4.
5 SOURCE CONVERSION AND NODE ANALYSIS
4.5.1 Source Conversion
Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source
R a R
a a a
E I R I R E
b b b b
I
E EIR
R
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
(2) Given Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source
(1) Given Voltage-Source and its equivalent Current-Source
3 8 a a
a a
40 V 5A 8
21 V 7A 3
b b
b b 40
21 I 5A
I 7A 8
3
(3) Given Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source (4) Given Current-Source and its equivalent Voltage-Source
4 a 5 a
a a
6A 5 30V
5A 4 20V
b b
b b
E 6 5 30 V
E 5 4 20 V
5. Find the currents down through the resistors in the circuit shown in the
figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-Ohm resistor to an a
equivalent voltage source and again find the resistor current. Compare
results.
16A 2 6
Solutions:
b
By Current-Divider: Equivalent-Circuit: Voltage-Source
6 E 16 2 32 V
I2 16 12 A
2 6 2
a 32
I2 I6
2 8
I6 16 4A 4 A
2 6 32V 6
b
**** The current through the 6-Ohm (load) resistor is still the same.
6. Find the currents down through the load resistor in the circuit 3.6
shown in the figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-
Ohm resistor to an equivalent voltage source and again find the 16A 2 4 RL 6
load current. Compare results. Ans. 1.6A
VOLTAGE SOURCE – RESISTIVE CIRCUIT AND ITS EQUIVALENT CURRENT SOURCE –
CONDUCTIVE CIRCUIT:
ILLUSTRATIONS:
(1)
Voltage Source - Resistive Circuit Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit
2
a a
32V 6 16A 0.5S 0.167 S
b
b
(2) Convert the circuit shown to its equivalent current source - conductive circuit.
0.5 0.8
E1 = 6 V E2 = 4 V
1
r1 0.4 r 2 0.2
Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit
2S 1.25S
OR
15A 2.5S 1S 5S 20A 6.667A 1.111S 1S 1S 4A
4.5.2. NODE ANALYSIS
R1 Ec , rc R8
R3 2
1
R2 R4
Ea Ee
ra Ed re
Eb
rb rd
R5 R6 3 R7
Node Equations: R.N .
Node 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1)
V 1 V 2 E a E b Ec
ra R5 R1 R2 rb R3 rc R3 rc ra R5 R1 rb R2 rc R3
V 1 G11 V 2 G12 I 1
Node 2:
1 1 1 1 1 1
V 1 V 2 V3
3
R rc 3
R rc rd R4 R7 re R8 d
r R4 R7 re R8
1 1 1 (2)
E c E d Ee
rc R3 rd R4 re R7 R8
V 1 G21 V 2 G22 V3 G23 I 2
Node 3:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (3)
V 2 V3 E d E e
R4 rd re R7 R8 rd R4 R6 R7 re R8 rd R4 re R7 R8
V2 G32 V 3 G33 I3
The General Representation of Node Equations in Matrix Form:
Where:
- G11, G22, G33, ... Gnn (the elements in the principal
G11 G12 G13 G1n V1 I1 diagonal) are the self or node conductance
V I
G21 G23 G2 n
G22 respectively for each node.
2 2
G31 G32 G33 G3n V3 I 3
- Conductances other than that belongs to the
principal diagonal are mutual conductances.
G Gn 3 Gnn Vn In
n1 G n2 - I1, I2, I3, ... , in are the source currents respectively
for each node.
Equivalent Current Source - Conductive Circuit
Ic
1 2
Ga
1 ; Gb
1
ra R1 R5 rb R2
Gc
Gc
1 ; Gd
1
Ia Ga Ib Gb Id Gd I e Ge rc R3 rd R4
Ge
1 ; G6
1
G6 re R7 R8 R6
3
R.N .
