f Owrl~ 2 THE , FOUNDAT INS Synbol Glame @ SX Alagation n > AND (#*) Med Le) rastules Na > OR () Jon Ya) Noten 305 » Smplies <> (one> > tf and only if (oo double irnplise te if -condtion NM > Sor alt € belongs to (0) Gotaired in 31 / —P + Suh tnt Nee Natural rlurrbers rd ) Real Numbers W . IWhole numbers z yo integers 6 E> Glex alumbers 8 me yi Rotten! alumbes, @ Syratonal Numbers ~ there exists Sub Set (coatatred Det union §ntersechon — Taulolegsy ~ conta dteltion ; , . Dae te eck of al Subsets “ah that rain ek deGre' denoted axtth Pm) ia, 35 £3, ft, fue4fn8, fe $1235 Pia end iatoe Truth ables ° CA i AND (ov) Meet ac srokernent cahich an dg te compo! , A isa, OMe a ae 2 ig tihuleceee ploteme™?" ‘ See oe ath PAY Balewent denoted eotth Pe ... 4 both the sloternents I he | Sesult corll be Yenc in all ape gemainings Cases ¢ ho cesoll (OM EPS Rue « i , | AWulh. table > ae r | rt ee eit | | ’ | | 4 2 PL eee See = Lala | ci ] F 7 + Ts | Fes ae htshoé. | 7 bere be ia | Sh 2 er te alakements are false the 2! Petecke ty all other Sernainings Cases the ke. tuelll = pee’ a Fey due ements Pp ce ses dresult watt 3)Trath table * ep | 4 [Prva | | ee Me Meat | | cP es 2 clegdealion (2). jpdicales the opposite statement of + 1 Alegalion anginal Statement Tah ie Sopa ES) “a Compound statement used to indicate Keo wo - Stakements , Ga ts ibolh the eash>. Other; @) on SF ¢ ) Rauble Spl? ee used 4% explain, (0) amp 7 This UE indicates uth Pon QD gy en st conduc lions Te ete @ % Duby nh tree ilements ore tue oy’ eat q ast till be, ue .ta the aremaing cases ili be Paloe st Bo aa prGaawe), Wow. table © aq | @DYP | pA(Cve) vP) | an E ae +3) 3) Ecere ain 0 [ors @ve))

[ory Caml: 2 GRY i) oP vod ao |p| ep TARE Oa | CON OY oY? | Gans a is | : s Poche 2 3 se the fe | anne Acie r fF : 1 cot 3 | es 2» Papate Sh a | | Sate 8 st 1 ve pide tec G | é ir | tL F © E F 2 fie dels + + taal Sloe ale e | Ff ov Ly * = ne o x ay) Jers [eres [423 fou) | | Tre >a) a apa [| OD" Conse wy pav Ff i | : Hs) Fine. tal (PILI = ae mB . fe pal vi] pa] ©} G9] rex |, ve oA T ——t Obove truth. fable aes equal(Ona) An = PA (gna) Fs ise pact > > Pp 4 n pag | gan] (PAY) rn | PA (aan) - Te oi 1 fect F < t F {reas e f F Hage! ebay e F re m | f 2 Beier eee Clea G F | F F Pe ) & ‘e e € ae 5 $Grn Are above truth toble fath ave equal Oogic expressions (or) propéttons pone dh Pepa | eV dently properly9 pe(4ve) = OY" a ee (Panay pr (Gar) law (pays ev") 2 - ea 9 pve) (pra) ¥ (PRY) pave) laws Beroorso° l ae on 8) Demergon 0100, anos elt aay Jy © Cpva) = Gop) nr) & . py (pad) = P 3 ie ea(ea) = P Ay sorphion law pve) = 7 pn(or) = F & Legrcal equivalances =p 2 (WAVY Brice Sic = (oa) 206A) ' @D)I4 «(estoy rc) * = (Pva)or we = (eng) 20 4 eo ton) i ay « QS a) eh At AL ore cae Septet 7 at 9:= (ovadom F ~ 6 (Pea) A Cr) | evq [oman eaueat ie (Pon) 09) je | Miaer) |e. | | Tt si y le cS ae i [a | ieee Coe ds e fe fee ie ze Pears dee ee ‘ : fz: |e fF ide eT f t ped ir Dera be! iE } pe lee. [a aoe fe ay av eee a ee Given Vols Fas pmved D Cras) vor) C22 fr fs Soa a hee paeaa | Gs) ®, 4 é ee Ws u F u es is % Fe y fe F & F Fe f : La e a Bis sdeshy Shey proved ay ene) Aver) Pip Cee aT is a 44 9a. | aC iit won a) aa (eva) (eo almr) how 4 r r 4 oP = = i : j te ree Pomel cs g F ki : : T Fi t F T Z Z et e F u x : ae pu Goes wet 8 peed Oo ete) > Goes y OS eae le | lee x Z \ patie A ; | : + chee aeegh : ie a feed) 2 : = | eb 1s | 3 : F ls | | rd 7 F eee : § ‘ Fie e To he eg ws 4 Bie. Newel é fe . given denies 19 pred [25 ove Payten 4 . at >| 12 on dhol CoP) 9 _Ch99) 1% teatology by Bogie expres Ps Consider CP) > (P29) | - = pu(Ps9) Es omy = eva) | ‘ = pV (temr)v4a) C ] cP 34 -(woe) 3 = (Pv@n) v (Pv) = + vu (pa) POD rAGny eee T oP) > (P24) 37 : a i ad of oryv HA) ore Oogi cally ) ahs eee hs ePv@eD - Corsi dey © [= a a o( Pv (event) = [com A CPN @a)| = (mPn pv (@ a 45) FY (e n cwe)) . * T equaleet e 6 pin 4.truth | by vst E Pavey (OP aco) : : a ie Bers (eva) (OP | | ner (OP) A(ag)) | > ene Temas (ae . es F : "y 4 1 T ‘ F f ue T F an; i ; | ; Bis cu T a big : oe : : : é e € F 7 5) ( ¢ : | ' teva) «es (tom aces) = wr@D o[@PA wn) = T — Cauology’) @ shoo that (Cevay » Cav cons) aCovn)}= [o> aco by usigg druth table : : ce [ms Pyr| quer) -Gor)alos)truth table Logical Eguvalanes Lege mole (p29) a C499) Pag) y Ped = = ° ig (wr) <2 &Y F t aoe, (png) v Cre avd) 2 7 Oe s pes 2) Qnrp D T = CaP) N4 a), Gey * . (eo) (evo G ves) 8) is a5 ap Z e E ’ a , T | ‘ 7 :» ) OD s Qs tet (PAD > ; a & (ray > cor) ew Cony v (VD = [advo (oa) = weve) ¥ Cow? EVs = + Crautoleyy) (sy) logical! Syubvalences ' poe = (P52) 2 @>!) Biles.) Sat eet | pop 1p2d AG7D| Pod cy Meta 5 7 F B Fe fe e i F £ . Taney ae fe To Be Die) tae sa or oy (or) (4) Pag as 1 ela F. feat a f . = QWen \denklhes are aoo . Mw roa = (004) v Corn og) [eye pag | op | oy | aenwe Png viwwawe) | 99 che + 1 f f 1 T Me F bata f ' ' e | t f Fa F f f ‘ ae br eon t 1 1 T bo ieee Qien iderbltes ave. prved (ns) olred) = pes Cn) | ple} | row] roe | o (moa) | PO Gt) aft e F T : i Lov dar a T is A : 24 iS Bal t a is z : L + ie ig © E qian Vdenbikes aré proved jw Pete CorP)V b 4 or @PV4 Rot[ear ee : eT pele te 1 {' fee 4 Fo. & | on F = pe get F Ne aha quer idenbiber av pp, gaan Vath at poet “ Pe y evP= yy opt eT : ‘i 1 mee? e]T | ew ie + 7 | | @ jr Pt a ele F eaves?) 