RIZEL CONCON XI-EDISON
Oral Communication in Context
Module 1: The Functions, Nature, and Process of Communication
Communication is the act of transferring information from one person to another person or a group.
Nature of Communication
Communication is a process. It takes place when two or more people exchange ideas either through
written or spoken words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal).
Functions of Communication
1. Regulation / Control – Communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows people to interact with others to develop bonds
3. Motivation – Communication persuades or encourages another person
4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression
5. Information – Communication functions to convey information.
1. The speaker develops an idea to be sent.
2. The speaker encodes the idea or converts it to words or actions.
3. The speaker transmits or sends out the idea using a specific medium or channel.
4. The receiver gets the message and decodes or interprets it.
5. The receiver provides or sends feedback.
At any point of the communication process, noise may take place
The Elements in The Process of Communication
sender is the one who initiates the message
Message refers to the information intended to be communicated
Encoding process of expressing the idea into appropriate medium.
Channel encoded message is passed to the receiver.
Receiver refers to whom the message is meant for.
Decoding translating the encoded message into a language that can be understood
Feedback response of the receiver to the message that sent
Noise hindrance to communication.
Module 2: The Various Models of Communication
The following are different models of communication:
Aristotle’s Model of Communication Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an
academy that produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of communication.
-focused on public speaking
transactional model, there is an exchange of messages
Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise.
-known as the Telephone Model
six important features:
Sender The originator of message
Encoder The transmitter which converts the message into signals
Decoder The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message,
Receiver The destination of the message from sender
Noise The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel.
Schramm Model of Communication
Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father of Mass Communication.
-developed in 1955,
-both the sender and the receiver should have the same field of experience.
six elements: Source Encoder Message Channel Decoder Receiver
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
Communication process of exchanging thoughts, ideas
-goal is to achieve a clear and effective understanding
Physical Barriers natural or environmental
Psychological Barriers refer to social and personal issues
Cultural Barriers people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions
Linguistic Barriers conflicts to language and word meanings
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds:
External, Internal and Semantic noise.
External Noise “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from intended
meaning.”
Internal Noise “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.”
Semantic Noise “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”
VARIOUS STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school, and community.
5 WAYS TO AVOID
Communication Breakdown
1.Have Clarity of thought before speaking -Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing
2. Learn to Listen- simple as it sounds
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone- Keep your emotions in check
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others- Focus on improving your
skills
5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues- face to face dialogue
STRATEGIES TO COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN BY QUIPPER N.D.
Keep Focused- put in mind the purpose communication.
Speak Intelligibly- Speaking intelligibly or clearly
Listen with your Ears and Eyes- Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message.
Minimize Distractions- like closed area, empty room, or quiet places.
Be Specific- Use simple and concise words
Do not Jump to Conclusions- before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have
listened attentively to the speaker.
TIPS ON HOW TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
Conciseness- should be direct or straight to the point
Completeness- speaker should include everything
Consideration- speaker should give high regard and courtesy to audience’s background
Concreteness- backed up by facts, figures, and real-life examples
Courtesy- understanding their culture, values, and beliefs.
Clearness- use of simple and specific words to express ideas.
Correctness- Avoiding mistakes in grammar
TYPES OF SPEECHES AND SPEECH STYLE
Speech-express thoughts and emotions.
TYPES OF SPEECHES
1. Types of Speech According to Purpose
a. Informative or Expository Speech- purpose of educating the audience
b. Persuasive Speech- purpose of convincing the audience
c. Entertainment Speech- share laughter and enjoyment to the audience
2. Types of Speech According to Delivery
a. Manuscript Script- the word-for-word
b. Memorized Speech- rote recitation of a written message
c. Extemporaneous Speech- presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech
d. Impromptu Speech- presentation of a short message without advance preparation
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
Speech Style- way we communicate
-Martin Joos, 1976:156
1. Intimate- used for very close relationships.
2. Casual- informal communication between groups
3. Consultative- used in semi-formal and standard communication.
4. Formal- one-way straightforward speech
5. Frozen- most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and
events.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
Three Types of Speech Act
J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory,
1. Locutionary act- iactual act of uttering or saying something. An utterance that produces
literal meaning. (What is said.)
2. Illocutionary act- social function of what is said.
3. Perlocutionary act- refers to the consequent effect of what was said
Searle’s Classification of Speech Act
John Searle (1976), a professor from the University of California,
classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories:
1. Assertive- speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. suggesting, putting
forward, swearing, boasting and concluding.
2. Directive- speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
3. Commissive- commits the speaker to doing something in the future. promising, planning,
vowing, and betting.
4. Expressive- speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. thanking,
apologizing, welcoming and deploring.
5. Declaration– brings a change in the external situation. blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
