Addressing Modes
Introduction
Addressing Modes
• Implied
• Immediate
• Direct
• Indirect
• Register
• Register Indirect
• Displacement (Indexed)
• Autoincrement
• Autodecrement
• Stack
Implied Mode
Operands are specified implicitly in
definition of the instruction
Examples
»COM : Complement Accumulator
Operand in AC is implied in the definition of the
instruction.
Allregister reference instruction that use an
accumulator are implied mode instruction.
»PUSH : Stack push
Operand is implied to be on top of the stack.
Zero address instruction in stack are implied mode
since the operands are implied on top of stack.
Immediate Addressing
• Operand is part of instruction
• Operand = address field
• e.g. ADD 5
—Add 5 to contents of accumulator
—5 is operand
• No memory reference to fetch data
• Fast
– Useful for initializing registers to a constant value
– Example : LD #NBR
Immediate Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Operand
Direct Addressing
• Address field contains address of operand
• Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
• e.g. ADD A
—Add contents of cell A to accumulator
—Look in memory at address A for operand
• Single memory reference to access data
• No additional calculations to work out
effective address
Example : LD ADR
AC M [ADR]
ADR = Address part of Instruction
Direct Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory
Operand
Indirect Addressing (1)
• Memory cell pointed to by address field
contains the address of (pointer to) the
operand
• EA = (A)
—Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
• e.g. ADD (A)
—Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of
A to accumulator
Indirect Addressing (2)
• Large address space
• 2n where n = word length
• May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
—e.g. EA = (((A)))
• Multiple memory accesses to find operand
• Hence slower
Example : LD @ADR AC M [ M [ ADR]]
Indirect Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory
Pointer to operand
Operand
Register Addressing (1)
• Operand is held in register named in
address filed
Register is selected from a register field in the instruction
» k-bit register field can specify any one of 2k registers
• EA = R
• Limited number of registers
• Very small address field needed
—Shorter instructions
—Faster instruction fetch
Register Addressing (2)
• No memory access
• Very fast execution
• Very limited address space
• Multiple registers helps performance
—Requires good assembly programming or
compiler writing
—Ex. C programming
– register int a;
Example : LD R1 AC R1
Register Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Registers
Operand
Register Indirect Addressing
• C.f. indirect addressing
• EA = (R)
• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
• Large address space (2n)
• One fewer memory access than indirect
addressing
Example : LD (R1) AC M [R1]
Register Indirect Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Memory
Registers
Pointer to Operand Operand
Displacement Addressing
• EA = A + (R)
• Address field hold two values
—A = base value
—R = register that holds displacement
—or vice versa
Displacement Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register R Address A
Memory
Registers
Pointer to Operand + Operand
Relative Addressing
• A version of displacement addressing
PC is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain
the effective address
• R = Program counter, PC
• EA = A + (PC)
• i.e. get operand from A cells from current
location pointed to by PC
• c.f locality of reference & cache usage
Example : LD $ADR AC M [ PC ADR]
Indexed Addressing
– XR (Index register) is added to the address part of
the instruction to obtain the effective address
– Example : LD ADR(XR)
• A = base
• R = displacement
• EA = A + (R)
AC M [ ADR XR ]
Base-Register Addressing
– the content of a base register is added to the
address part of the instruction to obtain the effective
address
Autoincrement or Autodecrement Mode
Similar to the register indirect mode except that
»the register is incremented after its value is used to access memory
»the register is decrement before its value is used to access memory
»Example (Autoincrement) : LD (R1)+
AC M [ R1], R1 R1 1
Stack Addressing
• Operand is (implicitly) on top of stack
• e.g.
—ADD Pop top two items from stack
and add
Address Memory
PC = 200 200 Load to AC Mode
Addressing Mode Effective Address Content of AC
201 Address = 500
AC500 Immediate Address Mode 201 500
AC(500) Direct Address Mode 500 800 R1 = 400 202 Next instruction
AC((500)) Indirect Address Mode 800 300
ACR1 Register Mode 400
XR = 100
AC(R1) Register Indirect Mode 400 700
399 450
AC(PC+500) Relative Address Mode 702 325
AC(XR+500) Indexed Address Mode 600 900 AC 400 700
AC(R1)+ Autoincrement Mode 400 700
AC-(R1) Autodecrement Mode 399 450 500 800
R1 = 400
600 900
500 + 202 (PC)
R1 = 400 (after) 325
702
500 + 100 (XR)
R1 = 400 -1 (prior)
800 300
Application of Addressing Modes
The 8085 has the following 5 different types of addressing.
1. Immediate Addressing
2. Direct Addressing
3. Register Addressing
4. Register Indirect Addressing
5. Implied Addressing
8086 Addressing Modes
Register addressing
Immediate addressing
Direct addressing
Register indirect addressing
Base-plus-index addressing
Register relative addressing
Base relative-plus-index addressing:
Assignment
1. What do you mean by Addressing modes.
2. Explain different types of Addressing modes in 8085 and
8086 micro processor.
