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Index
abbreviations analytical methods, for common metals/
formation description, 437-47 minerals/compounds, 323-30
general, 434-6 base metals, 328
of ‘lower’, 180 biogeochemistry, 330
measurement units, 432-3 classical methods, 326
minerals and rocks, 166-7, 437 digestion methods, 323-4
used in petroleum exploration logs, 447-50 gold, 326-8
abrasive rounding, 68 high field strength elements, 329
accuracy, 315 hydrogeochemistry, 330
acronyms, organisational, 434 iron ores, 328
acoustic/optical televiewer (non-contact nickel laterite ores, 328
drilling technique), 310 non-destructive methods, 326
air photographs, suppliers of, 429-32
partial selective leach, 329-30
airborne survey methods (geophysics), 300-1
platinum group elements, 329
airphoto scale nomogram and formula, 390-1
rare earth elements, 329
alteration, 59-61
reading methods, 324, 326
aluminium
uranium, 328-9
commercial factors, 204-5
antimony, field chemical tests, 197
field chemical tests, 197
apparent dip, 305, 389, 390
ammonium acetate, 329
aqua regia digestion, 323
analytical blank, 315
aqua regia gold determination, 327
analytical errors, 313-15
area
crucible contamination, 314-15
conversion of, 419-21
dilution errors, 315
nomogram for estimating, 195
drying and weighing, 313
geochemical versus ore grade methods, arenites, classification of, 65-6
313-14 arsenic, field chemical tests, 197
inappropriate method selection, 313 asbestos, field chemical tests, 197
instrument stability, 314 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), 324
instrumental calibration, 314 atomic numbers, 76-7, 219
inter-element interferences, 314 atomic weights, 76-7
memory effect, 314 Australian Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature
voluming, 314 (ACSN), 179

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Australian Securities Exchange (ASX), 335-8 cadmium, field chemical tests, 198
listing rules, 335-8 calcium
Australian Stratigraphic Units Database field chemical tests, 198
(ASUD), 188-9 and stock water quality, 278
Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration calendar, seventy year, 452-5
Results, Minerals Resources and Ore Reserves
carbonate sediments, classification of, 67-8
(JORC Code) 2004 edition, 338-62
carbonates, field chemical tests, 199
check list of assessment and reporting
criteria, 355-61 certified reference material (CRM), 316
competence and responsibility, 341-3 certified value, 316
generic terms and equivalents, 362 chemical tests, field (common elements and
reporting – general, 344 mineral classes), 197-204

reporting of coal resources and reserves, chromium, field chemical tests, 199
352-3 circular orifice meter discharge table, 269
reporting of diamond exploration results, clay, field chemical tests, 199
mineral resources and ore reserves, 353-4 coal see black coal; brown coal; underground
reporting of exploration results, 344-5 coal gasification (UCG)
reporting of industrial minerals exploration coal measures, 185
results, mineral resources and ore reserves, coal resources and reserves, 352-3
354
coal seam gas (CSG), 206
reporting of mineral resources, 345-8
see also black coal; brown coal
reporting of mineralised fill etc, 352
coal seams, graphic representation of, 110
reporting of ore reserves, 349-52
coal to liquids, 206
reporting terminology, 343-4
cobalt, field chemical tests, 199
scope, 339-41
Code of Ethics, 1-3
Australasian Geological Surveys, 427-9
and OH&S, 7
Australasian Institute of Mining and
cold hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 330
Metallurgy (The AusIMM), 1-3
columbium see niobium
role in OHS, 7-8
commercial laboratories, 314, 323, 326, 329
barium, field chemical tests, 198 commercial ores, 204-29
base metals, 328 community and environment, 15-19
bauxite, 204-5 contractor management, 19
bedding thickness terminology, 69 emergency preparedness, 19
beryllium, field chemical tests, 198 environment management system, 17-19
bias, 315 land disturbance, 18
biogeochemical surveys, 85 landholder relations, 17
biogeochemistry, 330 legal requirements and approvals, 16
bismuth, field chemical tests, 198 stakeholder engagement, 16-17
black coal, 205 sustainable development in mineral
boron (borax), field chemical tests, 198 exploration, 15-16
box and whisker plots, 322 waste management, 18-19
for copper, 323 weeds, 18
breccias, 62-5 comparison table, 417-8
brown coal, 205-6 compass and tape traverses, 383-6
bulking factors, 239-40 conductivity of rock, 290

