DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
Lingayen
SAN JULIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Malasiqui, Pangasinan

Semi-Detailed Lesson
Plan in
Science 10
(Mutation)

Submitted by: Philip Joshua C. Cristobal

Practice Teacher

Submitted to: Mrs. Teresita I. Ferrer

Cooperating Teacher

Date of submission: March 10, 2024

Date of teaching: March 11, 2024
School: SAN JULIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Practice PHILIP JOSHUA C. CRISTOBAL
Teacher:
Cooperating MRS. TERESITA I. FERRER
Teacher:
Quarter: THIRD QUARTER
Date Grade & Section Time
March 11, 2024 10 – ST. THOMAS, ST. BENILDE, ST. 6:30-7:15, 7:15-8:00,
MATTHEW 8:00-8:45 AM
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the leaners should be able to:
a. define mutation;
b. explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function
of a protein;
c. identify the different types of gene and chromosomal mutation; and,
d. recognize the importance of gene mutation on helping humans to better
adapt to their environment overtime.
II. SUBJECT MATTER
A. Topic Mutation

B. Materials  Multi-Media Presentation

 Smart TV
 Laptop
 Board
 Chalk

C. References Science 10 Quarter 3 – Module 4: Mutation

D. Science  Observing
Process  Communicating
 Analyzing
E. Science Mutations are changes to a DNA sequence. Just like the information in DNA
Concept as a group of sentences, mutations are mistakes in spelling of the words that
form those sentences.
F. Values diligence, integrity, and collaboration
Integration
III. PROCEDURES
A. Preliminary
Activities
1. Prayer
2. Checking of Attendance
3. Recall
The teacher will ask the learners the following questions.
a. What is Protein Synthesis?
b. What are the two stages of Protein Synthesis?
c. What are the difference between DNA and RNA according to
physical structure, components, and function?
d. What are the step by step process of transcription and translation?
B. Motivation Charades: 1, 2, 3 Copy!
The teacher will ask six volunteers for the activity. Volunteers should form a
line, standing one behind the other. To begin the activity, the first person in
line will copy the action of the teacher.
Each member will observe and mimic an initial action performed by the
person ahead of them without using verbal communication.

C. The teacher will tell the learners that the activity is related to their new topic.
Presentation The teacher will ask the following questions:
of the Lesson a. What is your observation from the activity we conducted?
b. Did you notice any variations or changes in the actions as they were
passed from one person to another?
c. How do actions change as they are passed from one person to an-
other?
d. Why this activity is related to the new topic?

D. Discussion The DNA is used to complete the process of protein synthesis.

Proper Protein synthesis has two stages which are called transcription and
translation. During protein synthesis at the ribosome, messenger RNA
sequences are read and translated into amino acids. These amino acids will
form proteins
These amino acids are specified by codons carried by mRNA. If the
mRNA is copied incorrectly during transcription stage, there will be an
anomaly in the genes. This is called mutation.

Mutations are changes to a DNA sequence. Just like the information in DNA
as a group of sentences, mutations are mistakes in spelling of the words that
form those sentences.

Mutagens are agents that cause alteration in the DNA and can lead to
permanent mutations in the DNA sequence depending on the ability of an
organism to repair the damage. Examples of mutagens are radioactive
substances, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals or drugs

Two major types of mutation

1. Genetic mutation
2. Chromosomal mutation

Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence makes up a

gene.

Chromosomal mutation occurs at the chromosome level resulting in gene

deletion, duplication or rearrangement that may occur during the cell cycle
and meiosis.

Point mutation
It is the type mutation in DNA or RNA wherein one single nucleotide base is
deleted, added or altered. This can lead to substitution mutation.

Three types of substitution mutation

1. Nonsense
2. Missense
3. Silent mutation
1. Nonsense mutation
Results in the formation of a stop codon due to the substitution of one
nitrogenous base. Remember, stop codons are special nitrogenous bases
that stop the translation stage in protein synthesis. These are ATC, ATT, or
ACT in DNA, and UAG, UAA, or UGA in mRNA. They are usually located at
the end of messenger RNA nucleotide base sequence. However, when a
substitution mutation causes it to appear in another place, it will suddenly stop
the translation process to amino acid and will fail to produce the correct
protein.

Example:
Original DNA Code for Amino Acid Sequence

DNA AGG AAG AAC ACG CAG AGC ATG

mRNA UCC UUC UUG UGC GUC UCG UAC
tRNA AGG AAG AAC ACG CAG AGC AUG
Amino Ser- Phe- Leu- Cys- Val- Ser- Tyr
acid

Replacement of a single nucleotide

Mutated DNA code

DNA AGG AAG AAC ACT CAG AGC ATG

mRNA UCC UUC UUG UGA GUC UCG UAC
tRNA AGG AAG AAC ACG CAG AGC AUG
Amino Ser- Phe- Leu- STOP
acid

Incorrect sequence causes shortening of protein

2. Missense mutation
When one nitrogenous base of the DNA is replaced and the result is
an altered codon but does not form a stop codon. This will create a different
amino acid in protein synthesis.

