Matter

- Anything that has mass and occupies space

- Made of tiny particles that are arranged depending on their states

3 Main States of Matter

1. Solid
• Has definite shape & volume
• Particles are packed together in a fixed and ordered position
• It is vibrating
• Held by strong attractive forces
• It is difficult to compress
• It is hard and rigid
• Slow rate of diffusion
• High density
• Lowest kinetic energy
2. Liquid
• Has definite volume and takes the shape of the container
• Particles are in disordered and near to each other
• It flows easily
• Has less attractive force
• It can be compressed (a little bit)
• Medium density
3. Gas
• It takes the volume and shape of the container; no fixed volume
• Particles are very disordered and far from each other
• Has weak attractive force
• It can easily flow
• Can be easily compressed
• Highest kinetic energy

Particulate theory of matter

• All matter is made up of extremely small
particles.
• Particles in matter are in constant motion.
• Particles attract or repel each other.
• There is a significant amount of empty
space between particles.
• The particles in matter are arranged
• Increasing temperature will increase the
kinetic energy of particles
Matter can transition from one phase to another called PHASE CHANGE → Physical change
When phase change happens there is NO CHANGE in the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of a
substance.
When there is a phase change, the ATTRACTIVE FORCES between the particles are affected.
It is either DESTROYED or STRENGTHENED.

ATTRACTIVE FORCES CAN BE:

a. Destroyed when there is an increase in temperature
b. Strengthened when there is a decrease in temperature

Phase Changes of Matter

Melting: heat↑ Condensation:

↑temp=KE↑ heat↓
↓attractive forces ↓temp=KE↓
↑attractive forces
Freezing: heat↓
↓temp=KE↓ Sublimation: heat↑
↑attractive forces ↑temp=KE↑
↓attractive forces
Evaporation: heat↑
↑temp=KE↑ Deposition: heat↓
↓attractive forces ↓temp=KE↓
↑attractive forces

Physical Change Temperature KE Arrangement of

Particles

Melting Increasing High Far

(solid → liquid)

Evaporation Increasing High Far

(liquid → gas)

Sublimation Increasing High Far

(solid → gas)

Deposition Decreasing Low Close

(gas → solid)

Condensation Decreasing Low Close

(gas → liquid)

Freezing Decreasing Low Close

(liquid → solid)
Properties of matter

Types of properties of matter

1. Physical Properties
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another
substance
a. Intensive
• based on the kind of matter and it does NOT depend on the amount of the
matter
• It remains constant despite the amount of matter present
• It is specific to the substance
b. Extensive
• it depends on the amount of matter
• It changes when the amount of substance changes
• It is not specific to the substance
2. Chemical Properties
a characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to change into a different
substance

Physical Intensive Extensive

Length Luster Mass

Elasticity Size Length
Luster Color Volume
Mass Pressure Weight
Density Temperature
Color Boiling Point
Volume Melting Point
Pressure Hardness
Temperature
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Hardness

Chemical

Flammability
Reactivity
Acidity
Basicity
Toxicity
Corrosivity
 1. Physical Change
• It occurs when the composition of the substance is NOT ALTERED in the process.

2. Chemical Change
• Chemical reaction
• It occurs when the composition of a substance is changed into a substance having
physical and chemical properties
Pieces of evidence of a chemical change:
• Change in COLOR

• Change in ODOR or TASTE

• Release of gas/Evolution of gas

• Production of heat and light

• Formation of insoluble solid (precipitate)

Classification of matter

Pure substances

•Classification of matter that have

definite chemical composition.
•It consist of only one type of
substance that is uniform
throughout (identical particles).
•It has definite set of properties.
•It cannot be separated by physical
means.