2 Patt |e ; : oe we get P., » : , oa gen idenbhes ox pried ex 4 QWen Idenkhe are: peel i a : | v) PaPzp wn) -PY4 2 AvP | [-e AP | p.| 4 | pve | wr | F = = ey oe. ai au piled act copyq, OP | P34) WAY Bae w eT 7 emer | F . 4 a 4 it EyPre pra Cena) > (eva edo pens Py CPN) acre) | en ERR ela | : | rte Vt} ee ks 4 | bane }FIe Tease (ena) 3 (rD) ease 9. dat (PAI) VGors>4) "> ° ong ea ‘ expressions? (Pagy (od 21) (pna) ¥ Colo v0) (ead) ¥ Creve) . teva) v (ene) Sco (Cr)-i A [cove va) Ex distiouhue fee) {e@ 0 a) A [rs (ava) (F: Assecialyve. far") pug) \ [Pva') a! 2 (2 e290 = Gorva ) WW ” vw ” 32) te Ob a taublogy , teatlegs iB ACeva)) 2%—— = ay he iS ‘i € ghost Sn ston GE: oobi bus 2 ¢ rita pons CoM? “ae : epalon fev (wend) ?% Base “ ( . >a = + bese _ : = [oor] ve sD mea eer | 2 Loved)va 2 @ = Pv Gay) Ee . j ae Crregaton Lovo’) ee ey Domicalon 3) Weg Sega edt. @ sins ta the Gig ave Sogiealy.epivalerl rl Bipess.0rs.- 1) (roa) ad P AGoe) .. a@ (® [Pvcwpagy) ad opr (wg) v oO (PM) > (pry) 15, Tautology iy) Cm) oP “ts Taublogy, \e@H @(Pra) and enor) (0-39) = PAWg)) (© (Pv.Cwrng)] Sd sor A Coe) a1 Gen (PV Gr ads) CaP a(Pved)) (Cuprnmg) v Cupar) oa “ pug) (P3qe Mpva Oe Bone) ova) ta: a Aasblagyw@ (mor soi (enna) pag) >P 8) Glhot t Skakerr & Ye G Tr" ob ratPredicates "A prepay Co 0 stelahonship between objects is Sinks by aD to Dogte te called Snub « alkd a predtcate A. discaphoo of predicate Gomples gf Padreates © ts t) taa=y ni) wy ea nor Saloe hea the The abuse pretcale, ae nether tre eof Neauables. are not cpecilied, pig theo polls: the Rist part 15 \ralue. Te sidowert *as3! “athe. Naiable 2 Nand “the Subject at Stalemen't there his Moccand. got 7S Brealey than 5 Cpredicate’) wi) dendkes the the truth value of the predicale re SS eee uo ord 2 i cratement 45 a et PA e Ey =) ply s tes ie Rabe §) Ghat is (xshes ‘Skakement f 6 ~0(4:2) co, 4.RC Wve rhons nahi dbh ROR 1%) My. wane om) OIE i denoles. alalerment 34% pa ome AGH on shined a pues eee. jy A pe emery eae poco Be br Soy arene Oy Ors ecuad, = Ae - Sucnbiers ie quan bher Ad (ran) is 5 ay 4) Univesal Quacker Criversal, Quadtfier » We Univer Blend POO br lallee 7 30 he onversal Gunkfeation 1s indizated by AE Ax) ean Pend it~ as [far ald of 2 Bu Let P60 be the’ Staloment Patt > 2” tohat is the stadh Value of “he qunbhication dre. PG) where 4p deren consists “for all the” Steal values . Cr) se IM, sal Quanblicakon of the the given domain GB Given statement ts “wat soc” Given Quankfahy ts Mx AG) TF Given doran R " fs athe val eh e. XER.. i te A) ts tue. she gi¥e0 quali ». -G ‘ ; mete! See Ga } i Called existantéa). “re : A ’5 she reposition ~there a EB A" [be cm!) e exishanhal Quan fea i h thal. P(x) m as 5 a x Can 5 . ay m. the given ° Ceti é ae