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EPC Module1 (Part2)

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35 views76 pages

EPC Module1 (Part2)

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girijahallur8
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41 Bor Ac Mockess f.t-1 Base Biasecl Amplu e- 4dftal Cou feting Capote c- c Shert N Fégene ft jo) Figane 1) ; Féguoe 4 cc) Capacitor 4 Ae open ancl Ceuphing Ceypoacctoh cep erg am fe Sherk ac Sheart* *K Figune 1(@) Sheass an Ac youre ¢ Sawnce cennectect fo Capeeettsr ard a Nesistr # Since Yu empecenu Y the Capaciis A snversely Poope fo proyency, Phe Coporci tor ofprctivdy blocks de Vetege Lid framsmib ac Vvolrige- K When 2 hig he Copreitive Reneteme amech ABimastenShan He Pusistence, im Shin Cone Qmett ath Ac eure Oppeent OLr0K he Reto amd Sorch ¥ Coupling E4ors Coulis ony fe Aiggnel to Phe Resistor lind i & Umportamt bectuue A OUR «to le am ac digmel unto Qn Lumplificrn csitheus lintarbiog fhe Q Pout * Fo a Coupting Aoprcitos fo werk Proper , C0 Reactama mrestbe Symotuen han Hn Resistemce ct the Lowest Guy & trac bere» Grood coupling + Xe 6 O-1R - —@ 3K The Practuna Aheulel be ctlocest so times Anmatter thom the Resistemce cee the Lecoert Coys { operation - # cone lo:t seule 18 Aclirfiedl , Figure 1) Com bs ep hovcerst by Cqpivatent Cin corek G Fegunt Ib) The omagmituct, f Cmpeclnce on bgweW@s A gin 22 VR — © Butstitaute DO im @. 2 = VR +(o. 1p = VRep0.01n? = Vor R® = 1-005 R. Since the Cmpectemee 4 within hay | a Pruomcey R Qt the locoet breqpeney , the Cussent on feguss 10) a 10°! rule Aby Considering cll Cape Coxpores tor asan Ac Shor Crrcerck k Cm portent Peurt purout Couptingy Letpuch toAs 5; Coupling ceypacitor GB Ontimite at Jeno Geyeeneg? epee Dice nce ade G a Capaccton ake as Lexo8 ) ce de \ettcege how ce Peqpemey @ Zero, fhe Aeodand 1 FX de Anatysin He Capacitor i open & FAX ac Anatyris Ae Cerpercitor x Chesect - * Fecpuoe 1) Seermmarizes these we Points Excomp ke ie Consiclor te given biquee A 4 R-aKn nd the eves Jramge 4s from a3 to aoktia, Find the Valus & C meceled to Cet a A Genel Ceufoling Copecitss « Cc t— “ se Feticeoing he 101) Rule > Xe sheulcl be 10 -+emes Arce than R cet the Lowest Gregypency, Trncfou : Xe Xe shoud be 10 t’my 4 mauer than R at the Lowest peqpeney , There tore Xe o pale Dg Bas_im puke votleauye | - Aivick bath Aidu g Equetcon @ by Av q Exannp ke: ~ Consider He Piceng stor aby mbel Bi econo) gue (cr) & &) tink & is Useol to Cnclicece an ump Lifer ; ery lexign., G) 4 np ek Vettege a &mv § Vottere gen a 200» Coleufate Cutput Voltage «(Fegan a). @) I Curput outage is 25 cn Figure) Lott voltage Acin & 3605 Cobertet the Emput Votteage - 4 én Ay = Neut Ven Veut lm £ “I c 9-5 V Fequine & () Veet = Ay Ven = deo(amv) =A0omy u . (ee) Vin = Vout _ 25V = zim. Av 350 LA3 Emitter Biareel Ample The Base biarect Am puikeor has an comtebl Q Pome ¥ Hence CL ix ree ursel muss as am Ampiiker. #% Larteasd ,an emitter biaseel amplifier cotth