CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION (MAINS) 2023
PHYSICS PAPER - II: QUANTUM MECHANICS
TUTORIAL SHEET: 1
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
1. Derive Bohr’s angular momentum quantization condition in Bohr’s atomic model from the
concept of de Broglie waves. (2010)
2. Calculate the wavelength of De Broglie waves associated with electrons accelerated through a
P.D. of 200 Volts. (2011)
3. Estimate the size of the hydrogen atom and the ground state energy from the uncertainly
principle. (2011)
4. Use the uncertainly principle to estimate the ground state energy of a linear harmonic oscillator
(2012)
5. In a series of experiments on the determination of the mass of a certain elementary particle, the
results showed a variation of _+ (plus-minus) 20 m(e), where m(e) is the electron mass. Estimate
the lifetime of the particle. (2013)
6. Find the deBroglie wave length of (i) a neutron (ii) and electron moving with kinetic energy of
500 eV .( 1 eV = 1.602 x 10 ^-19 J ) (2014)
7. The mean life of Lambda particle is 2.6 x 10^-10 s. What will be the uncertainty in the
Determination of its mass in eV? (2014)
8. Find the energy, momentum and wavelength of photon emitted by a hydrogen atom making a
direct transition from an excited state with n=10 to the ground state. Also find the recoil speed of
the hydrogen atom in this process. (2016)
9. An electron is confined to move between two rigid walls separated by 10-9 m. Compute the de
Broglie wavelengths representing the first three allowed energy states of the electron and the
corresponding energies. (2016)
10. A typical atomic radius is about 5 x 10-15 m and the energy of β-particle emitted from a nucleus is
at most of the order of 1 MeV. Prove on the basis of uncertainty principle that the electrons are
not present in nuclei. (2016)
11. Using uncertainty principle, calculate the size and energy of the ground state hydrogen atom.
(2016)
12. A beam 4.0 keV electrons from a source is incident on a target 50.0 cm away. Find the radius of
the electron beam spot due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. (2017)
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13. Estimate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the first excited state of the
hydrogen atom. (2017)
14. Show that the mass and linear momentum of a quantum mechanical particle can be given by
𝑚𝑚 = ℎ/(𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆) and 𝑝𝑝 = ℎ/𝜆𝜆, respectively, where ℎ, 𝜆𝜆 and 𝑣𝑣 are Planck’s constant, wavelength and
velocity of the particle, respectively. Comment on the wave-particle duality from these relations.
(2019)
15. State and express mathematically the three uncertainty principles of Heisenberg. Highlight the
physical significance of these principles in the development of Quantum Mechanics. (2019)
16. for a free quantum mechanical particle under the influence of a one-dimensional potential,
show that the energy is quantized in discrete fashion. How do these energy values differ from
those of a linear harmonic oscillator? (2019)
ħ
17. using the uncertainty principle ∆x∆p ≥ , estimate the ground state energy of a harmonic
2
oscillator. (2020)
18. Find the minimum magnetic field needed for the Zeeman effect to be observed in a spectral
line of 400 nm wavelength when a spectrometer whose resolution is 0 ∙ 010 nm is used. Write the
answer in the nearest high integer. (2021)
19. Find the uncertainty in the momentum of a particle when its position is determined within
0 ∙ 02 cm. Find also the uncertainty in the velocity of an electron and 𝛼𝛼-particle respectively
when they are located within 15 × 10 -18 cm.
P (2021)
20. A particle of rest mass 𝑚𝑚0 has a kinetic energy K, show that its de Broglie wavelength is
given by
ℎ𝑐𝑐
𝜆𝜆 =
�[𝐾𝐾(𝐾𝐾 + 2𝑚𝑚0 𝑐𝑐 2 )]
Hence calculate the wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy 2 MeV. What will be the value of
𝜆𝜆 if 𝐾𝐾 << 𝑚𝑚0 𝑐𝑐 2 ? (2021)
21. What is Broglie concept of matter wave? Evaluate de Broglie wavelength of Helium that is
accelerated through 300 V.
(Given mass of proton = Mass of neutron = 1 ∙ 67 × 10−27 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾) (2022)
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TUTORIAL SHEET: 2
Schrodinger’s Wave equation and applications
ψ ( x, t ) exp [i (kx − ωt )] .