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consultants, code for, 3-5 downhole surveys (drill hole elevations and
continuing professional development (CPD), 7 coordinates), 307
continuous digital core orientation (non- drill core sampling, 319
contact drilling), 310 drill hole elevations, calculation of, 307
continuous mechanical pin face (contact drill hole intersection, determination of true
drilling), 309 width from oblique, 305-6
contractor management, 19 drill hole logging, checklist, 308
control limits, 316 petroleum wells, 308
conversion surveys and summary, 308
fractional scales and imperial system drill holes
equivalents, 421-3 diamond, 308
metric, 403-11 mineral exploration, 308
of area, 419-21 non-coring, 308
conversion factors, 399-425 drilling, 305-10
elements to compounds, 78 core orientation techniques, 308-10
foreign, rare and obsolete weights and drilling techniques, contact, 309
measures, 416-17 continuous mechanical pin face, 309
imperial and international systems, 411-15 counter balanced pin faced, 309
for pumping test units, 267-8 spear, 309
units of pressure, 266 drilling techniques, non-contact, 309, 310
weights and measures, 416-17 acoustic/optical televiewer, 310
coordinate transformation, 367-71 continuous digital core orientation, 310
copper drinking water, guidelines for characteristics of,
commercial factors, 211-12 277-8
field chemical tests, 200 dumps, 352
core orientation techniques (drilling), 308-10 dynamic penetration test, 254-6
counter balanced pin faced (contact drilling),
309 earthquake magnitude and intensity, 301-3
crucible contamination, 314-15 electromagnetic (EM) methods (geophysics),
cyanide leaches, 327-8 290
elements
data acquisition, 318-19 alphabetical list of natural, 76-7
Davis Tube recovery (DTR), 328 to compounds, conversion factors, 78
daylight, time of beginning and ending minor, average abundance of, 79-80
(southern hemisphere), 451 periodic table of, 75
detection limit (DL), 317 trace, range of abundance in soils, 81
diamond drill holes, 308 emergency preparedness, 19
diamond exploration results, 353-4, 360-1 engineering field logging sheet template, 457
diamond indicator minerals (DIMS), 52-5 engineering geology, 233-59
diamonds aperture of discontinuity surfaces, 240
commercial factors, 207-11 discontinuity spacing, 240
field chemical tests, 200 dynamic penetration test, 254-6
dip and faults problems (surveying), 386-90 field geotechnical testing methods, 233-4
downhole survey methods (geophysics), 300-1 hydraulic conductivity (permeability), 257

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laboratory geotechnical testing methods, 234 drying and weighing, 313

landslides, classification of, 244-8 geochemical versus ore grade methods,
physical properties of unweathered rocks, 313-14
236-8 inappropriate method selection, 313
rock mass, common defects in, 241-3 instrument stability, 314
rock materials, bulking factors for instrumental calibration, 314
expansion of common, 239-40 inter-element interferences, 314
rock nomenclature, calcareous sedimentary, memory effect, 314
252
voluming, 314
rock properties, recommended order of
description of, 238 errors, sample preparation, 311-13
rock strength classes, 239 crusher and mill contamination, 312
rock types, arithmetic mean of hydraulic crushing, 312
properties for all, 258-9 drying, 311-12
rock weathering classification, 238 mislabelling, 313
soil moisture content, 254 pulverising, 312
soils, consistency of, 253 splitting, 312
soils, description, identification and subsampling for analysis, 312-13
classification of, 250-1 ethics
soils, order of description of, 249 code of, 1-3
static mechanical properties of general guidance for members, 2-3
unweathered rocks, 235
see also Code of Ethics
environment and community, 15-19
evaluation techniques – bias, 320-3
contractor management, 19
evaluation techniques – precision, 320
emergency preparedness, 19
exploration results, 344-5
environment management system, 17-19
land disturbance, 18
landholder relations, 17 faults
legal requirements and approvals, 16 classification based on slip, 191
stakeholder engagement, 16-17 dip and faults problems (surveying), 386-90
sustainable development in mineral mapping symbols, 110, 113-16, 161
exploration, 15-16 feldspars, field chemical tests, 200
waste management, 18-19 ferrous iron determination, 328
weeds, 18 field chemical tests, common elements and
environment management system, 17-19 mineral classes, 197-204
errors (sample preparation and analysis) field duplicate, 316
analytical, 313-15 field geotechnical testing methods, 233-4
evaluation techniques – bias, 320-3 field logging sheet template, 456
evaluation techniques – precision, 320 fire assay, 324, 327
quality control, 317-9 flame tests, 197-204
sampling, 311 fold orientation, 192
terminology, 315-17 folds
errors, analytical, 313-15 classification by dip isogons, 192
crucible contamination, 314-15 classification by hinge surface, 193
dilution errors, 315 mapping symbols, 109, 119, 161-2