Elements and Compounds

1. Element
•Substances that are made up
of only one type of atom.
•It cannot be broken down into
simpler substance
•It can exist as monoatomic,
diatomic and polyatomic.
•Monoatomic: single atom only
•Diatomic molecule: two the
same elements that are chemically bonded
•Polyatomic molecule: more than two the same elements are chemically bonded

2. Compounds
•Substances that are made up of
more than one type of atom.
•Its atoms can be separated into
simple substances by ordinary
chemical reactions.
•These are chemically combined
molecules
•It has definite and uniform
chemical composition.
•The formation of compound is governed by the Law of Definite Proportion by
Joseph Proust.
 •Pure compounds always consists of the same elements combined in the same
proportion by mass.
•Water (H2O) will always be formed by O and H elements.

Mixture
•Made up of two or more substances that are
physically combined.
•Each substances has its own individual identities
that is not altered.
•It can be separated by physical means.
•It can be categorized as homogeneous and
heterogeneous.

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture

1. Homogeneous
•Mixture that appears as one uniform phase of matter
•It has only one phase that is uniform all throughout
•Any portion of the sample has the same properties and composition.
•Each region of the sample is identical.
•Solutions is an example of
homogeneous mixture.
•It is made up of two parts: solute
and solvent
•Solute is the one that gets
dissolved.
•Solvent is the one that is
dissolving the solute
Examples:
•Brine solution (salt and water)
•Tea
•Coffee
•Metal alloys
•Air
•Solution of water and alcohol

2. Heterogeneous
•Mixture that are made up of more
than one phase
•It can be separated by physical
means
•Components are visibly
distinguishable from another.
•It is not uniformly mixed.
Early Atomic Ideas:
- Ancient people relies on their senses that will explain the different phenomena.
- Early atomic ideas came from philosophers
- “Primal” matter made up matter
- Primal -fundamental substance

- PRIMAL MATTER FOR DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHERS

a. Thales of Miletus: Water
b. Anaximenes: Air
- ARISTOTLE: All materials are composed of the four elements -fire, water, air and earth
in different amounts.
- DEMOCRITUS and LEUCIPPUS: Matter is composed of indivisible particles that cannot
be further divided called “atomos” (which means indivisible or uncuttable)

1. Dalton’s Modern Atomic Theory

Modern Atomic Theory
- Everything is made up of small indivisible and indestructible particles called
atoms.
- Atoms of the same element are always identical. Different elements are different
from any other element in their properties.
- When atoms of different elements combine, they form chemical compounds of a
definite proportion.
- Atoms do not change. They cannot be created nor destroyed during chemical
change.
Atomic Structure
- Atom is derived from the Greek
word “atomos” which means
‘indivisible’
- Atom is the smallest unit of
matter
- Atom is composed of three
subatomic particles:
a. Proton
- positively-charge
particle
b. Electron
- negatively-charged
particle
c. Neutron
- neutral or no charge
particle
d. Nucleon
- combination of
protons and eutrons in the nucleus
 2. Atomic Models

JOHN DALTON
- “Solid Sphere Model”
- Atoms are indivisible; atoms are
solid sphere which cannot be
divided.
- He pictured that atoms are solid,
indestructible sphere with a mass
that is like a billiard ball.

JJ THOMSON
- Joseph John Thomson
- He discovered the
negatively-charged particles in an
atom which is the ‘electron’
- Cathode Ray Tube Experiment was
utilized

ROBERT MILLIKAN
- Oil-drop experiment
- He was able to calculate the charge and mass of the electron.
- The mass of the electron is very small that it does not greatly contribute to the
overall mass of the atom

JJ THOMSON
- “Plum Pudding Model” or the “Raisin
Bread Model”.
- There is a one big positive sphere in
which the negatively-charged particles are
embedded
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- “Nuclear Model”
- Alpha Scattering Experiment
- He discovered the Positively-charged particles
called “protons”
- Protons are concentrated in the nucleus.

