| Mathemalical foundation - 1 OO COO OOM r ie | agate: lope ©. aMoathematical logte ts ‘wbvoduced to que prectse meant +o wathemattcal Statements. Here ave Certatn vules useal tH mathemaottcal logte to dteqhtuguish between Valtd and Talia avqueneuts. ate atv vf Re chapter ts twhoduce Correct | produvi of chiding mathematical arguments. Mathemattel Io ge Has muvnerous applications . tu Computer Sctence . The fi Computer Civeutts, Conotruction oF Computer design, 0 fRe Vertficatfon of Pe Covvectves ¢ Of dhe programs t programs awd 4m wary ways - aWe begin tRe study of the logic by designing He tdea vf paroposttion a proposttton fh a Statement which Can be | classttted ao drue and false athe poopasttfon logte 15 denoted by pgerss = a the truth table \Value vf the psopostton is | enoted) by T te TH fs tue peopastton. ~ athe truth fable Value of the paopost tou 19 a by 6 af Tt ts false proposition. iene _logte Dperation There ave Several woy 1m wkich we Gwmonly Combive Simple propositions ‘nto Compound vues. Tn order to produre Compound, proposition from Simple one we use wordd and (A), ov CV), Hf (a. 1 C7) wot C~), [feito i . let p and q be two proposttions tot proposttfon. *p anda" denoted by pia, tg true when pandg, ave True and th -otherwfse tie proposition pa f Caused Covfuction of P anda Suppose pts today m a Gunday”ond a, t vatndoy “ thes proposttion fs true on rainy cunday ‘and Patse 0K ary days yot a Sunday. -Disfuncttow i v lek 'p ond q” be the proposttion tie propostbfou “p amd 4!" devoted by pig, ts the propasttton tt fs false when p and g, are both false and Hue otherwise Megan _ let p be tie proposttton tt ts vot te Case OF |p ts another propostifon 18 Called. “hegatfon pte proposttton of pts denoted Wy ~p“Costa voy & lebipand g be “two proposttton - - Hen the ‘amplicatton "pa" te a proposttion that #9 false ‘when pis tue avd q tg false and 9s true , otherwise truth table AA Ae Br- condrHonal OOOO eee ‘Tet Pand 4 be! tivo propestifon then the *- condttjon operadtfous * ps4" ts a proposttton as true when. p and 4 have tke Same Twth Value otherwise t+ %8 false. | truth table | oe TAN A+ Yove fat De Morgan 5 low i) ~Cpvq) = ~pAnaq *.~Cpvgd =~pA~q - a 1)~CpAqd= ~pv~q O=6 oe ~CPALIE wpv~y| - ———___| = ———! 1 Assoctative law | foteereree om Dev(qvy) = Cpvq dvr _ From O, and @ we get pv C4vO= Cpva dvrSeen ener eeREEEEEEIEEEEE TT ae T)pACQAYD = CpAqr ay | From @ and @ we get | pA Cyr) = (pAq)ADistrtbuttve law | 7 aren Cpvq) ACpy*) PV Ca Av) vx | (pyar ACpv9 pvc) pvq, | PY _ — | CpvaACpve) From (® and @ we get eee pv4 A)Tdempolen!* law ern oT pvpse From © and @ we get pvP=p ti) pAP = P Fiom © and ® we get PAP=p-| Commutative low ween" WE Gy pha = aP Npvy = >VvP fom @ and ® we Pe) pva = AYPL | - PAZ = GAP Fom o and @ we get pag, =qAp j________. let p and 4 be, two proposttions . pry 13 a Gondtvnal proposttton.then 4—> Pp te Glled Couverse vf proposttion pa, tuth table AAEM rr pepe pea port + fr] oT , or | Fe T F T T fe | | F I ; jes| Inverse An | let pand a, be two propostttons » othe proposttto, ip >q, * Called tuverse of P74 “teat table Contra postive a ; let pand 9 be two propostton then the proposition ~q->~p fe Called the Cora postttve of the proprsttfon ip>q true tableToutology A Compound proposstion that fs always hue f5 Called tautology Coutradtetion woe" a Comspand prorosttfon te fs always false ita Called Chadproblems: Verify Hot the proposttton ve Cra ts 0 Tauotulogy. | ; pe propesttion “bY (pag is a Fautology. ii thrinstio) Lott 8 Verkfy that the proposttton CpAq) > Cevep ts tatitology *, the proposttion CpAq)—> Cpva) is a taunbtogy3.) prove that (p 504) ACr—>p) A(grrr)is a tology. | Tow’ ogy preot cp>~ aa” Cr PIAA ~Y ay le a= te =| F| ~ | et . < | eq | | fia) nl | jtyee) elute] ob py uype | ISG | | __| s | | | a | } (Fle) el ule} uf eb] ul & | ++ —— - lial i ( Flu} be) wl | r | || ——+t oe _| =| | | plelelefepele | ele | | —— || bt e Pele] b Te | at {ete el | | eleiejei rie fey ele J the proposttin Cpa d4Cr>p)4 G@e~"It & tautology -o fejaynoy v sy od Geb vcbad) vroypysadoxd ow *" 3 (— 1a a ! R oa \ 7 \* : can | t os };o = Ff |S Z ag, | (25 ee | 23 Ce decbyvibed| sed by (<< | om ee ——— ). verry that (pray A~Cpvq) tsa Covdvactton ys ) uefa] Pa] pe] | : | | a ioe |e | Poy 4 1 caeel ieee feats eee |! | llr } +r] 1 | E j | \ | ae ‘| FIe | I ete propostHtox ci ante a Gubraction. : ree t "a propasttton Rat a vetther a P iniaey uov a Coubvadtton % Called a Conigoncy ) Verey Cpesa) & ->p) isa Goictngency PP apa rey Ape [Cro -erGrr) Me prostion Cper~qcs Grp f54 Conlfugency\ _ al iene that ~-(pe4q) = = PO _ hei E Do ascetey 7 we get alprqe ~PE74 = Mp Fe 42 | Fow (,@ and @) | 1 3) prove Rat te p4, i wr ave aot + ogaly lequtvalewt 7 | ep T T | 1 | t | ‘ F T FE F s.pa7q. and qop ore not logteally | equtvalevet -«| Coustuct the truth table Wever) A @ Aor) |proposttton q, land the proposttion 4 ts Called Gucluston il a (ah~¥) ae Pe topper fT UF T il ij NF ele 7 | T | F F pam eee | 4An argument 1 an assertion that a given Se} of proposttton Ai, Pa,Pg... Pn yrelds another athe proposition Pi ,Pa, ...Pn ts Called premises A athe argument ts devoted by P, 0,0 g.- Pr Ze | to q. athe Symbol k fs Called tuvusttle| | | \<| Remarks: ' An argument Ri, Pa , Poo. Pa 4h4 5 Fue vg a 1s true whenever the premtées Pp Pa - «Pn are | true oothenvtse the arquament fe false. TE an argument fs tye , Tt ¥s Called Valed argument ts false , I+ 4s Called falc TE the argument P, 1P.,Py.. «Pu ky ts Valid then PAPL A . NPaeq fs tautologyCor >~4) ~q)1 by 1 (poo) | 1) jTestuthe Valtd pf te orguiment Cp iy | 32 3 Valtd We must prove the avgument in Cpa~) To prove that Cp ~yacey> a) > Freyo3 © 8, 42! 0s! payer yo sy juaumBso uanyb ayy aoNeH 4 REaqayney. 4oM surrey (oveandy (ov ed) wunja) 4901 2a MOS a | — a el | Viewed) rete ha are1g Test) fe valt Atty of argument’: Pm74 ighp a oS To prove the aygurnent fs Valed. We must prove Prat Cpq) AC47 p) ccd —_———— a From te last Column Cpe2gdACa—7P) ts lo tautology “the given argument fs Valid. - wo -| Test We Voled of the argument TE amon ts bacholer ,he is unhappy If aman ts Unhappy he ig yoang therefore bachelor dre young | golu let . pra Hen ts bacheloy 4:a Men fs unhappy1 2a Mow dts youre, To prove Hot the given argument ts Valed. must prove fat q " P24 rp T Le >a on |@>onq- 1) | poy la +B jt ra ls Tp = 7 > fe | F ; = aim. aid T = | za = ——| rit Te | From the lost Column Cpq) A (9-71)-7Cp2y) foa Tautology Hence the bitven argument fs Valrd.