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formation description, abbreviations, 437-47 geological mapping symbols, standard

four acid digestion, 323-4 (Geoscience Australia system), 109-69
fractional scales arrows and arrowheads, 109
and imperial system equivalents, 421-3 banding in igneous rocks, 145
and unit plan areas, 424-5 bedding, 134-8
boundaries, 110, 161
gemstones, 353-4, 360 classification of geological boundaries,
faults and fold axial surface traces, 110
field chemical tests, 200
cleavage, 141-2
generic terms and equivalents, 362
coal seams, graphic presentation of, 110
geochemical sampling, 83-9
combined symbols, 109, 133-4
QA/QC samples, 86
dips and plunges, 109-10
sample environment, 86
dykes, veins, sills, 117-18
sample submission and analysis, 86
facing or younging not known, 110
geochemical signature of mineral deposit
types, 81-3 faults, 110, 113-16, 161
geochemical surveys folds, 110, 119, 161-2
implementing, 84-6 fossil and other sites; sections; drill holes,
interpretation of, 89 147-9

planning, 83-4 geological boundaries, 111-12

geochemical units, igneous, 188 geophysics, 158-9

geographic names, 181, 182-3, 184, 184-7 igneous rock bodies on tectonic maps, 163-5
geological blank, 316 joints, 138-9
geological boundaries, 111-12 letter symbols for minerals and rocks, 166-7
geological map(s), 429-32 lineation, 142-4
Australia standard colour scheme and metamorphic foliation, 139-41
stratigraphic symbols, 170 mineral deposits and workings, 150-4
patterns for (black and white), 168-9 patterns for geological maps in black and
projections, 170-9 white, 168-9
geological mapping, 91-196 petroleum occurrences and developments,
155-7
angle of true dip or slope, 194
photogeology, 146
dip isogons, 192
tectonic and structural maps, 161-2
exaggerated dip, 194
units of measurement, 110
faults, classification of, 191
volcanoes, 160
folds, classification of, 192-3
geological time scale, 97-108
hinge surface, 193
Cambrian subdivisions, 107
lithostratigraphic nomenclature in
Australia, 179-89 Carboniferous subdivisions, 103
magnetic declination, 91-6 Cretaceous subdivisions, 99
nomograph for estimating area, 195 Devonian subdivisions, 104
nomograph for estimating true width, 196 Jurassic subdivisions, 100
outcrop information, checklists for Ordovician subdivisions, 106
recording, 189-90 Paleogene and Neogene subdivisions, 98
projections, 170-9 Permian subdivisions, 102
vertical exaggeration, 194 Precambrian subdivisions, 108

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Quaternary subdivisions, 97 hydraulic conductivity (permeability), 257

Silurian subdivisions, 105 hydrocarbon reports, 337-8
Triassic subdivisions, 101 hydrogeochemical surveys, 85
geophysics, 283-303 hydrogeochemistry, 330
airborne survey methods, 300-1 hydrogeology, 261-82
conversion of SI units to CGS or airlift capacities for airlift pumping,
electromagnetic CGS units, 283-5 approximate, 272
dielectric constants of rocks and minerals, Australasian authorities, 261-3
290, 296 circular orifice meter discharge table, 269
downhole survey methods, 300 drinking water, guidelines for characteristics
earthquake magnitude and intensity, 301-3 of, 277-8
electromagnetic (EM) methods, 290 flow from various diameter pipes, 265
gravity surveying methods and tables, 285-8 International Association of Hydrogeologists
induced polarisation methods, 290 (IAH), 261
magnetic permeability, 290, 295 irrigation water quality, recommended,
magnetic survey methods and tables, 288-9 280-2

magnitude and intensity comparisons, 303 pressure corresponding to head of water, 271