1. Obtain an expression for the probability current for the plane wave=
Interpret your result. (2010)
d2
2. A system is described by the Hamiltonian operator, H =− 2 + x 2 Show that the function A x
dx
x 2
exp − is an eigen function of H. Determine the eigen values of H. (2011)
2
3. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m in an infinite rectangular well defined
by
= Obtain the normalized eigen functions and the
corresponding eigen values. (2011)
4. Normalize the wave function (2011)
5. (a) V (x)
V = Vo
Consider a beam of particles incident on one-dimensional step function potential with energy
E > V o as shown in the above figure. Solve the Schrodinger equation and obrain expressions
for the reflection and transmission coefficients.
(b) What are the limits of the reflection coefficient for E →V o and E → ?
(c)Discuss the cases 0 < E < V o and E < 0. (2013)
6. Obtain the time independent Schrödinger equation for a particle. Hence deduce the time
independent Schrödinger equation. (2014)
7. Solve the Schrödinger equation for a particle of mass m confined in one dimensional potential
well of the form:V=0 , when 0≤x≤L=infinity , when x<0 , x>L. Obtain the discreet energy values
and the normalized eigen functions. (2014)
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8. An electron is moving in a one dimensional box of infinite height and width 1 A (Angstrom).
Find the minimum energy of electron. (2014)
9. Normalized wave function of a particle is given: ψ (x) = A exp (-x ²/ a ² + ikx).Find the
expectation value of position. (2015)
10. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a step potential and calculate the transmission and
reflection coefficient for the case when the kinetic energy of the particle E 0 is greater than
the potential energy V (i.e., E 0 > V).
(2016)
11. Calculate the lowest energy of an electron confined to move in a 1-dimensional potential well
of width 10 nm.
12. Using 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜̈ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, obtain the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of energy for a 1-
dimensional harmonic oscillator. Sketch the profiles of eigenfunctions for first three energy
states. (2017)
13. Calculate the probability of transmission of an electron of 1.0 eV energy through a potential
barrier of 4.0 eV and 0.1 nm width. (2017)
1
14.The wave function of a particle is given as 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 −|𝑥𝑥|⁄𝑎𝑎 . Find the probability of
√𝑎𝑎
locating the particle in the range −𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎. (2018)
15. Calculate the zero-point energy of a system consisting of a mass of 10−3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 connected to a
fixed point by a spring which is stretched by 10−2 𝑚𝑚 by a force of 10−1 𝑁𝑁. The system is
constrained to move only in one direction. (2018)
16. The general wave function of harmonic oscillator (one-dimensional) are of the form
2 ⁄2
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥) = ∑∞ 𝑘𝑘 −𝑦𝑦
𝑘𝑘=0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
With 𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑥𝑥, and coefficients 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are determined by recurrence relations
ћ
2(𝑘𝑘−𝑛𝑛)
𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+2 = 𝑎𝑎
(𝑘𝑘+1)(𝑘𝑘+2) 𝑘𝑘
1
Corresponding energy levels are 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 = �𝑛𝑛 + � ћ𝜔𝜔.
Discuss the parity of these wave
2
functions. What happens, if the potential for 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0 is infinite (half harmonic oscillator)?
(2018)
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17. Which of the following functions is/are acceptable solution(s) of the
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜̈ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒?
(i) 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
(ii) 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(iii) 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(iv) 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(v) 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴 tan 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Explain your answer. (2018)
18. A beam of particles of energy 9 eV is incident on a potential step 8 eV high from the left.
What percentage of particles will reflect back?
(2018)
19. Write down the Hamiltonian operator for a linear harmonic oscillator. Show that the energy
1
eigenvalue of the same can be given by 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 = �𝑛𝑛 + � ћ𝜔𝜔0 at energy state 𝑛𝑛 with 𝜔𝜔0 being the
2
natural frequency of vibration of the linear oscillator. Prove that 𝑛𝑛 = 0 energy state has a wave
function of typical Gaussian form.
(2019)
20. Estimate the size of hydrogen atom and the ground state energy from the uncertainty
principle.
(2019)
21. Prove that Bohr hydrogen atom approaches classical conditions, when n becomes very large
and small quantum jumps are involved.
(2020)
22. Find the probability current density for the wave function
2
Ѱ (χ, t) = [ Aeipx/h + Be-ipx/h ] ē𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡/2𝑚𝑚ħ
Interpret the result physically.