bmrain, ‘Suc ‘? Seast One \ialue fx Fe Sate az Ax PC pt) Unive = pt) Cons\ “4Ct a “the existan stanhal quanbhaten rot xo Wey fear tte gunbicalion 9 ue denoted ath Bx ph). We can mead it a5 Bs he fae Br He slatement PO) ne be a Le PO) denotes the alalement 27 3", whe ts “he tuth value at the Quankheakon 3x plc). voheve the dros * the sek ot all steal numbers. Cam 31) 2 Gwen skatement tepiia> 3” — ; | ene Suscification © She PO) | Ganen domain ys set of alll iri pd vER Soy x= Ganike y>3 ¢ phos ud |S ea) the elements ‘aad wo’ domain By ersal Quanbficakion 0 we) Alte 2) Wen all Bele ihayas ~ 26 fies, OO be APG) ee conjuction {(meck Annas ite p pls) A- Apt) $e Fond only if the Quonklicabon ayy ph) is. tue ob ees. 3089 of NxPGt) obee Where the domain 4 tthat © the skaternent ~ yaa ce poitye integers not vexcecding, - stabenent. ie a" UG wy we PO) posse wofeges n ct watceedlg Grad)rei is fabe dtenie “® payin aNen ebrain 15 ® pi) 1 2" 7% atx Pt) exceeding 4 (1.2.3.4) Gren atatement Quen Quenhheakon 15 sa dares. 1 Tt Giver ndtee eae tue Pies es ame pay 1 67,2 » 1s tne BUOY oie tue af ptr) 4 eC) AP (%s) A Plte) = FATATAT. & 4 foes | } of deme WX PCH) fn, gen domain 15 ue a ie if lihere alt the elements to domain ki iF» ++ %q ee existanctal guantheaton Ix A) fs at r. Pine Pl)v Plt Vv PCADY «©, VAC) eee ce z tue (<3) if ancl only +f a a PCB), Peed, PCRS) « « + PCs) oii. al ts the truth Value a eisislingal | P 1 dx Pty) there plt) is she stale ca 210, hho che chain Gonstsl all 4h a le a ee CH eedng » prsive; ‘ ss Given Slolement ts p(t) + x Gwen Suackhcaton ts, ¥ Ps Gaven domain ts cot erceedig a Susyy pt) 4 1>10 is False A>lo is Fabe pl * pape az ae ani erie TM now pcan) v OC) ¥ plks) v PAu) t E = EVEVeYT e+ eer eva the quotes “he Suankfakon x (tei) tus ts the tedh value el universal quantiieabon “A” ulher P(X) Is che Statenent x 24 and domain io bi posibive sakegers not exceeding Se 3 aA ts wd. wees Micahgo 2 BHPOD in ts not exeaing & al poriveideps Lite ® ausy Baek <9 arts: tae een hat £4 te ue, am § what to we Re i e ws) su 6d . 2-l <9 comes ag False - ss False % bs A (x3) A PCy) ap (xs) eegettabey 5 oh Pxisislancel ty i raed 425 Ge eee statement 4 Pesci fe ™s, f pobre AAD cite tates eo | ee fh 2 8 i } ies #4) -9 025 i = (4-92 25 ‘ Beers isp j 34025 a ec Bie Gea = De cmecas 15 The 4 ea Pf) v POH) v PGs) v P64) v POS) 9 = TetvTytyt 2 | oT. Pas “the Quabheates Axe@Cwax-a <25) 18 tue wo the BND emt x2¥. Sb Pe orntin cn She truth values of pje) ply neahion) Se Pr’) 5 vs i) ; ioAy POD me eee ; gros PCR) PCED ¥ POR) PM) 4 VP) Orang) Sapetcr “tv cs ANP 9-603 plas PEDA PEA) » PEI) A PLEA) T eR ATATAE Be Giviedon POD 15 RG He) to Mie 9 am cesn