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, 302-3 pumping test units, conversion factors for,
267-8
physical properties and conversion factors,
283-5 stock water quality, recommended, 278-80
radiometric surveys and tables, 296-9 units of pressure, conversion factors for, 266
resistivity methods, 290-5 volume calculation of partially filled
horizontal circular tanks, 266
Richter (or local) Magnitude Scale, 301-2
volumes corresponding to standard pipe
seismic survey methods and data, 300
sizes, 264
geoscience departments, university, 427-9
water requirements for homes and farms,
geotechnical testing methods 263
field, 233-4 water sampling, notes on, 272-6
laboratory, 234 weir board discharge table, rectangular and
gold v-notched, 270
assays, 332-3 well diameters for various pumping rates,
commercial factors, 212 recommended, 271
determination of, 326-7 windmill pumping capacity, 264
field chemical tests, 201
sample mass of gold assays, 332-3 igneous rocks, broad classification by colour
and grain size, 50
grains, diagrams representing various
percentages of, 71 igneous geochemical units, 188
gravity surveying methods and tables, 285-8 imperial system equivalents and fractional
scales, 421-3
gross errors, 317
induced polarisation methods (geophysics), 290
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission
hazards see occupational health and safety
spectrometry (ICP-AES), 324, 326
heavy liquids, description of, 47-8
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
heavy metals, 279 (ICP-MS), 326
high field strength elements (HFSE), 329 inductively coupled plasma optical emission
hot hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 330 spectrometry (ICP-OES), 324, 326

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industrial minerals exploration results, 354 low grade mineralisation, 352

inferred value, 316 lower level of detection (LLD), 87-8, 317
informational value, 316
instrumental neutron activation analysis magnesium
(INAA), 326 field chemical tests, 201
International Association of Hydrogeologists and stock water quality, 278
(IAH), 261
magnesite, 214-16
International System of Units (SI), 283, 402-3
magnetic declination, 91-6
conversion to CGS or electromagnetic CGS
magnetic permeability, 290, 295
units, 283-4
magnetic survey methods and tables, 288-9
prefixes of, 284-5
magnitude and intensity comparisons
ionic, 330 (geophysics), 301
iron, field chemical tests, 201 manganese, 330
iron ore, 212-13, 328 commercial factors, 214
irrigation water, recommended quality, 280-2 field chemical tests, 201
manganese ore, 214
Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Code, Map Grid of Australia (MGA94), 363
1, 216, 222, 228, 231, 335, 336-7, 338-62
mapping/maps see geological map(s);
geological mapping
laboratory geotechnical testing methods, 234 mathematical (surveying) formulae, 392-7
lag surveys, 85 Matrix-matched certified reference material
land access, 16 (MMCRM), 316
land disturbance, 18 measurement units, abbreviations, 432-3
landholder relations, 17 mercury, field chemical tests, 201
landslides, classification of, 244-8 metalloids, 279
lead metamorphic facies diagram, 56
commercial factors, 228 metamorphic rocks, summary of, 57-8
field chemical tests, 201 metric conversion, 403-11
letter symbols for minerals and rocks, 166-7 mine evaluation, background data for, 231-2
lithium costs and financial records, 232
commercial factors, 213-14 employees, 231
field chemical tests, 201 ore resources and reserves, 231
lithium borate fusion, 324 ore treatment, 231
lithostratigraphic classification, 184 production and mine workings, 231
lithostratigraphic nomenclature in Australia, product sales, 231
179-89 property and mine inspection, 232
Australian procedures, 188-9 proposed terms, 232
definitions and procedures, 180-3 titles and permits, 231
igneous geochemical units, 188 mineral deposit types, geochemical
stratigraphic classification principles, signature of, 81-3
179-80 mineral exploration
stratotypes, 183 drill holes, 308
lithostratigraphic units, 184-7 stages and methods in, 230
livestock, water quality, 278-80 sustainable development, 15-16