(2020)
𝜋𝜋 2 /2
23. A particle is described by the wave function Ѱ (x) = � � -1/4 ē𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 . Calculate ∆x and ∆p
𝛼𝛼
P
ħ
for the particle, and verify the uncertainty relation ∆x ∆p = . (2020)
2
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24. Write the wave functions for a particle on both sides of a step potential, for E > V 0 :
(2020)
𝑉𝑉
V (x) = � 0, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 >0
0 <0
25. A beam of 12 eV electron is incident on a potential barrier of height 25 eV and width 0 ∙ 05
nm. Calculate the transmission coefficient. (2021)
26. A particle is moving in a one dimensional box width 50Å and infinite height. Calculate the
probability of finding the particle within an interval of 15Å at the centres of the box when it is in
its state of least energy. (2021)
27. Calculate the probability of finding a simple harmonic oscillator within the classical limits if
the oscillator is in its normal state. Also show that if the oscillator is in its normal state, then the
probability of finding the particle outside the classical limits is approximately 16%. (2021)
28. An electron in a one-dimensional infinite potential well, defined by
𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥) = 0 for −𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥) = ∞
Otherwise, goes from 𝑛𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛𝑛 = 2 level and emits photon of frequency 3 ∙ 43 × 1014 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻.
Calculate the width of the well. (Assume Plank’s constant ℎ = 6 ∙ 626 × 10−34 𝐽𝐽. 𝑆𝑆. and mass of
electron of electron 𝑚𝑚 = 9 ∙ 11 × 10−31 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾) (2022)
29. Set up the Schrodinger’s wave equation for one dimensional potential barrier and obtain the
probability of tunneling. (2022)
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Quantum Mechanics-II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3
1. Show that the Pauli spin matrices satisfy the following:
σ=
x
2
σ=2y σ=2z 1
σ xσ y =
−σ yσ x =
iσ z
σ yσ z =
−σ zσ y =
iσ x
σ zσ x=
−σ xσ z =
iσ y (2010)
2. The normalized wave function for the electron in hydrogen atom for the ground state is
r
( )
−1/2
= ψ (r ) π a03 exp − Where a0 is the radius of the first Bohr orbit? Show that the
a0
most probable position of the electron is a0 (2010)
3. Let be the vector operator with component equal to pauli spin matrices if
are vectors in 3D space, prove the identity
(2011)
4. For hydrogen atom, ground state is Calculate and
(2011)
5. Show (i) Sin = sin (2011)
(ii) Cos ( = cos (2012)
6. What is the degree of degeneracy of the energy – eigen Values. What happened if the spin of
the electron is taken into account? (2012)
7. Solve the radial part of the time independent Schrodinger Equation for a hydrogen atom.
Obtain its expression for energy Eigen values. (2012)
8. Using the definition L= r x p of the orbital angular momentum operator , evaluate [ L(x) ,
L(y)] (2013)
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9. The normalized wave function for the electron for the electron in the ground state of the
hydrogen
atom is given by
1
𝜓𝜓(𝑟𝑟) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑟𝑟⁄𝑎𝑎0 . Find 〈𝑟𝑟〉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 〈𝑟𝑟 2 〉. (2013)
�𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎03
10. If x and p are the position and momentum operators, prove the commutation relation [ , x]
= -2ihp (2014)
11. Write down Pauli spin matrices. Express J(x) , J(y) and J(z) in terms of Pauli spin matrices.
(2014)
12. Using the commutation relations
[x, p(x)] = [y, p(y)] = [z,p(z)]=ih
Deduce the commutation relation between the components of angular momentum operator L.
[L(x), L(y)]=ihL(z)
[L(y), L(z)]= ihL(x) and
[L(z),L(x)]=ihL(y) (2014)
13. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a particle in a three dimensional rectangular potential
barrier. Explain the terms degenerate and non-degenerate states in this context. (2015)
14. A particle trapped in an infinitely deep square well of width a has a wave function
1
2 2 πx
ψ = sin . The walls are suddenly separated by infinite distance. Find the
π a
probability of the particle having momentum between p and p + dp (2015)
15. Write down the matrix representation of the three Pauli matrices σ x , σ y and σ z . Prove that
these matrices satisfy the following identities:
i. [σ x , σ y ] = 2 i σ z
ii. [σ2.σ x ] = 0
iii. (σ .A) (σ .B) = A .B + i σ .(A x B)
If A and B commute with Pauli matrices. (2016)
16. Calculate the density of states for an electron moving freely inside a metal with the help of
quantum mechanical Schrodinger’s equation for free particle in a box. (2016)
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17. Evaluate the most probable distance of the electron from nucleus of a hydrogen atom in its
2𝑝𝑝 state. What is the probability of finding the electron at this distance? (2017)