Us Atobte Q Pant & Prefered: Bal Pass Copocci ter: @) Bypass Capacitor a Figuow @ FA Bypass Capacitss & Similan to a Coupling cacti baceune th apprens geen fo Alber Laurent tnd Anat FO ees LUTMEML + ¥ Bet & is net Led to Couple @ dignat betwean Lioo Pointe. natead dk Ly Lusel fo Create am ac cpewnel * Figuie GYashaws An ac Vveltusye Aeurce Lennectect Fo a MHstH Amd a Coprrcitor ThE Rusistch Ro Pupresemts the Thevemin Jsiktance & Atom by the capaci. cohen tte fregpramey i Aigth enough » Pho fapacitive recckaumes 1B much Bretton than the Aer istamce w % Aimost alt the ac Jounce Voleuye Appeovs crccnors Fhe Tein, Auch-that Poiirt EB effectively Ahorted to ground. %K cohen url in hs Cony the copatttr bt -Cattect os be Pox Gee? because We Ahovts or bupames fhe Petite E 7 ae KA Bypaw coyposltr bs imperans becade Ut crtrenss 0 FO Crmt Om ac qieund On an ampli Fen vottheut dbeterbing ch Q& Pemt: K FOX By poss Coxpestiter fo ce Property, us Jueectamce Mest he Smatuen that he Resistance ot thr Lewest fuyrunc Ge ths ac Sour . ok The Apfinection & fod by Poning a ichonticel 40 that Sor goeel Secaca 5 ‘ Good by feosing 3 Xo ZO-1R, hi Tle ede ; me (0) Cb) As fatiobicol Figue 6@) cam b& Fuplacsel th pique the onpat Fraqpones % y A IK. -to effectively Pheu Point & ko gains 2 Belution f- K Obtain Theverin tesirtance 23 Azun by the Caeppackt ¢ Ray = RillRa = 8.82 Rit Ra Rew = 6002 \| 1K > Goox1x10* x36 600 +(x (03) Conchition : Ke eO-1R- Xo should be -len Hmes Armateen-than Kru “Thaotfca XcoK% 31-52 at IKHL- c+ = —1__ amexe (277) (re Ma) (34-50) CoA Quer - gC je mended | Figure $ @ VOR Amptefier with waveform - * Fig uss @ Aheres w Vertcegre otevicler béiareot (V06) Am plike - ¥ To Laleutote the le Voutenges amd Livaent , Avume hat all thi Capacitors ore Open: Them VDB Lincult Cam be Ahratysect as follews . Tht Auiercemt er deo values for Hus Cor ceeit cre as Vep = —Ra— x Vee Rit+Ra Veg = 2/842 (ov) = BV: lOKM +QaAKX Ba Ve = Oy Vee bSy ORV ERI The eqrritten Clement OX) chy = vt “ae oTe = tv Tha = er = hima De Te =hima Ve = Veo - => Ve= 10 —Gima) (86K) = 6-ONV bima * Coping, Capacitor (4 Uerect bekeoen Zhe Boence ancl bene AL Amother Coup ting eeea fence before RE Carcector Dink the Loact wristence *® Tre by Poss Copoerfor f& Lueck beteacon the emitter cenel th Ground. Botause gy thu fangs Vattere acon Co QSteun *K tn tye ® the voltage Source GF (OOtev ds Loup tel Lo the forse + K Bocecese & by poss Leepocidor , au yY thus Ao Vourage Lepore Arccnays tha bese ennitter cliocts + Khe ac base cromemt Pooclucey .m cum plc eok Ce Cetlector Megane: VDB wWewe forms! # Notice the ‘Vourge asavefeorm On Figure @ * The ac Bounce Voltage A & Aanatt Zinurocdal Vettaeye COLh am avenage Valus & Zero - * The base Votkeure a am ac Vvoungye Aeperimposect one de Valtaye & +1-8V K The Coltectos Votre & am Amp beFieel und emverteel Qc Votrage Superimposed en the dlc Cetlecter yottmge ¢ +6oxv The Loact Vetere Othe Aame as the cottector Votkcenre , Cncept that & has an average Value