Node Equations:
Node 1:
V1 Ga Gb Gc V 2 Gc I a I b I c (1)
V 1 G11 V 2 G12 I 1
Node 2:
V 1 Gc V 2 Gc Gd Ge V3 Gd Ge I c I d I e (2)
V 1 G21 V 2 G22 V3 G23 I 2
Node 3: V 2 Gd Ge V3 Gd G6 Ge I d I e (3)
V2 G32 V 3 G33 I3
The Node Equations in matrix form:
G11 G12 0 V1 I1
G G22 G23 V I
21 2 2
0 G32 G33 V3 I 3
PROBLEMS:
1. Determine the current delivered by each source of the circuit shown using node analysis.
10
15V , 0.5 I1
I2
Ans: I1 = 2.138 A; I2 = 5.103 A; I3 = -2.965 A
1 R.N.
0.3 10V , 0.2
I3
3V , 0.1 1.4
Node Voltage V1:
1 1 1 1 1 1
V 1 15 10 0.3 0.2 3 0.1 1.4
10 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.5 10
V1 7.448 V
Branch Currents:`
15 7.448
I1 2.138 A
10.5
10 7.448
I2 5.103 A
0.5
3 7.448
I3 2.965 A
1.5
2. Determine all the currents in the network shown, also the voltages between points ed and dc.
a
1 1 f
I1 I2
3 10 V
I4
1.5 0.4
12 V 2 3
0.5 Ans: I1 = -1.242 A; I2 = 3.538 A; I3 = -2.405 A
I6 6V
I5 6
I3 0.3
b h
R.N.
Node 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V1 V 2 V3 12 10
1.5 3 0.4 3 0.4 1.5 0.4
3.5 V 1 0.3333 V 2 2.5 V3 33 (1)
Node 2:
1 1 1 1 1
V1 V 2 V3 0
3 3 1.5 6 1.5
0.3333 V 1 1.16667 V 2 0.6667 V3 0 (2)
Node 3:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V1 V2 V3 10 6
0.4 1.5 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.4 3
2.5 V 1 0.6667 V 2 6.5 V3 5 (3)
The Node Equations in matrix form:
3.5 0.3333 2.5 V1 33
0.3333 1.16667 0.6667 V 0
2
2.5 0.6667 6.5 V3 5
Solving the node voltages simultaneously
V1 13.863 V
V2 6.977 V
V3 5.278 V
Branch Currents:
12 V1 12 13.863
I1 1.242 A
1.5 1.5
10 V1 V3 10 13.863 5.278
I2 3.538 A
0.4 0.4
V3 6 5.278 6
I3 2.406 A
0.3 0.3
V1 V2 13.863 6.977
I4 2.295 A
3 3
OR : I 4 I1 I 2 2.295 A
3. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine (a) load
current; (b) the load voltage and power; (c) current delivered by each source, (d) circuit efficiency. Ans. IL = 25A
0.3 0.2
E1 = 26 V E2 = 24 V
RL 0.8
r1 0.1 r 2 0.2
4. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine the load
currents IA and IB.
2 5 2
RA IB RB
26 V IA 36 V
10 15
Ans: I1 = 1.17A; I2 =-1.20A; I3 = -3.17A; IA = 2.37A; IB =1.98A
Learning Activity 4.5: Solve the following problems
1. Find the currents down through the load resistor in the circuit 3.6
shown in the figure. Then convert the current source and the 2-
Ohm resistor to an equivalent voltage source and again find the 16A 2 4 RL 6
load current. Compare results. Ans. 1.6A
2. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine (a) load
current; (b) the load voltage and power; (c) current delivered by each source, (d) circuit efficiency. Ans. IL = 25A
0.3 0.2
E1 = 26 V E2 = 24 V
RL 0.8
r1 0.1 r 2 0.2
3. In the circuit shown, convert to current-source conductive circuit and using node analysis determine the load
currents IA and IB.
2 5 2
RA IB RB
26 V IA 36 V
10 15
Ans: I1 = 1.17A; I2 =-1.20A; I3 = -3.17A; IA = 2.37A; IB =1.98A