the Guanwtiehen Va Get) ts Rs inthe geen cerein of the following skelerne! al numbers 6) Retnmne the “truth vvelues gf the, domain Consists alt Ane me yp RO) wi) Axe (extext) ) 3 (ee) w) 3x (2x > ne] Tae E sy) ee Ww ax Gee) pen ctr Statement 82-4 Eiletinuiale De Gueaiahio 3x) Gusbhekes Ix Pla), ; omen is el nares demain > teal unde poy ) sc2-4 Po (oa eto = 0.0m) < 0-0| is Tc tsThe Quarbheahon 3xhiX) fs hve 19 she givenclemain. ) Ai (xe > XJ Shalement 2 2% > HL Buaciheaan 2 Wc PhD) cron ty grea ommbe? 5 & Pex) > 2en> 2 e 74 one is False. 2 The ge Quarhifeahes AAA) deste nd deocke the cmparsitien fer evo x, & “Der alt ares suareber % such thal Cen >* Folse. The quer Beart hiation ai Gr 5me rguaiee re 4b he 31090 Soll, nesled quantifiers font wilh pie ey CHI? pare a MH H(t, ¥) A e sey * the otalement fy PGND Here PLY ng a n Eadwr of goss e ae 4 Mang mathemahca olatene involve mulhple | durobe: . quankfers of propos tinal ~ A aetiona. involving Yer - ene stamiables- gt 1s sen portent Jo note that dhe a af dhe quant Fes. © important ieee 9 3 quanbhers an (Ge unless al the hes ove exisitancal | “he ctalement Says ya” quenkFers ae same oy all he guan cmivecsal pena > the oa that are he 4ruth viahes of guantikaons bau fy POY) and “Yat Plr.y), where the Chain : Consisb all the oteal Num bers 7 A Grice olalercent= PONG Ute WAS | Quen quantifier as y Given chain ‘ | a quankifcakon Abily pl4,) denotes. a4 the prs! : hn 3 clea Boe a geal numbers Y, Sut dtys yth is tue. “ay Gosibalive prporks 139i] : Odditon _) ° guankBeakon Whely PMY — cle os ken toy " “ae Yat 249 = Yry : ee Te seal Sects Ba 2s true [+ Gmitabve Property 3 e Gen theak on quén caton = “Ve My Ceiy= Yan) isFe aaa gy fer alti Ges #490) He tte 7 lence beth “he quanlihrakins seh atkdy POY) al Nye Ply) 0 the older tS" nol fenpotant a “the are Sanne + nested oniversal guantitcakon, oO” lel G4) ie che shalement 244s 0" what ove she truth values of -the quarkhakons yite 6654) nubs of mre the and Arey Qo) cohen othe domain consists all the ne order, geal numbers: Bye ls) 3yel) gus en 2 bine Balen! Quy) s #20 Pp x0 os os oe denn et oot ke “he guanbiation hay Sul denoles the prpesiion yk areal ca “ gots) ataeal number. Y-» Ly c that HtYy 0 £5 Babee ye 2 t ste 90 atcal number g Such ~ Ziuleo Ls Be ¥Iydl atv) iid ue el We cs shee ts geme_ aeak uber By so” Woe a ly poets wal ah 4 aA oa . es bv. ah tne cask Sal at Y= | is9 Lf sranables Quantihers °' : eee Re aio te. pa | statement < | Thee 15,00 © te / x) I> Ne sich PCH) 45. ike, y | Nero) fe, eves ™ | | eam ® tr | ptxd 35. alse for every "x [Ix POD | cyede OH) 19 ne | | | Fee 1 & Ia yf p(uy) io ue ich y gj" ae for every pair D | ead |Xty YX