Example: DNA: CAT to mRNA : GUA to tRNA CAU (Valine)

CAT is changed into CCT to mRNA: GGA to tRNA: CCU (Glycine)

Original DNA Code for Amino Acid Sequence

DNA GCA ATG CAT CAT CGT CGC CAA

mRNA CGU UAC GUA GUA GCA GCG GUU
tRNA GCA ATG CAU CAU CGU CGC CAA
Amino Arg- Tyr- Val- Val- Ala- Ala- Val
acid
 Mutated DNA CODE

Replacement of a single nucleotide

DNA GCA ATG CAT CCT CGT CGC CAA

mRNA CGU UAC GUA GUA GCA GCG GUU
tRNA GCA ATG CAU CAU CGU CGC CAA
Amino Arg- Tyr- Val- Val- Ala- Ala- Val
acid

This is an incorrect amino acid which may produce a malfunctioning

protein

Missense mutation can be classified into conservative and non-

conservative.
Conservative mutation: When the new amino acid formed has the same
properties of the one that was supposed to be produced.
Non-conservative: When the new amino acid formed has different properties
of the one that was supposed to be produced.

3.Silent mutation
Happens when a nitrogenous base is altered but the same amino acid
is produced. Remember, many codons can code for the same amino acid.
Example: GGC and GGU can both code for glycine. If C is changed to an U,
the same amino acid will be produced and therefore, the amino acid will not
be changed.

Figure 1. Silent Mutation

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

Frameshift mutation
Happens when the normal sequence of codons is disorganized by the
insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogenous bases, given that the number
of nitrogenous bases added or deleted is not a multiple of three.
Therefore, frameshift mutations lead to the abnormal protein with an improper
amino acid sequence that can be either longer or shorter than the normal
protein.

Different kinds of chromosomal mutations

1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Inversion
4. Insertion
5. Translocation

1. Deletion- happens when a base is deleted from the nitrogen base

sequence.

Figure 2. Deletion

2. Duplication- occurs when a part of a chromosome is copied (duplicated)

too many times. This type of chromosomal change results in extra copies of
genetic material from the duplicated segment.

Figure 3. Duplication

3. Inversion- when a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.

Figure 4: Inversion

4. Insertion- the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA
sequence.

Figure 5: Insertion

5. Translocation- segments of two chromosomes are exchanged.

Figure 6: Translocation
 What happens when a person has mutated genes?
This can lead to inherited disorders.

1.Sickle cell anemia

This type of anemia is caused by a recessive disorder through a single
substitution mutation in the gene that is responsible for hemoglobin
production. Hemoglobin is known for carrying oxygen in the blood. In a normal
gene, glutamic acid is formed in the chain.

2. Albinism
An autosomal recessive disorder in which the formation of melanin is reduced
or absent in skin, hair, and eyes due to the lack of activity of tyrosinase. This
is caused by the deletion of the tyrosinase gene.

3. Cystic Fibrosis (CF). It is a recessive inherited disorder. Although there

are many different mutations that can cause cystic fibrosis, deletion mutation
is the most common cause. It affects the cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that leads to the deletion of the amino
acid phenylalanine. This causes an incorrect protein.

4. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21

It is related with slight retardation of cognitive ability. It is also characterized
with impairment of physical growth, body and facial features. Down syndrome
is caused by a translocation during meiosis that transfers most of
chromosome 21.

E. Fixing Skills Crossword Puzzle

Instruction: The class will be divided into four groups, and their task is to
complete the crossword by filling out the boxes a word that fits each clue.
After completing the puzzle, each group needs to discuss one word from the
box briefly. Group 1 will be discussing the Mutation, Group 2 for Albinism and
Sickle, Group 3 for Mutagens, and Group 4 for the Silent.

Across:
1. The term used for describing the
“alterations/errors” in DNA sequence.
2. This is an autosomal recessive disorder in which
the formation of melanin is reduced or absent in skin,
hair and eyes.
4. ______ cell anemia is caused by the substitution
mutation for hemoglobin gene.
 Down:
1. These are the agents of mutation.
3. This happens when a nitrogen base is altered but
the same amino acid is produced.

Revealed answer: Mutation, Albinism, Sickle, Mutagens, Silent

F. The teacher will ask the learners the following questions:

Generalization 1. What do you call the change or error in the gene
1.1. What is the term used to describe the factors that affect error
or alterations in base sequence?
1.2. How do mutations lead to genetic variation?
2. What is the difference between gene mutation and chromosomal
mutation?
3. What are the different kinds of chromosomal mutations?
3.1. What is deletion?
3.2. Define duplication.
3.3. What is inversion?
3.4. What is insertion?
3.5. What is translocation.
4. What happens when a person has mutated genes?
4.1. What are the different disorders when a person has mutated
genes?
IV. EVALUATION
DIRECTIONS:
I. Multiple Choice: Read and understand the questions carefully. Choose the
letter of the correct answer and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How do mutations lead to genetic variation?

