Moolel- G.P -£ Joy Define doutology. ST {CPVY)a (P3%) A anh fo om doutology oy comdructing the druth olole tion whith ta due for favs (A) Compounel propos itp Comm ponents all pos sfble druth Voluer of { AN Gir te Calleot a Tautology. = oe : evan (ra) BR Gee ONG ee “y+ (Prong) ACV) Cr oO ° ° ° 1 \ 1 e ‘ ° 0 l o \ \ i 3 ; 0 1 0 \ ) oO O - ; 0 \ \ \ ) ) \ ; ‘ \ @ @ \ 0 ; 4 Bs . VelOn ; 1 ; : ‘ \ 0 \ ’ ° 0 O 6 as {covgy ACPA 79 J oSne tee to utology, Page Ne. |(CO Gey ond uso Odd irleqex® mm and wn show that (e) man gx Even thy mn 2a odd > Ge owt Oe ode wntegers wm oar 4 there Sat BE tnteqex a andb Shee Oe then m+ns datit+ aot | m= 30+ n= abat = +abad = afa+b+ i) = ac Whe ve CeOF PEG hich av integer aeamtn f& an Even tnteger (Gn Since tn ood 7 Cre odd tntegess theve ane Cxla t in Feqea a and b Such Wok m2 aati hen rain = Canara) n2ab41 Geb jee min = 2 (2ab+b +0) +4 min =ac4+) thes C= 2ob+ pxa '& integer e these fore an odd tnteqer Page Alo. aCor) Sa Defye CO Open. Steterainy | Uy Quantif ier © Open Staten ent Reclowectwe 9102)" open statement zp containg cee tal ove Vevcable and fb A not 0 statement ene Cor ™m eect Clb me nO statement when 4+he Varlable fm et Gor) & neplacect bey Certain allaole Varubbles ES re Sek Of allocable Chetce we the Universe Cor) Universe of cltaforce -fer he open Statement, > The Open Statements oe clenoted by Por), q,Cx,4)5 Oe Year: ) Quant frer & “> Quantifiers Ge Words, Expresnions , Cor) phard teat tndicate the mumbet op Clements nei Statement Prtuine to Gh methamebical logic there Pee Wo aot.) there Lxuats and for all > The Grrtenkical Quantifrers contint Of “Poy Some %” and ioe cenote: 0G wb Gatpes ( tox otleari ore x Cor) thyw wot onx) > The Univerrat guont’fivers Condcats of “for and 4e denote tt by "toc! Cp a or aN x @ fr lah * @ foo every 20) ; oe oeab \alyde the fo lle votre, asgument Im foren and them Esdabrah tho Vobrctsd oa eo) oe hee te SURV eont ana d work ~ hanck thon he vail get a maise = avatae, then fe vot Il pee a Con > ce he 9et® Con: yas vot punchaxed o > ae Trerefore ie dd so Supervtoor porthion on) he did nol wore hand ot Supowtror peat ton Eee a+ he Wik = hoe wy We wal ge @ vale Ss. he cot] bey a cor Cpav) = * yas ies me, t See nearon> . @nw) > 7 prerntBes a- oe prerlPA” 2, Cen Es step © «@ \ow of SyMloqinny uy ne Preto? * s wn (env si~® 40 nodes of foltens Cn 12), PLOY sipG + jute of clernor gary, Peg nto, 3wb se Vy [xy>3 x7) Saat 1 2 pee Fosse oo ie Au een ec a ae) Bene UI ax By [eaxtyes) ” cx-a4e 93) Apo tco Ee meee ke ae oe on rue, ©) dxdy (cax-429) % cae suy-a)3 32-424 as tuy 23 og oe, Faloe.Gee- 7 Ba. Ce & B44 ana bapa a 4g so 64 ae a How Be Oy: feoctioas are Seve foom Bene} Hovo Herd __mnany of Bere ave _one- fo aCe Hows 2D mee recy ko ae) C9 Hov enue, functions are Bere Foo