1
Transmission Line Parameters and
Performance
Neco Conniell A. Lagus a, Adriann Roben F. Zabala b
a, b
Electrical Engineering Department of the College of Engineering and Technology,
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology,
Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte
a b
[email protected],
[email protected] Abstract - Electric power transmission is the This paper presents short and medium-length
mass development of electrical vitality from a transmission line approximations as a means of
producing site, for example, a power plant, to an introducing ABCD parameters and the long-length
electrical substation. Engineers outline transmission line for exact transmission line equations.
transmission systems to transport the energy as The transmission line model is a two-port network
proficiently as achievable, while at the same time with a sending end and receiving end and the series
considering monetary elements and safety. In this impedance and the shunt admittance depending on the
paper, we will use MATLAB, a proprietary transmission line length. The model will then be
programming language developed by MathWorks, analyzed to find the transmission line performance.
to determine the transmission line parameters i.e.
resistance, inductance and capacitance. The A. Short Transmission Line Model
program will also determine the transmission line
model (short, medium, long), the ABCD The circuit in Figure 1represents a short
parameters for the line model and the transmission transmission line, usually applied to overhead 60-Hz
line performance (Sending end voltage, current, lines less than 80 km long. Only the series resistance
power factor, efficiency and voltage regulation). and reactance are included. The shunt admittance is
We will utilize the table data for commonly used neglected. The circuit applies to either single-phase or
bundled conductors as input for the program. completely transposed three-phase lines operating
under balanced conditions.
Index of Terms – Transmission Line
Parameters, Transmission line performance,
transmission line model.
I. INTRODUCTION
An overhead transmission line consists of
conductors, insulators, support structures, and, in most
cases, shield wires. One of the most common
Figure 1
conductor types is aluminum conductor, steel-
VS = VR + ZIR (1)
reinforced (ACSR), which consists of layers of
IS = I R (2)
aluminum strands surrounding a central core of steel
strands. High voltage lines often have more than one
conductor per phase; these conductors are called a
bundle. Electrical design dictates the type, size, and The ABCD parameters are:
number of bundle conductors per phase. Phase
conductors are selected to have sufficient thermal A=D=1
capacity to meet continuous, emergency overload, and B=ZΩ
short-circuit current ratings. For ACSR conductors, C=0
the steel core has a relatively high resistivity compared
to the aluminum strands, and therefore the effect of B. Medium Transmission Line Model
current magnitude on ACSR conductor resistance is
small. Conductance accounts for real power loss For medium-length lines, typically ranging from
between conductors or between conductors and 80 to 250 km at 60 Hz, it is common to lump the total
ground. For overhead lines, this power loss is due to shunt capacitance and locate half at each end of the
leakage currents at insulators and to corona. line. Such a circuit, called a nominal p circuit is shown
Conductance is usually neglected in power system below.
studies because it is a very small component of the
shunt admittance. A current-carrying conductor
produces a magnetic field around the conductor. This
paper analyzes the performance of single-phase and
balanced three-phase transmission lines under normal
steady-state operating conditions. Expressions for
voltage and current at any point along a line are
developed, where the distributed nature of the series
impedance and shunt admittance is taken into account.
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𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛾𝑙
C=
The ABCD Parameters are: 𝑍𝐶
𝑌𝑍 II. IMPLEMENTATION
A = D = (1 + ) per unit
2
B=ZΩ a. Conductor Data
𝑌𝑍
C = Y(1+ ) S
4
In our program, the first thing the user will input
A medium-length line could also be is the conductor name or code name. This will access
approximated by the T circuit shown below, lumping the conductor data which is the ACSR conductor. We
half of the series impedance at each end of the line. only used the outside diameter data and the resistance
at 20°C.
Table 1: Conductor Data
Code 20°C, Outside
Word Ω/mile diameter,
in
Waxwing 0.3488 0.6090
Partridge 0.3452 0.6420
Ostrich 0.307 0.6800
Merlin 0.2767 0.6840
The ABCD parameters are: Linnet 0.2737 0.7210
𝑌𝑍 Oriole 0.2719 0.7410
A = D = (1 + ) per unit Chickadee 0.2342 0.7430
2
C=Y Ibis 0.2323 0.7830
𝑌𝑍
B = Z(1+ ) S Pelican 0.1957 0.8140
4
Flicker 0.1943 0.8460
C. Long Transmission Line Model Hawk 0.1931 0.8580
Hen 0.1919 0.8830
For lines 250 km (150 mi) and longer and for Osprey 0.1679 0.8790
more accurate solution the exact effect of the Parakeet 0.1669 0.9140
distributed parameters must be considered. The line Dove 0.1663 0.9270
constants R, L, and C as per-length values having units Rook 0.1461 0.9770
of ohm/m, H/m, and F/m. They are not lumped, but Grosbeak 0.1454 0.9900
rather are uniformly distributed along the length of the Drake 0.1172 1.1080
line. In order to account for the distributed nature of Tern 0.1188 1.0630
transmission-line constants, consider the circuit shown Rail 0.0997 1.1650
below: Cardinal 0.0988 1.1960
Ortolan 0.0924 1.2130
Bluejay 0.0861 1.2590
Finch 0.0856 1.2930
Bittern 0.0762 1.3450
Pheasant 0.0751 1.3820
Bobolink 0.0684 1.4270
Plover 0.0673 1.4650
Lapwing 0.0623 1.5020
Falcon 0.0612 1.5450
The propagation constant is: Bluebird 0.0476 1.7620
γ = √𝑦𝑧 (3) b. Transmission Line Parameters
We asked the user to input the distances of the three-
The characteristic impedance is: phase transmission line. This will solve the GMD of
the line. The program will use this formula to solve the
𝑧 GMD:
𝑍𝑐 = √ 𝛺 (4)
𝑦
GMD = 3√(𝐷ab) (𝐷𝑏𝑐) (𝐷𝑐𝑎) (5)
The ABCD parameters are: Next, we asked the user for the number of
conductors bundled. The program will just solve for 1
A = D = coshγl
to 4 conductors only.