JAMES CHADWICK
● He discovered the neutral particles called
“neutrons”

NIELS BOHR
- “Planetary Model”
- He used Max Planck’s theory – e-
are in ground state where they are
stable and their energy is fixed.
- He suggested that electrons orbit the
nucleus in circular paths – like a
planet orbiting the sun
Modern Look of an Atom

Atomic Structure
● Subatomic particles of an atom
a. Proton – positively-charged particle
b. Electron – negatively-charged particle
c. Neutron – neutral or no charge particle
d. Nucleon – the combination of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Electron
- Negatively-charged particles
- It moves around the nucleus
- Electrons are attracted to the positive particles in the nucleus
- Charge: -1
- Symbol: e-
- Mass (g): 9.109 x 10-28

Proton
- Positively-charged particles
- It is located in the nucleus
- It has the same magnitude of charge as the electron but in opposite in charge.
- Charge: +1
- Symbol: p+
- Mass (g): 1.672 x 10-24

Neutron
- Neutral charged particles
- It is located in the nucleus
- Protons and neutrons are held together by a strong nuclear force
- It has more or less same mass as proton
- Charge: 0
- Symbol: n0
- Mass (g): 1.678 x 10-24
Atomic Structure
- In a neutral atom, the number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons
- If the atom is neutral, they have no electrical charge.
- No. of protons = No. of electrons
- The mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus
- Nucleons are the collective term that refers to proton and neutron.
- Nucleons are tightly packed together.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

● X – Chemical Symbol
● Z – Atomic Number
a. No. of Protons
b. Subscript
● A – mass number
a. Superscript
b. Sum of the # of protons and the # of electrons

● If the # of electrons is missing:

a. Look for the # of PROTON, then copy.
b. Look for the ATOMIC NUMBER, then copy.
● If the # of proton is missing:
a. Look for the # of ELECTRON, then copy.
b. Look for the ATOMIC NUMBER, then copy.
c. Look for the MASS NUMBER and the # of NEUTRON, then subtract (mass
number - # of neutrons) if there is no given electron and atomic number.
● If the # of neutrons is missing:
a. Look for the MASS NUMBER and # of PROTON,then SUBTRACT (mass number
- # of proton)
b. If the # of protons is also missing, look for either the # of ELECTRONS or the
ATOMIC NUMBER, then subtract it to the mass number.
● If the mass number is missing:
a. Look for the # of PROTONS and # of NEUTRONS, then ADD
b. If the # of protons is missing, look for the # of ELECTRONS or the ATOMIC
NUMBER, then add to the #of neutrons
 ● If the atomic number is missing:
a. Look for the # of PROTON, then copy
b. Look for the # of ELECTRON, then copy
c. Subtract the MASS NUMBER to the # of NEUTRON (mass number - # of
neutron)
Isotopes
● Elements differ from one another based on the number of protons in its nucleus.
● Atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons (atomic number)
● Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of
neutron.
● Isotopes of a specific element differ in their masses.

● Isotopes of Hydrogen have the same

atomic number (# of protons), and
different mass number (because of the
different number of neutron)

Ions

● If an atom becomes charged, it either loses or gains an ELECTRON

a. Electrons are easily transferred to and from the atom – it is outside the nucleus
● If an atom loses or gains an electron, it becomes IONS
● The charge is written as superscript at the right side of the chemical symbol.
● If no value is written beside the symbol of the ion, it is understood to be 1.
● Ions are atoms that contain an uneven number of protons and electrons
● The unevenness results in an overall positive or negative charge
 ● Ions can be classified into two:
a. Cations
b. Anions
Cations
- Atoms that contain a positive charge
- The atom contains MORE PROTONS than electrons, making it a positive charged atom.
- The atom LOSES an electron.

Ions
- Atoms that contain a negative charge
- The atom contains MORE ELECTRONS than protons, making it a negative charged
atom.
- The atom GAINS an electron.

Anion
Gains electron
Negatively Charge Ions

Cation
Loses electron
Positively Charge Ions

● If the CHARGE of an ion is missing:

a. Look for the # of PROTONS and # of ELECTRON
b. Subtract them. Then copy the SIGN of the bigger number.