Science Review for 2nd Quarter Periodical Test
Flame Test
Barium – Green went from 2s to one level higher than the red and from 2p to one higher
than the red
Calcium – Red
Sodium – Yellow glow
Potassium – Purple or Lilac
Lithium – Red emission
Excited State
When an electron temporarily occupies and energy greater than its ground state,
it is an excited state
An electron can become excited if it is given extra energy
Electrons do not stay in excited states for very long
They soon return to their ground states, emitting a photon with the same energy
as the one that was absorbed.
Red = Longest wavelength, lowest energy
Violet = Shortest, Highest energy level
The spectroscope bends light of different energies differently. Low energy red light, is
bent the most, and high energy violet the least.
Chemical Names and Formulas
Metal and Nonmetals
Stairway of Division on Periodic Table
C, P, Se, I, Rn and to the right are non – metals
B, Si, As, Ge, Sb, Te, Po, At are semi – metals
Ions
Cations – Positively charged Atoms
Anions – Negatively Charged Atoms
Ionic Charges
Group 1 = 1+ Group 5 = 3-
Group 2 = 2+ Group 6 = 2-
Group 3 = 3+ Group 7 = 1-
Group 4 = 4+ Group 8 = Noble gases
Types of Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Composed of positive and Negative ions
Usually formed from a metal and non – metal
These elements are not attached to one another
Chemical formulas – it shows the kind of numbers of atoms in the smallest
representative unit of the substance.
Binary Ionic Compounds
Writing formulas from names
- 1st word = Cation
- 2nd word = Anion name with ide ending
Examples:
NaBr = Sodium Bromide
MgF2 = Magnesium Fluoride
Polyatomic Ions
Bound groups of behave as a unit
Tightly atoms that and carry a charge
Examples:
NO2 -, ClO2-
Ternary Ionic Compounds
Ternary means 3 different elements
Usually contain Poly – atomic ions
If the polyatomic ion has a charge, use a parenthesis.
Naming with Transition Metals
First word = Cation
Second word = anion
- The Roman numeral will tell you the charge of the transition metal
- Silver (Ag) is an exception. Its charge is +1
Types of Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Composed of molecules in which elements share electrons
Usually composed of 2 nonmetals
These elements are attached
Molecular formula shows the numbers and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of a
compound.
Binary Molecular Compounds
Binary means 2 elements
Molecular means 2 non – metals
No ionic charges are present
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Prefixes are used to show how many atoms are present in each molecule.
Covalent prefixes
Mono (or no prefix) – 1
Di – 2
Tri – 3
Tetra – 4
Penta – 5 All binary compounds end in ide
Hexa – 6
Hepta – 7
Octa – 8
Nona – 9
Deca – 10
Prefix + element name
Prefix + element root + ide
Chemical Bonding
A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons
- all atoms trying to achieve a stable octet
The p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of another atom
- Electronegativity
Two Major Types of Bonding
Ionic Bonding
- Forms ionic compounds
- transfer of e –
Covalent Bonding
- forms molecules
- sharing e –
One Minor Type of Bonding
Metallic Bonding
- Occurs between like atoms of a metal in the free state
- Valence e- are mobile
- Positive ions in a sea of electrons
Metallic Characteristics
- High mp temps, ductile, malleable, shiny
- Hard Substances
- Good conductors of heat and electricity as (s) and (l)
It’s the mobile electrons that enable metals to conduct electricity.
Ionic Bonding
Electron are transferred between valence shells of atoms
Ionic compounds are made of ions
Ionic compounds are called salts or crystals
Always formed between metals and non-metals
Metals = Lost e-; Non – Metals = Gained e-
Covalent Bonding
Pairs of e- are shared between non – metal atoms
Electronegativity difference < 2.0
Forms polyatomic ions
Properties of Molecular Substances
Low m.p. temp and b.p. temps
Relatively soft solids as compared to ionic compounds
Nonconductors of electricity in any phase
Double bond
Atoms that shares two e- pairs (4 e-)
Triple bond
Atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)
Van der Waals
Non-polar molecules can exist in liquid and solid phases
because van der Waals forces keep the molecules attracted to each other
Exist between CO2, CH4, CCl4, CF4, diatomics and monoatomics
Organic Chemistry
What is organic chemistry
It is the study of carbon and carbon compounds
They are the primary constituents of all living organisms.
Carbon
Able to bond strongly to other carbon atoms
Forms long chains
Very few other atoms can form short chains, let alone long chains
Capable of forming ring structures.
Hydrocarbons
Made of carbon hydrogen
Several classes
Alkanes
Contain only single bonds
Saturated hydrocarbons
Formulas
Alkanes = CnH2n + 2
Alkenes = CnH2n
Alkynes = CnH2n – 2
Isomerism
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Differences in structure may give rise to difference in chemical and physical
properties
Hydrocarbons
An organic compound made of only hydrogen and carbon
Made of only hydrogen and carbon
3 types of hydrocarbons
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons (alkanes)
They have no double bonds
They are full of H
Are the basis of petroleum products
2. Cycloalkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain rings of carbon
3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes)
Have double or triple bonds between carbons
Not completely full of hydrogens all around
Isomers
Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
Polymers (macromolecules)
Large molecules made of many small molecules
Those small molecules are called monomers
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms that have special properties
If a functional group is attached to a molecule, the molecule gains the properties
of the functional group
Chemical Quantities – The Moles
A collection term states a specific number of items.
1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts
1 ream of paper = 500 sheets
1 case = 24 cans
A mole (mol) is a collection that contains:
the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.01 g of carbon.
6.022 x 1023 atoms of an element (Avogadro’s number).
1 mol C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
1 mol CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula units
