Balanced and
unbalanced forces
You can use forces to explain why an
object is moving in the way that it is, or
why it is not moving.
Learning
objectives
1. To explain the differences
between balanced and
unbalanced forces.
2. To describe the effect of balanced
and unbalanced forces on moving
objects.
3. To know how to calculate the
resultant force.
Key Terms
1. Balanced force
2. Unbalanced force
3. Resultant force
Warm Up
C
B
Contents
Balanced Force Unbalanced force
Resultant
Force
Video Time
What happen when
forces are balanced?
https://edpuzzle.com/media/65cd02f12eb17cdca24af6c3
Balanced forces
When two forces
acting on an object are
equal in size but act
in opposite directions,
we say that they
are balanced forces.
If the forces on an object
are balanced (or if there
1- A stationary are no forces acting on it),
this is what happens:
object stays still.
2- A moving object
continues to move at the
constant (same) speed
and in the same
direction
Balanced forces effect both
stationary and moving objects.
Contents
Balanced Force Unbalanced force
Resultant
Force
unbalanced force
When two forces acting on an object are not equal in
size, we say that they are unbalanced forces.
If the forces on an 1- A stationary
object are unbalanced,
this is what happens: object starts to
move in the direction
of the resultant
force
2 - A moving object
changes speed, it will
speed up (accelerate),
slow down (decelerate),
or change direction.
The forces are
unbalanced. The truck
speeds up.
Contents
Balanced Force Unbalanced force
Resultant
Force
resultant force
• If you know the size for
each force acting on an
object, you can work out
the resultant force.
• If the arrows are in the
same direction add the
forces.
• If they are in the
opposite directions you
take away one force from
the other
What happened when multiple forces act on
an object?
Same Sum
Opposite Difference
Net Force
Summary
•When forces are equal in size and opposite in
direction, the forces are balanced.
• Balanced forces cause no change in
movement.
• When forces are not equal in size and/or act
in directions that are not opposite, the forces
are unbalanced.
• Unbalanced forces cause change in
movement: speeding up, slowing down or
changing direction
TRY IT YOURSELF
H T T P S : / / P H E T. C O L O R A D O . E D U / S I M S / H T M L / F O R C
E S - A N D - M O T I O N - B A S I C S / L AT E S T / F O R C E S - A N D -
MOTION-BASICS_EN.HTML
Forces that are equal in size and opposite in
direction
Weight
Push Friction
Contact
Wrap up
Force arrows
Balanced Pulling
Forces
Unbalanced Pushing
Change Change
direction speed
8th grade
Speed, Distance &
Time
Speed, Distance, Time Calculations
Learning
objectives
• I can explain what is
meant by speed
• I can explain what is
meant by unit of speed
• I can calculate speed
Key Terms
speed
Average speed
Calculate
Constant
m/s
Warm Up
1. What are the speed limits
for cars where you live?
2. Signs showing speed
limits usually do not have
units. What are the units
used for speeds of cars?
The 3 formulas for Speed, Time &
Distance:
Distance Distance
Time = Distance =Speed x Time
Speed = Speed
Time
Solving for Speed Solving for Time Solving for Distance
Remember them
D
from
S T
this triangle:
2500Km
Average speed is sometimes used as speed
during a journey is not always constant.
The equation for speed
can be used to calculate the average
speed the same way.
It can be used to calculate
• the distance travelled
• time taken
Wrap up
m/s Calculating
Units Speed speed
Km/
hr
Practice Time
8th grade
Distance Time
Graph
Here is where your presentation begins
Learning
objectives
1. Describe a distance-time
graph
2. To interpret and draw
simple distance/time
graphs
Key Terms
At rest
Distance-time
Graphs
Sketch
stationary
Warm Up
Given:
Unknown:
Rule:
Warm Up
What are
distance/time
graphs?
Distance-Time Graphs
These are graphs used to describe
the movement of an object by plotting
the distance travelled on the vertical
axis and time on the horizontal axis.
Advantages of Graphs
• Easier to see trends and patterns
• You can read any value of distance or time
during the journey
• Speed can be calculated
• Information about the whole journey can be
seen easily
Oral discussion 5 mins
At starting position A
• The object has travelled zero distance
• The car travels at a constant speed away from
starting point to B traveling the same distance
in each second
• The graph shows a straight, upward sloping
line
At position B
• The object is stationary at B (not moving- zero
speed- at rest)
• The distance of the car from the start position
does not change but time still passes
• The graph shows a straight line that is
horizontal
At position C
• The car moves with a constant speed to C but
faster than when travelled between A & B
traveling a greater distance each second
• The graph shows a steeper straight, upward
sloping line.
At position D
• From C, the car travels at a constant speed back
to A
• The distance of the object from the start will
decrease with time
• The graph shows a straight downward sloping
line
More
graphs
In part A, the
cyclist moves at a
constant speed.
In part B, he still
moving at a constant
speed , but now he
is moving faster.
In part C he slows
down.
WRAP UP
To know value of To calculate speed
distance & time
To see trends & To know
patterns
Distance-Time information
about
graphs journey
To describe the movement
of objects
B