\) | 4) | Test te Valtdtty of the argument: Tg Twork T Gawwot Shidy » Ether I work ov T pass mathematics therefore I studted. — | P2T work q: T studied | Gol. | v2 pass mathematfes | Tp prove tke given argument &% valid. CP ~H) CPV ro we must prove tat (p>~q)A CpV1) 2g, fs i a tautology on bee he Ce-2~ad ACM) A>p} Ip ia ty lealpoeel pve fefafe lt ae [TITITIFL F YT F F i] HP gd PIT FLRL eT a a ;iTieitir \ | | fees tT TT | or ds [jTIFIF IT) + | ot for lr || be taoboes tt LEE J LE puts of ot li: oF Loy | ppp LE T TLE i | a FE oe | HFiR tle] to] oy Poe tee] JFL FE an | ee ae | }R YI | | | F T— ap 5) |Aest} the Valtdaty of the avguymevts \ %f 4} Yams, Ramesh will ibe ick 4 tt ded wot ra1M There cove yamesh mot Sick | Gol 2 let p% Ht yatus q 2 Ramesh will be sick The argument ts p74 1 ~PR~4 we have to show tat Cp-7gd aCmpo~4, 18:4 tautology Fal pea] ~F] Cromer) ~a] pA (pag it +++ bap l _ pier] tT | F F T | | a ( TIF r F F T T F | 7 T T T F F F IF 7 T 7 av 7 ’ (p>42A Cop 3~4) ts vote tautologyer oh Ren T will not for! th mathematics ine Tdo not play Basket ball | then T will study | But I fotled ™ mathematics | Therefore Ir played basket ball | Solv let p ir study qs Tull fatl pth emotes x er played ‘basket ball’ { | The argument ts p>eq eT PL ab we have to show Hat 3 cpa~qdACorP> A(q.>1)"PSlen Sh juomnbro vanish aut *o Peg 0 9 Gee) vcd a~) Vv chve J) 22uay , poe tet 4[al 2 | a{ + j4}*}ap 2 ale 4 asijdi2 3 | raeeetees eee elees | sf 4 f2t ate]. J 4 oo. Ll | + ene ee | ee fatale | = dew V (eve 0 Tae ~|%vred Pt ap 3: Test the Valtd of the ayguwert on my wife 's betheday bring her flower» Ether t 15 my wife byithday ov I work late T dtd vot bytng my WRerefore LT work late. jwtre Flowers today th | Solu (lek p My wife birthday 4 +t bring her flower v2 T work late | | The arguement fs pata: pyr, oat we ove to show that (pig) A (pvr) Axg.-o% - a tautology.= ABo ney. wv sy 2eb~V UAdyy cba dy 22V0H 2° =z > = E | > =-— 3 2 —, | 1 4 a = J A | dj a] 4 | a 4 i a1 | 4 al = 5. : 4 4 L 3) 4) a a ] / 2 1 1) a| 4 = 2 = J 4 a | J) ata > [ado bos tabets - _ ee 3) L + 4 tyr pao ee a ae = Treul tyendnvbed|e~] VOeess] 22d | bed] al [3 —- <=| | SSE 2) Tranoulate sao gy abot form aud test valtA of TR | avqument | | Tf bte even then odo prime ov ® devide Etthey & %6 vol B fs a prime “Therefore 6 16 odd> es wot divide 7 4. But let p® 6 15 even q 2 2 does not dwde + y 2B te aprime | P | the argument 48 | p74 erg piiop: (pga @vVng yar ~Pb | Fl bE eleva! : fb t] a wi i —— 4 Wer FR) RIB, —+-—-- i Fey | boar) Vices d) } | Pejeleyp iu wip de AV Clow Awd) a kbarav(be d) Gana, a. ‘ica 4 afd ee al] 2] 4 (ae ay Ht (a}afa pate eee af ata) ato]t Pay Ses 4 PyF € pP PAF =F MW tt | D Complement |nw | OOOO PVv~P-e T PAGES ~T EF mF ETa | Use the nla of proposttions - To Stim re fo "Yee | D~(PAng) Solu awe 1) i a ae ~(~pA~q) = “up yes CDemargow's | qu) 2 Pvq” WD ~ (Pvq) CPV) = ~ mpeg, CDemargon's law’) =Pv~y i yd tee ay - Bn | ~PV~q) = ~~PAArg CDemargon 's law) = Pagby 6 usiug algbra | 29) Prove Rat pvC'pA4 E'P | “of proposition. Solw i pvCpaq) = PACT VQ) CDishibuttve low) CPAT) VCR AL) Cidenttfy law) | = PAT Ctdewtify law) | =P Crdewt fy, law) 3) Prove Pat “Ovary (~PAV) by ustng law of algbva of propostttou - | | Solw i | ~Cpvqd V@PAq) = & pa~a) Vv Cm pg) Cdemergon ‘ ‘Ss law) =~Cpr C~4ve) Mishrbuttve law) =ePAT C Complement law) = h Cldent Fy‘ taw)1 4) prove, that, pACpva) =P by using algebra oF |propost}#on. | Solu. PACpv4) = Cpv F)A ceva) Cadentnty law) hyy | = Pv CFAQ) Cabsinin low) = PVF Ctdewtify lau) =P Crdentery Yow) Prove that CPva)V~p'= ~PV4 by using law of algebra of propos?ttfon Solu (pva)v~p = ~PVCPAY) Commutative lav) = PVvPyA (~ PV%) COtstrthuttve bu) =TA GPVY) CComplement laud = ~pvg Cidentity. law)——}-—_— i 6) Rove “Rat ipa c~Pvad = PAY by ving algebra vf proposition - PAG PVA) = Cena) Vv (Pv) ore atie low) =F VCPAa) Faascag ews ee) = PAY ‘Ctdewtr fy add)