Y Zoro. * The VOB amplifier & fhe Standard wey to beeelof CL Aisoute tramirter amp Lider # Sacut means that cut Components Lcke rusistorus, Lapacitos smol tramixiou ox Aporately insecteel ancl Connectecl -to ee the. fina fan Uist + # A clivuk sincuis ClFTOs from an =Cregratert eee (rc) On cohich att the Components ane Aimuteeun uated and cennectel ence chip, a Piece Of Sormicon dLecets) mate al: 4 Vee +10V too KS ou 100 uv tguse 8 TSES Pera phir eoith coaveforms - A Fiquae 6 shes Tico Auppty ernitter foias (rSe8) cum puikt ex) # TO Parferm cc amalepis > meg lore cue the Cerfocrer tor amd Caleutcte the qHiescent velinges ® Base vellage Vg 80> © The v e acres Gmitternock & O.4, Thoefore Ve=-0-+#V ® From ohm'y tow, Emitten Cturnemt ¢ Te = ~ OFV ~—Cav) = b3mep TK TER Te = 1°3maq * The Cottectey - yout yee Vee ~ Fe Re f= lo ~ (3m) (3-6 ka) = 53a" a ‘o * Figure hoes oo Coupe ting Capacitr amc emitter * The ac operation ¢ tre cincuit a Aimilar to thet & vos Crim ptieen ¥ THe sigmed 4 Leupted Jo the base» Then the Bignet G28 compritiel 0 get the Cottector Vottae * THe Cum bifced Aignet 4s Hem Coupled te ta Loacl - K NOK He cocweperma The CoG Aowesr yeotuge & Aman Sinuscicled vectage- %E The beese Vetteuge has a Amatl ac component Fueling ena ole Component gy cppronimastely Ov. * The fotek Coltector Veuage ch cm Onverteal Aine aoaue Ab ding ena Ae Collecta Vettaye % +5: 32V+ K The Loacl Vettage és the Aame cum pLikiect Atgnat cecth no clo Cem ponent - # Notice that when Heubleshooteng an complifier eth by pas Capacitors, Mememben ~fhat AU Ac grounds Aheeutel have zero ac Vetecuges 113) Smaw Big not opnaton Figuae @ AQistertion When eg nat Ls too Aarge- ® Figuow 4 Dheus O graph Of Camment versus VOUIEC AON Ha boaye emitter dLiocle - * Chen am ac voltage is Ceuplecl onto He base & Ue Tramsivion , am AC Volt. Coppers anos At bere emitten diock - ® TAY Prockuces th dinrusewlel Vorieation U1 VBE Bs Aheeon im fegun @ qiitaniomncessepeiating peut F when the Velrage Creremrer to ckA Pesitive Pete > Tt cnstamtam cous op rating, Peet amoves from @ ko te Cpr Poimeasheon im figure @ * en-the other hamcl Whom the Sine ware Olerreenres to tes neggeetive Peak, He Unitamtaneeus Opercett ney Pernt mores Bom @ to te Lowen point % The totat hase Crit voltage of begun @ ian ac e Comted On a clo v e- HF The Aize He ac voltage wcletermines hevo fer the Ons-tantamesus Poimt amoves Cusay fom @ Peent , & fange ac bare Vettages Procluces heage Vveowation , cohernas Amok ac base verge Poocluces, Ameaet Veuweetion . *K The ac voltage en tHe base Proclucer “te ac Crmitter Covent cos AhetOn on “pigune @) » * The ac emitter coment hax the Acme Preepromen als the ac pase VeLeage + Fer instames i the ac Gemerceeor ehiving the base heer om peqpeney Gf MwHg, the Qc emitter Lemrent has % Pree puem cop | (KHz. Tha ac emitten Ceomenmt ALo has eupperorimately the Adame Ahape cs He cc base youre: +4, tee ac howe Votteuye 8 Ainesotelal » the Oc ernitter Serene & Appronimasely Airserecclet - %K The ac emitter cromnemt i4 net cr Perpect Replica Bethe ac bese vounge becouse @ the Curvatiou @ the Spajoh- * Simee He Toph cy Cenveel cpeoanchs » the posite ve hay Cyc | Ac emitter CLumreme US Clongateet CAtnetchesl) And negative hay, yee 24 Comprensecl The atrething mel Compreing GF ateernract. heuy cycle 2s ceured Mistotion. * ene to reduce clistertcon on begs O cs by Kesp ing te ac base Velteege Amat. # cohen te Peak value gy the bore v. 2 is Juclucsel , Me ns tamtaneous Pprating Pent Vatue is Abo Aecluced # TAL Amati, Ae Avoimg & veriation, He bun the Curvativn cm the aph Tf the Signal i Ameatl nongh , the giaph appears to he Vea mpsrkance § - Beceouse Here cs neqhyible clestertéon Fer a danall | Algnat: j ornilter % conon the Adgnol i Amatt, +he Chamgss a1 aC Crm Cuormemt are culmose olineetly Pooperional to ne Chang oh e Lineonr - OM ec here vettcage becerrse fra gpeph te celmost Line + In offer corel i tre bose Voge boo Armell enough Aine couve, the ac emit =Teat te Teas cle emitter CLrvient fe => ac emitten Clvvent * TF Tae tote bare! enue vettase greg @ has Q cle Component and Ac Compenent - * Eqpescon Com be pontkten an, Vee =VBEQ +YVpe. Vara > cle base emitter vournge - Vie > cic bue Cmiten vouage - * So Fig , the Sinuroiclel voriction % Vge Preckiet Bimusccdal Vabiation in TE. The AC Ennitter Ter erteomer 4 the Cmitten cLiodls 4 ere * Henw ac Jursistamce & te emittencliode eqypecus +a Qc base emitter Vettage oliniclid by the ac ermitten Cromemt- K The prime (1) im ne Ka Atamland vooy -trat the Tursbtance is marc the +rcamsutor - to imck cal ® re Crstemce Du olsove byes Ahews am ac 7 Berne - exnitt er vettuge & SmVpp > AL the gimn @ Pont, Fro Aas Up aun Ac Omitten Creremt Y [00 App . Lolertat, QO Aesirtamce @ the clierls Solution | The Oc Fwrestama i Dlisele Ss Ne = “pe le = FMV Son 100 WA Re, =50 ® ASsteme ect higher Q Poent on the above feguou has ye = Smy amd fe = 200M A, Cateetate the Clecrecse Om Ac Tesisteemce So Lusion The ac emitten wesittemce Cs given by. Re = Yow te Tham -ha olecnecse im ac Fweristamce Us given by, Re =_ SMV -asn 200.46 A Note ¢- The Ac emitten Reristeunce eehioaiys choc cesek COher ha cle emitter Cerrmemt imerneenes because Upe G CMS omticethy a comtumt Value Fermuta fer 0c Emitter Restrtamce ' - me corth Solih Atate Phspaces amd Lelerlur,ta Peribu to clerive He feteevoing Ftemon Kelle Formuto fen the CC ernitten Fwerutume - Re = 25mv me This Aouyys rat fre AC Fesistamce qf Ue Caratir aioks capo IS mV cliviclect Ae Lc eynitten cement Zs Umpeortans Boccusse CL cletenmines vetkage gain © whee Clee re! eqpeol om the base biased Amp icfir g Fegase ©? +30V 5 KS — 6 = 100 Bac 2 loo K& loose Feqrea@s + Base bicrecd Amplifier . SQLution *- Te: Bate Ze = 100X (9 = [00X304LN =3mpA PFN, Thorson fe: 3m Th ac Nesutana Gthe YMeter cliode Cs , Te -251V_ ASTIN _ gang. te -” 3A 8-38 @ Fo Figuos (b) what cloes Te egpork 2 + 10V Setustiem :— The Quiescomt ole Vol, FO +he Cinceik Cam be Loleutatir Veg = 28K