Pls) | | | | "Shere (5 For Oot” oH eGo et ey | sthare ts a9 % Suh & | | poy fr uhh PD © | peayy is false fe ¢ [ts tue | | Nice 1s 00-8 he wth | Far every ®’ thee 1,| Yo fer which pay 5 | 9 [se v9) Dia) is he bro’ | false 8)/ Tn Jy ply) | There as a pre Gos) fe Py 1s Fale cohich pGny) 15 ‘Wwe for every pair (uy) J} Kale at Silence 4 Gey Te prepostions “RiP, Pa... Pa and. al Pieposilion Che - Compound Statement (‘prepaits) | [Parry a 3 ao Ae ss 9 In “ths kgurent be te Std +o Premtse 5° amet consti (Pane, eo. ap] hn arg ce 8) %aie 15 Pole = so me Tey, my POO Ry mtd. Adloe my every ep Go) S plu? Wig a go such Ah) § fae Lv ery) yom tree oq hich Nea) in False, por Guy’) ‘> an Aiieaenesee also Pa Meerahaiory See Beet) me 181 ssPat ‘are cthe argument and athe aggiment angueent eyence of propashons ts called — premiss the Conclusion . An argument. Matect of all ths possible ¢ t& fo a propesihonal eg fs 0 but the Gist proposition Goal prepasition called Af the dath values axe. jalted stuie . © sthalns are premises 2 Ler a Consistency 2! of a Se : “the premtses Papas « Pn < of an, ayument ae ‘agtd Ho be i iconsiovental ty. eee Conjunction penpdntacicanN ts Me en “every possible eituakions - “the premtses. pers ale an~ 1 are said te be consistent th there nchon RAB AR PyAe nA Pa Pla for tDeast es ap als poe cilyakons. the, meuinr of premises P, Copa) Premises seMECISS | eFy) Tat he conasberey o : psn pet +/F a uy ebrat sot Fie e x “The given consistency - Ore of the possible Wine | premises (pva) ard vp 1 [eon ord | F of ‘premises’ 15. Consison} situako? true . 15 Modus ollens | Alypethetica | Syllagionn ia ‘Tautoleg y Gaur mpey LPNS) SP. simplftahon one | | | | Cs. F | a | [> AQ) ]-scomd | Conjuchon ule a Resolubon aule. Sect (Ceray aor vas Gra) : i ie ha ee” 4, zs of the fs Bloke cahich owle of tnforence” to the bass 14 ee 3 e —~— - Glloateg. GMT Lie , th ts either S ) “Ss % beelous Greeny rw he rep = bela ‘Meenng e Saingg" MO + lak F ie propasthon “ate bela Feng x 0 ry] ae os © 16 Saining OO - i pep, Hs S* gyopliFicaboo onle «opps agp ates | mw 5 “ ents are walted sho faring. Onl 8) Tat wether the fil a aoe sh * > & Sho aa Td Se Iams Bt Tischio ee 7 i tea <¢ ‘ cenbary ‘ sachin’ ils lat gh la Phe Pest? face yey eee preroton taxnio oP * Geren Ps dhe gre aquirent con be eymag) 7% | By yy Aiiidlis Renard, one: “te aoc is. vabd | a W) P st 9 ek be dive: | 2 aa HK 4 dive Yo tansk, “ber $ wit avive tired | P $.om of red | 5 dod ts dive & ll ‘Ye she prepostion “At 4 dive to work” tek °q° be the pregastan "4 wall omne tred Et oop’ She prepesition "4 do nit to dive FF let “on” be “the preposition © § arn rot tied’ Gren argurest Con be iwatla as