B = ZC sinhγl
This is the GMR for the inductance of a single
conductor
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The program will then ask the user for the
GMR = re-0.25 (6) receiving end voltage, MVA rating of the load, and the
power factor of the load, including the state of the pf
whether it’s leading or lagging.
For the GMR of the line capacitance of a single
conductor The program will now solve for the transmission
line performance; the sending end voltage, current,
GMR = r (7) power factor, and voltage regulation.
For a bundled conductor the GMD is At the end of the program, it will print all the
outputs that is:
Two-conductor bundled:
Line Resistance
Line Inductance
√(𝐷𝑠) (𝑑) Line Capacitance
(8) Transmission Line Model
ABCD Parameters
Three-Conductor Bundled: Sending end Voltage
Sending end Current
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√(𝐷𝑠)(𝑑)2 (9) Power Factor
Efficiency
Voltage Regulation
Four-Conductor Bundled
III. TESTING
(1.09) 4√(𝐷𝑠) (𝑑)3 (10)
To implement this program we will one by one solve
for the three transmission line model.
For Inductance:
a. Short Transmission Line Model
Ds = re-0.25 (11)
Conductor Code Name = Bluejay
For Capacitance: Line Configuration = Three-Phase
Dab = 11 m
Ds = r (12) Dbc = 11m
Dac = 22 m
The program will now solve for the line inductance Number of bundled conductors = 2
and capacitance Bundle Spacing = 45 cm
Length = 16 km
𝐺𝑀𝐷
L = 0.2𝑙𝑛 ( ) 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 (13) Using Nominal pi circuit
𝐺𝑀𝑅
Vrline-to-line = 345 kV
MVA Rating = 100 MVA
0.0556 Pf = 0.8 lagging
𝐶= 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚 (14)
𝑙𝑛( )
𝑟
The output is shown below:
c. Transmission Line Performance
We now asked the user for the length of the
transmission line to be modeled.
For below 80 km transmission line, the model is a
short transmission line.
For lengths 80 to 240 km transmission line, the
model is a medium transmission line. Here we will ask
the user to choose an equivalent circuit to be
considered. Whether it’s a nominal pi circuit or a
nominal T circuit.
For lengths above 240 km, the model is a long
transmission line. This will use the exact approach for
the transmission line performance.
The program will now solve for the ABCD
parameters of the transmission line model.
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b. Medium Transmission Line Model
The output is shown below:
Problem:
Conductor Code Name = Bluejay
Line Configuration = Three-Phase
Dab = 11 m
Dbc = 11m
Dac = 22 m
Number of bundled conductors = 2
Bundle Spacing = 45 cm
Length = 150 km
Using Nominal pi circuit
Vrline-to-line = 345 kV
MVA Rating = 100 MVA
Pf = 0.8 lagging
The output of our program is shown below:
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We ran the program three times for the same
problem but different lengths of transmission line.
This is to solve parts of the transmission line model
which is the short, medium, and long line model. The
program asked the user for the conductor code name,
line configuration, phase distance, number of bundled
conductors, bundle spacing, length, receiving end
voltage, MVA rating and power factor at the load. The
output shown were the line resistance, inductance and
capacitance, the transmission line model, the ABCD
parameters, and the transmission line performance.
V. CONCLUSION
The algorithm that we have made in this program
c. Long Transmission Line determined the transmission line parameters,
transmission line model, the ABCD parameters and
Conductor Code Name = Bluejay the transmission line performance. We have utilized
Line Configuration = Three-Phase the table data for commonly used bundled conductors
Dab = 11 m as input for the program. We’ve implemented the
Dbc = 11m topics that we discussed from our class from prelims
Dac = 22 m topic to our mid-terms topic. When solved manually,
Number of bundled conductors = 2 it can be a long procedure but with the help of a
Bundle Spacing = 45 cm program that is made from MATLAB, we can easily
Length = 400 km solve or determine transmission line quantities. This
Using Nominal pi circuit program is proven effective to be used in real life
Vrline-to-line = 345 kV scenarios, to have outputs accurately and to have it in
MVA Rating = 100 MVA a short amount of time.
Pf = 0.8 lagging
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VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] H. Saadat, “Transmission Line Parameters
and Line Model Performance,” Power
System Analysis, Pub. Kevin Kane, Ed.
McGraw-Hill, Inc.., 1999, pp. 102-135.
[2] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma,
Thomas J. Overbye, “Transmission Line
Parameters”, “Transmission Lines: Steady -
State Operation”, Power System Analysis
and Design, Fourth Edition Pub. 2010
Cengage Learning pp. 153–277.