Gov) =1-3V JOKN +2-2KL Vg= 1-8V Ve + Vp -0-# = 1B -O-% =NIV we The Ac Reaistamce Ze -Ve se tIY. slime |G te Comitenr cbtocke Ce” E 1K 7 re = 25r0V Le = [-1me ere 1 eM Ter lime Re- QomV -A2F L hima Ves 10 - Gime) £3-6K0) = 6-ohV ve DUiocke ) Chak the ac Nesistemce G& he re Bt - e Ay the tioo Bappry emitter biag Cv peter eque ©? @) Tses nm phikeenr- "Solute on + ® Base veltaye Vg =0 R Vettage CUO Emitter mecle Vp > -0-aV - Frem ohm's Luo. Frit Cooment Te = =1-3mqA - 2 The QC Cmitter Teds tomce x sthe Crnitsen cltoded e t fre! = S8mv_ asmv =19-an te 1 3mA- Ite6] Teo Tramsistey moctat ¢- To Anatyze Ah ac opoation Y a-Pamsstor Qnplifir, £5 Negpurecl +o ean Gam Ac eqpivetent Linuik g & Pamgutor. The T_moctel i- ene y Ue comrliest ac emoclels Leas tre Ebeu— mot moclet Ahecan om fegee @ > . fv te ; vy be % n é aap =e n D Ly ve ao vi Féguene @ [oT mocket & % Transistor ok Ag fan 3 dmay ac Algnal is Concerned , the Crmnitter diok Ya tansiir acm Like am ac AArttence re! amd Cellector procs AC Like a Creme Aotrce te %*% Bence the Ebou—mou mods Looks Leke a 7 On cls Bice , te Cypivosimt Cin cuit £5 clso Latleel the Tmockut. + chen Analyzing Q Prams or amp Lefer, Each Lr antistr con be Fuploresl by a T mocks: ' R Re cmc Chr ac Quantities Like Vetecuye gain Lon be cobeusertiel tating he T-mockes- Eapuning he Enper Crmpeclonce Gi besos oe ies Foc eta 3) : ¥ cokem am ac om pet Atgnak claves |o. -Pomustor comp KO, Qm ac base mitten Neseage Voce ts wcrers De Cmte icc, ¢& Ahessn om Fegur Ge) * TAts Process am Ac base Crwrment fy *The ac Seunce hes to Supply This AG base Cumone > Bo that the Ram ister fraputier eoétt LOPS Paoperly + The ac voucge ounce is Loactrel by “the Onpat om pesto g the bare. *% From Figen @D ® ooking untothe bese qf +e Homirte), the ACveuagqe AeVtL Zea cm compet Cmpeclemce Zn (vase) * At flow brepuncia, the om peclann. es Poly Pees extive Qnd “uw clafinect aA Zin (bose) = Ve —_ oO lb # Hp prying chmis fous to He Omitlen cliocs 4 Fegu) ca) Use ale Re -@ Sutstizzus Eqr@ om ey O- Zin(base) = Voe_ 2 lene op Cb Since CeXle , Fuscther Eqn Con be Aimpukect os } Zitbase) = Pre! & This Equation tls that impod Smpedlamce @& the base vs tothe Qc Cuwuene qn Himes the AC Fusisteunce Eta ennittler Cliocle- “The TT modlet ¢ - be — . te te \ rc => Bre vie a Vu @ cb) © Figo ®): TT moet 4 a Ramntistor ok Fegene 15 @) Sheed the 77 mocket qo framsts-for, xf ce Vid ol eps unrtase on & Fyn Zin Chasey = Pre! | The 77 mocks £\ Caswrto ure Ham the ~7 modal (Fequre 4 B) poceuse Pht Cmpet orm pactence O& Nt Obvieers' cohile uxéng Ti Moko + The 7 model Chearty Bheuss that cum imput ompaclence § Pre vot load the ac Vottage Aeunce saiving the base * Sine the mand T meckets axe AC Cqpivetent coh coy fr 0 tramisto, omy one & the Coppivertone amodst Cam be set Fo omehyrzeng an cmp Lifcen c dinesteszing am Armpit ue KAmplidir Analysis % complixoteed becouse bolle cle and oc Sources are On tu Aame Crcuit # Te analyze erm phi fcr , fart coteulate the effect G He cle ounces