18. Explain why the square of the angular momentum (𝐿𝐿2 ) and only one of the components
(𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥 , 𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 , 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 ) of L are regarded as constants of motion. (2017)
19. The ground state wave function for hydrogen atom is
1
𝜓𝜓(𝑟𝑟) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑟𝑟⁄𝑎𝑎0
3
�𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎0
Where 𝑎𝑎0 is the Bohr radius. Sketch the wave function and the probability density as a
function of the separation distance r. Calculate the probability that the electron in the ground
state is found beyond the Bohr radius. (2018)
20. Prove the following identities:
(i) �𝑝𝑝̂𝑥𝑥 , 𝐿𝐿�𝑦𝑦 �= 𝑖𝑖 ћ �𝑝𝑝𝑧𝑧
(ii) 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖(𝜎𝜎�.𝑛𝑛�)𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑖𝑖(𝜎𝜎�. 𝑛𝑛�)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (2018)
21. Show that for free electron gas, the density of states in three dimensions (3D) varies as 𝐸𝐸 1⁄2 ,
and this dependence changes to 𝐸𝐸 0 for 2D (quantum well), 𝐸𝐸 −1⁄2 for 1D (quantum wire) and
𝛿𝛿 function for 0D (quantum dot). (2018)
22. How do you define density of states? Show that the density of states with wave vector less
than 𝑘𝑘�⃗ in a three-dimensional cubic box of volume V can be given by
𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷(𝜔𝜔) =
𝑘𝑘 � �
2𝜋𝜋 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
in the frequency spectrum between 𝜔𝜔 and 𝜔𝜔 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Here, assume that the number of modes
per unit range of 𝑘𝑘 is 𝐿𝐿/(2𝜋𝜋), 𝐿𝐿 being the length of each side of the cubic box. (2019)
23. Define Pauli spin matrices 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 and 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 . Using these definitions, prove the following:
(i) 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥2 = 𝜎𝜎42 = 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧2 = 1
(ii) 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑖𝑖𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 ; 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝑖𝑖𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 ; 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑖𝑖𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 (2019)
24. Define angular momentum of a particle and find out the three components of the angular
momentum operator 𝐿𝐿� in Cartesian coordinates. Show that
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝐿𝐿�2 = −ћ2 �𝑟𝑟 2 ∇2 − �𝑟𝑟 2 ��
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Prove that the operator 𝐿𝐿�2 can also be expressed as
1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕2
a. 𝐿𝐿�2 = −ћ2 � �𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � + 2 2�
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕∅
b. in spherical polar coordinates(𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃, ∅). (2016)
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ħ
25. If the z-component of an electron spin is + , what is the probability that its component
2
ħ ħ
along a direction z’ (forming an angle θ with z-axis) is or ? What is the average value of spin
2 2
along z’? (2020)
�⃗ × 𝐿𝐿
26. Also Show that ( 𝐿𝐿 �⃗ ) = ἱ ħ 𝐿𝐿
�⃗. (2020)
27. Normalised wave function of hydrogen atom for 1s state is
1 ℏ2
Ψ100 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑟𝑟/𝑎𝑎0 , where 𝑎𝑎0 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
�𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎03
Being the Bohr radius. Calculate the expectation value of potential energy in this state. (2021)
28. Using Pauli spin matrices prove that,
(i) 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 0; 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0; 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 0
(ii) 𝜎𝜎+ 𝜎𝜎− = 2(1 + 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 )
(iii) 𝜎𝜎𝛼𝛼 𝜎𝜎𝛽𝛽 = 𝑖𝑖𝜎𝜎𝛾𝛾 Where 𝛼𝛼 ≠ 𝛽𝛽 ≠ 𝛾𝛾 (2021)
29. The raising (𝐽𝐽+ ) and lowering (𝐽𝐽− ) operators are defined by
𝐽𝐽+ = 𝐽𝐽𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑖𝐽𝐽𝑦𝑦 and 𝐽𝐽− = 𝐽𝐽𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑖𝐽𝐽𝑦𝑦 respectively. Prove the following identities:
(i) [ 𝐽𝐽𝑧𝑧 , 𝐽𝐽± ] = ± ℏ𝐽𝐽±
(ii) 𝐽𝐽− 𝐽𝐽+ = 𝐽𝐽2 − 𝐽𝐽𝑧𝑧2 − ℏ𝐽𝐽𝑧𝑧 (2022)
30. Show that 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 =< 𝑉𝑉 > in the stationary states of the hydrogen atom. (2022)
31. Show that for a given principal quantum number 𝑛𝑛, there are 𝑛𝑛2 possible states of the atom.
(2022)
1
32. What is the spin wave function (for 𝑠𝑠 = ) if the spin component in the direction of unit
2
𝟏𝟏
vector 𝜼𝜼 has a value of ℏ ? (2022)
𝟐𝟐
33. Obtain the normalized eigenvectors of 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 and 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 matrices. (2022)
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