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mineral groups, 49-50 regulation and standards, 8-9

mineral index, 21-42 role of The AusIMM, 7-8
mineral resources, 345-8, 353-4, 357-9 ore reserves, 349-52, 353-4, 358-60
minerals, 49-50 ore systems, classification of alteration, veins
abbreviations, 166-7, 437 and breccia in, 59-65
dielectric constants, 290, 296 ores, commercial, 204-29
letter symbols, 166-7 organic toxicants, 280
list of common (order of density), 43-6 organisational acronyms, 434
mining company reports (ASX requirements), outcrop information, checklist for recording,
335-38 189-90
mining coordinate systems – MGA94 and
local grid systems, 363-7 partial selective leach, 329-30
mining tenement joint venture, 338 penetration test, dynamic, 254-6
mixed acid digestion (MAD), 323 perchloric acid digestion, 323
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, 302-3 periodic table of elements, 75
molybdenum pesticides, 280
commercial factors, 216 petroleum exploration logs, abbreviations
field chemical tests, 202 used in, 447-50
petroleum wells, 308
names phosphates
geographic, 181, 182-3, 184, 184-7 commercial factors, 217-18
stratigraphic, 179, 182, 187, 188, 189 field chemical tests, 202
native title, 16 physical properties and conversion factors
nickel (geophysics), 283-5
commercial factors, 216-7 pigeon pair, 316
field chemical tests, 202 pipe diameters, flow volumes, 265
nickel laterite ores, 328 pipe sizes, volumes corresponding to standard,
264
ninety-five per cent confidence interval, 316
platinoids, field chemical tests, 202
niobium
platinum group elements (PGE), 218-19, 329
commercial factors, 217
plutonic rocks, classification of (IUGS system),
field chemical tests, 202
49
nitrate/nitrite and stock water quality, 278
positioning equipment and techniques
nomogram (surveying), 371-4
airphoto scale, 390-1 potassium, field chemical tests, 202
for estimating apparent dip, 390 precision, 315
for estimating area, 195 preparation duplicate, 316-17
for estimating true width, 196 pressed powder X-ray fluorescence, 326
general preferred sample mass, 331 pulp duplicate, 317
non-coring drill holes, 308 pyroclastic particles, 68
pyroclastic rocks, classification of (IUGS
occupational health and safety, 7-14 system), 51
hazard identification, 9
introduction to, 8 QQ plot, 322-3
management, 10 quality assurance (QA), 317

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quality control (QC), 317-19 strength classes, 239

quantile quantile plot, 322-3 types, arithmetic mean of hydraulic
properties for all, 258-9
radio alphabet, 450 unweathered, physical properties of, 236-8
radiometric surveys and tables, 296-9 unweathered, static mechanical properties
of, 235
random errors, 317
weathering classification, 238
rare earth elements (REE), 329
rare earths, 219-21
safety see occupational health and safety
reagent blank, 315
sample mass of gold assays, 332-3
recommended value, 316
sample mass nomogram, 331
regolith terminology, 71-4
sample preparation and analysis
repeatability, 316
and drill core sampling, 319
reproducibility, 316
errors in, 311-23
re-reads, 317
sample preparation errors, 311-13
reporting
crusher and mill contamination, 312
check list of assessment and reporting
crushing, 312
criteria, 355-61
drying, 311-12
general, 344
mislabelling, 313
generic terms and equivalents, 362
pulverising, 312
coal resources and reserves, 352-3
splitting, 312
diamond exploration results, mineral
resources and ore reserves, 353-4 subsampling for analysis, 312-13
exploration results, 344-5 sample submission and analysis, 86-8
industrial minerals exploration results, etc, sampling errors, 311
354 sampling techniques and data, 355-6
mineral resources, 345-8 scatter and relative difference plots, 322
mineralised fill, etc, 352 scatter plots, 320
mining company (ASX requirements), 335-8 Schmidt impact value, 236-8
ore reserves, 349-52 scleroscope hardness, 236-8
requirements, 336-8 screen fire assay, 327
terminology, 343-4 sedimentary particles, 70-1
resistivity methods (geophysics), 290-5 sedimentary structures, genetic classification
of, 70
Richter (or local) Magnitude Scale, 301-2
seismic survey methods and data, 300
risks see occupational health and safety
sensitivity, 317
rock(s)
shale oil, 221-2
abbreviations, 166-7, 437
Shewart Control Chart, 320-22
calcareous sedimentary nomenclature, 252
SI units see International System of Units (SI)
dielectric constants, 290, 296
silver
letter symbols, 166-7, 437
commercial factors, 228
mass, common defects in, 241-3
field chemical tests, 202
materials, bulking factors for expansion of
common, 239-40 sodium, field chemical tests, 203
properties, recommended order of sodium peroxide fusion, 324
description of, 238 sodium pyrophosphate, 330