B to Bae Hove mang +f there ave onto How pesor aye Oe ae ~0ne> Sol” < Here ET ins Ze NC Osha MeO. (hex fore Cire Numbe, of fern ct fooa possehle foom 4 hg % np”: On a6 1996 GOR el ecu hee of Functim posseble from Boe 3) Chita ec 4.096 Page, No BAGri) The number of One-le-one functioms pors?hle for Ab BS OUI Gl @-m) J a of = B60 GUM kere 8. <4, One-fo-one funchion fom BA ©) there & no onto function fam Ab B Vi) tee Number %F onto furnth fora Foor BlA & plé 4) = Zen" (4c, es C4- Fé 6 6 6 SA =a X 34+ 6X2 —-4 = 1660 = 1560Ceb- IT eee fav eh as} x Vie 2 4 3] Sets Ron Aa 2 ope ©) oat 7 > ot Y G)_veotty thet Rk a an Equi valenle Relate on A - GY Detemofne the Equivtence Classen BE te -s).ee bol? :- ge Se fay) GC AXA) ee pave at q cS ny) Bo Garey) 2 CX 9.) C Aah eae OW) R C75 f) => ae N= ety = Wat yy = aty, => (%e Ja) Ray) ee ates Symomeby se sLastly bake P (%, 4) Cx 4) ana On ta) then lx, 1%) Cxy¥,) Cee... Cx a) Me VX eye Mary, => Ace Os anne iean => (x54) Rp Be) Res Tran serve re Ze, Equivatence Relatiby op Ax fh GA) } (4, 97 =p Cay) EAxa/xtys 143 B62) (22) ae [(@4J =] (ny Een / xy _ 2449 Ped? Aye C42) C23) Gey Gytte! : ty LO OY es Ue — bp? ee Dee perc) Simple graph (#) Complete graph (Fn) iar graph Cw Spann mg $ub gph ) Tnduc1et Subgraph W) Completnent ay & graph Or) Baler Crcutt, Ce One example cack, be pss G) Ctenple grorh Penh G raph hat oloce ae haye more than O7€ calge Between ay 4W0 Vest Pee ank no edge Chere t & ends at the Same Verle x. C:) Complete graph: A Simple Ondivecteen gpaph whch every Por of hPsttrt vostecee Conneled bg @ LaRue EdgeGi) Sub gph: A graph whose Vertices and edgee ave Subsete oh Anolhey graph. wy) Mpanning tub graph : A graph Conlanse alt tke vel®cer from the pores geoph & Acct nef Conlar ol oh the Cages. DU TgACR Eat oh = 4 graph famed fa a Subnet The Vertécee 4 he gre ph ant all of the edger Connecting pairs of West fcen ™ that Cubset Oi) Comple mest of a graph: - A Graph Gos the teens tet of Vestecep ak of a Such thot There nF Ll be 29 €dge Bebrseen two VertPcee (UE) mh G and only Ginere 1c) anolemeciraamrs Between CVE) fo a.@i) ley Circurk: “A Cour thee set eV elgex Cee aah exactly Once, Examples ee lpia | eral) : > Compl ele Graph ae ee Sub gra. ph 1 ie © a . a a @ aSpanning Sub graok oC Coe ae en eG rN Ae Laducea eee PP oy Euler’ Crug.Ee alb=sa dlfter 6 : Dako = eee Oy oe ey C® Ly) Chin (L ip) (1,38) (22 24) @®) CX }ay ee “le) 3p (23 03. 