and Shen the Yfert a the AC Aeurce Ls celetatecl » The Do Eqpivertemt Cor cit 1 = # The Barge lest coy $0 ematyze an amp Lifter a dn split th anabyts énto en post, 0 ho Gmmlysis © AC Gmoulyis we fa pe Gnoliyt fhe ole Vettages sand Ctements ort Cotlentatend + 70 Lo His Olt He Lerpacitos cre am cin cosh +» The Cincsist thok Femains c2 fhe oC ivatent Circiurd ° Khe mest om podem LLM emt On the AC an is ca Phe AC Effect of & De Veltage ounce § R ve ey Wee aft @ cb) la) Fequae (16) De Vouge Accence é& an shert - i Fig wu (16) (a) Shaws A Cincuit eit ac amd dc source KAS $e as AL Curnemt Cencrnedl , the alc Voeaye Bounce. acts Lice am ac Aho, as shevon om Feqare 6) Cb) K Bocause & AC Veuruge AeUrCL has A Conmbtams Vouruge Lue20% it , Theres ere cum ac Ciremt flccimgy taeugh c& Lamnot Prockeree oun AC Votre cecreys Cae * 4 No acvettage cam Crist » the ele votre Agune “a qpivetens ko an AC Ahert * Fdmethe coay to Limceutamal HE cole isto lure the Supopet- —tion -thearem ¥ Apps ing Auspopesctcon theerem to bigs (16) (Ca), us Pedglbte to coklutate He effect cach Aowree octing Aeporctcly cohite he ether is Teclesceel to zero. Rectucing the dc Vvouage +o 200 & Copinratemt “to Ahekeng Lh ° A TAnefere cohils made zing the Qc Operation gy an amplifier QU de vi fe Zounce Li Sherteel » K Ln Fipos 16 (4) de vetage Aeurc cxcke or ce poet _Gfreund PC Fypivetene Co cute! - % Aptar Amatyyzing the Le eepsi verkamt Lincut > he peat Ate ix do ernaty3® He O16 Copivertoms Circesit - K Ths iy te cinceit She Jeemceims En cexgseeni ng that OU te Capacitor ond cc veoutage Sounce Ahericel - taroel by ¥ The Tramsix tr can be FUP either -the 77 moctos ©) te 7 mocte - Base hicsecl Amplsin 4+Nec Be fe BL | Nin | | = = | @) Bare loicsecl Lump tificn » B I, ' ' Vin Re pre ic@ Re Re (b) 0c equivedone incuit - Fques @ F Fequo GAla) wa base breed Orm/psiteen F Analyze fhe Cir cuit by Consiclainy au the itor Ds open cin cect» them The Cincedt cods ba Ae eypivertont COV Cerit * 70 Obtain ac egpiveksnt cincule all te dc vetage Brerce pund aritars aw Ahorrecl, Then the Pome Laweled +Vec ib am ac cpowncl- * Figuns G) Ahews He AC Cqivalont cincuit, Hy Pramister her bon Aap roreacd by 71 moclat - ; + Sin Ha boue Lin chit, Hh ac input Veuzige ofapeons LURK Rg im Parallel weth Prd. Inthe Lelector Linck , the Current Arca pumps am ac Crunnremt % ie Hocugh Re im paramel woah Rp Vip AmpLfea |- + Voo ut () Vos umprtin B c m @ a af ie! % ze zt. (6) % Equivalent Chacesit * Fégquee (us) Kk Fiquoalgey B a VOB cumpUkoa and Féguac@) Ch eth ae Casi vertont Cinceset + *Im Fégeas (6) Alt Capecciters howe bum Ahevierl, le Suppy pout has become an ac A Lund the Pamivior has bsen Tuplaced by & 77 mock Im tre base Lirceit, te cee Onput vaottare Appeers Lr Ri em faratiat coith Ry in porated eet Br€ - Fp the cotlecter Cincitet , Vu Cooene Source pemps AN AG CLrmemt & Cae Re én panctrel coith FL. TSEB fmpluko t - 4Noe Re Coy Vin 88 “Nee ©) TSEB Amplifces

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