A.by changing the organism's appearance
B.by changing the way that the organism reproduces
C.by changing the organism's behavior
D.by producing random changes in an organism's genetic code

2. A piece of each chromosome has broken off and been reattached to the
other chromosome, resulting in an exchange. The process that occurs when a
section of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome is
known as_______.
A. deletion
B. inversion
C. nondisjunction
D. translocation

3. This is a mutation that causes a section of the chromosome to be broken out

and reinserted backwards. This is known as
A. deletion
B. insertion
C. inversion
D. translocation
4. If a segment of a chromosome is present several times more than normal due
to unequal crossing-over, it is called ________.
A. a deletion
B. duplication
C. an inversion
D. a translocation

5. What type of mutation is being shown below:

Normal: ABCDEFGH
Mutated gene: ABCBCDEFGH
A. an insertion
B. an inversion
C. a deletion
D. a duplication

6. What type of mutation is being shown below:

Normal gene: ABCDEFGH
Mutated gene: ABCDCEFGH
A. an insertion
B. an inversion
C. a deletion
D. a duplication

7. What do you call the change or error in the gene?

A. genetic engineering
B. mutagen
C. mutant
D. mutation

8. What is the term used to describe the factors that affect error or alterations in
base sequence?
A. genetic engineering
B. mutagen
C. mutant
D. mutation

9. What do you call the genetic mutation that causes a codon that should code
for a specific amino acid to be changed into a stop codon?
A. a chromosomal mutation
B. a frame shift mutation
C. a nonsense mutation
D. a silent mutation

10. A genetic mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid
sequence of the resulting protein is called?
A. a chromosomal mutation
B. a frame shift mutation
C. a nonsense mutation
 D. a silent mutation

II. Choose the correct word inside the parentheses. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answer.
1. (Mutations, Mutagens) are changes to a DNA sequence.
2. (Mutations, Mutagens) are agents that cause alteration in the DNA.
3. The type mutation in DNA or RNA wherein one single nucleotide base is
deleted, added or altered is called (point, frameshift) mutation.
4. Point mutation can lead to (substitution, frameshift) mutation.
5. (Nonsense, Missense) mutation results in the formation of a stop codon due
to the substitution of one nitrogen base.
6. When one nitrogen base of the DNA is replaced, and the result is an altered
codon formation but does not form a stop codon, it is classified as (nonsense,
missense) mutation.
7. (Missense, Silent) mutation can be classified into conservative and non-
conservative.
8. (Conservative, Non-conservative) mutation happens when the same
properties of amino acid were formed to the one that was supposed to be
produced.
9. (Conservative, Non-conservative) happens when amino acid has produced
different properties of protein)
10. (Missense, Silent) mutation happens when a nitrogen base is altered, but
the same amino acid is produced. Remember, many codons can code for the
same amino acid.
11. (Point, Frameshift) mutation happens when the normal sequence of codons
is disorganized by the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, given
that the number of nitrogen bases added or deleted is not a multiple of three.
12. (Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism) is a recessive inherited disorder caused by the
deletion of the amino acid phenylalanine.
13. (Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia) is caused by a recessive disorder
through a single substitution mutation in the gene that is responsible for
hemoglobin production.
14-15. (Cystic Fibrosis, Down syndrome) is related with slight retardation of
cognitive ability. It is also characterized with impairment of physical growth, body
and facial features. It is caused by a (substitution, translocation) during meiosis
that transfers most of chromosome 21 onto chromosome 14.

Answer Key
I. Multiple Choice II.
1. D 6. A 1. Mutations 6. Missence 11. Frameshift
2. D 7. D 2. Mutagens 7. Missence 12. Cystic Fribosis
3. C 8. B 3. Point 8. Conservative 13. Sickle Cell Anemia
4. B 9. C 4. Substitution 9. Non-conservative 14. Down Syndrome
5. D 10. D 5. Nonsense 10. Silent 15.Translocation
V. For example you are given a chance to be one of the representatives in the
Assignment “Down Syndrome Awareness Month Forum”. The activity is to write an
inspirational letter to your fellow youth and friends who are parents or relatives
of a person with Down syndrome. What are the words of inspiration that you can
give to them? (50-100 words).

Letter will be rated according to the following criteria:

Standards Rubric

Appropriateness of Topic (Down 10 points

Syndrome Awareness)
Accuracy of Details and 5 points
Information (taken from real
scenario)
Techniques (persuasiveness/humor 5 points
in words/English or vernacular)
TOTAL- 20 points

Prepared by:

Philip Joshua C. Cristobal

Practice Teacher

Checked:

Mrs. Teresita I. Ferrer

Cooperating Teacher