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soil(s) sustainable development in mineral

moisture content, 254 exploration, 15-16
consistency of, 253 symbols see geological mapping symbols,
standard (Geoscience Australia system)
description, identification and classification
of, 250-1 systematic errors, 317
order of description of, 249
penetration test, 254-6 tachymetry (stadia) surveys, 382-3
surveys, 84-5 tailings, 352
spear (contact drilling technique), 309 tank volumes, 266
stadia surveys, 382-3 tantalum, 222
stakeholder engagement, 16-17 tellurium, field chemical tests, 203
standard, 316 terminology, 315-17
standard reference material (SRM), 316 terrigenous sediments, classification of, 65-6
Statistical Process Control (SPC), 320-2 Thompson-Howarth estimate of precision, 320
stock water quality, recommended, 278-80 thorium, commercial factors, 223-4
calcium, 278 three acid digestion, 323
heavy metals and metalloids, 279 tin
magnesium, 278 commercial factors, 222-3
nitrate and nitrite, 278 field chemical tests, 203
organic toxicants, 280 titanium, 215
pesticides, 280 field chemical tests, 203
sulfate, 278 topographic maps, 429-32
total dissolved solids (TDS), 279 total dissolved solids (TDS), 279
stratigraphic classification principles, 179-83 trace elements in soils, 81
stratigraphic names, 179, 182, 187, 188, 189 trigonometric functions, 399-401
stratotypes, 183 trueness, 315
stream sediment surveys, 84 tungsten
strontium, field chemical tests, 203 commercial factors, 224-5
sulfate and stock water quality, 278 field chemical tests, 203
sulfides, field chemical tests, 203
surveying underground coal gasification (UCG), 206-7
airphoto scale nomogram and formula, unit plan areas and fractional scales, 424-5
390-91
university geoscience departments, 427-9
classical surveying equipment and
techniques, 374-82 upper limit (UL), 317
classical tachymetry (stadia) surveys, 382-3 uranium
compass and tape traverses, 383-6 commercial factors, 225-6
coordinate transformation, 367-71 determination, 328-9
dip and faults problems, 386-90 field chemical tests, 203
Map Grid of Australia MGA94, 363
mathematical (surveying) formulae, 392-7 Valmin Code, 231
mining coordinate systems, 363-7 vanadium
positioning equipment and techniques, commercial factors, 226-7
371-3 field chemical tests, 204

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veins, 61-2, 64 weeds, 18

v-notch weir board discharge table, 270 weir board discharge table, 270
volcanic rocks, classification of (IUGS field well diameters for various pumping rates, 271
system), 50 well names, 187
whole rock major element analysis, 328
waste management, 18-19 windmill pumping capacity, 264
water
drinking, guidelines for characteristics of, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), 326
277-8
flow from various diameter pipes, 265
Young’s modulus GPa, 236-8
irrigation, recommended quality, 280-2
pressure corresponding to head of, 271
zinc
pumping test units, conversion factors for,
commercial factors, 227-9
267-8
field chemical tests, 204
stock, recommended quality, 278-80
zirconium
requirements for homes and farms, 263
field chemical tests, 204
sampling, notes on, 272-6
use in sample analysis, 314-15, 324
see also hydrogeology
weathered bedrock surveys, 85-6

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