6) Ce yc 4) i) ne) Ga Ge 120618) (Glaa) CVD Biss Ben (122) (125s) Cree C36) Cea Cap) x C25) C3 1a)2 " = \! a i) =< Ssetn Sp >0) -'o) $ Yp (>: y ~ =) D> Gh a) =e foe ae Oe) LEA 1 eae eee qad = ft '() = 2 C22 S30) f'¢)-0 (<0) Bue Ci) oes eae) 4 "(37-4 => faj= 3 BUA Ges |-34=3 See ee as hae * } qee (Es cy) = x ay = CB) Sie oS faayeg ne ee (ase) 4545 < eee EE ze / 0) See 1%, SaaS 1S -4/o, ae ee SAS Osage Ihe Inlesvate [1% ana totad slesino4¢ Ddebroe Cyraph Peomer phttm . Determine whelber the folto wig spapha are Ps0mo rph fe @) not. a uw v e =e a Y a Wolpe: An 29 Ts0 maxph?sm g grep Gaon HH n fa Biyedive Blo. The vestex ote of @ and tt. a & v + b Ps a Oo x a Vesti ces vied Ia) 29 Edgex (EiJ= 6 [&2) = 6 loFo gaphs axe haw 4 arn ‘ no x vert ficen Some number of o edgee and Ay Equal nO of vertrog fh a given dlegree, 2Co- eff rctent of correcta en Sra Ty? - 00-4 Aa sy eee aye \z ee Gait (Gey a) om ee 4 cag ae eae) ace eal pee ee oi) oe uy iS \ al -3 \ 2) 64 ee. EG » 6A 36 3 \o =n 4 \00 ad ee ho -3 \e \ad ox aay “6 as ya 36 Cac “4 36 neal Ae Oy ae Aa ra ps aan, -3 6X 456 64 Gees aa @) nas 6 Docs | eet a ere Aa4ee) B45 _ coheg BS => oe 28,5019 may Gus sue oCq) > a C0 en 2S BY a> Tye 5414 cope ae - Bay oe The Tho 2a ae ed => 4 => 0.4666 Co-op retire nt of Corre clakton See ae ems orate xa, SBIIAA SBT v2 0,%S006 loner of seqatze 7 4 on x rep ia oe ¥ a Aq oO. s002 + 14S erty © 5) (x-E) = 6 oa OASOOA B-SBNF ( = => = Joe =\ a Re ei ae Q, S814 ape Dee Deo OO lia WA f= 0.18004 ~ GA,Sb eR ears l 5 earl Squone geomelsic a : he fellows Pee ve Ys ar ha \ ero ee ee ey ra nae Conntdey year” toy 4 : logo a vlog. Rete 05.4 Ae log, o> x: \ 04 Ys Axo The avociaked normal equation ane EY = ot dEX exile Dex+v e%* Cee ot 9 Ko loge Ue 09,4 *2 xy oe ° - 0.693) 0 © Segoe 0.693) 0, 643) ougoa 0 tO 3 poe; 1, 0986 1.S0AN 1.206% \,6sa4 Aes ak \,3863 9,099 Lage atat ican \hS) 16094 4 5ast 9,408 A.06AT Tae ka ZN 6102 exe 6.103 SHYe%0 84.She nora Bauation, become sh +A qeaab = 6.1089 pasaanrt 6.1443 b = % 0804. \we gt be 19998 2B ane - 0.6984 Bu A: | ons ne ee soe 0.500) AOS The Gove of ft» Ye ae? Thuy yoo. Soe pac * are ot le in ae et ee dor Ae doltow ing to to x So Ao \oo 120 y 19 \s ay as fa @ . ee 2 dee n A oes th 2 aL; AS 2 18 ea Aeq ued on® for the Sdhaigh tne of “The normal get Ye oX+ b one Spe oes +nb ae azr+ b2% (ee) The aolevent Jodie ts % pollen a x 4 Yex-35 \ey-18 xy x aas ee -35 -6 x0 : eo s as 40 \s sae 2 = aas wo NS) 3 oe lao 8S 3s a QAS \aas =x20 Se ei aeee = 2900 ao +45! be o.as © a2 0.19 a, 2400 + 50-542 ysar* b Y-18= ols (x-gs) + DAS Us olge +2.) aeCer) ane poreentaes of manks fn Cal ean follows) of nine Students ne mon ven CxX) Ome gtatalia Cy? Cabculoze rhe rrank of Correahon Co ppeent pe so uk Ge os Gt Gy A oe ee oo as) Aan SoG eg : meghn ess mans rane C4) dhe ce 38 i - : So 2 ce e 3 a , 40 e A = Esl . a ve 2 AA e : Se 4 a : - es 2 _ : a 6 sé 2 : ‘ : = a 36 Ed's Vo Berane onc Ci) ne} 2s 40s") je on => 0asFie a Second: cleqaee Pponabolo Yeax™t bx+ C Gb for dhe data And hence @adenade Yad XKo6 x 1 a ei 4 s ee ee ye? = nee oe Se a le Vee The nownat equatt ors fov felting U= Ar + BX4C ne pets BEX anc Sx\\ = N= 4+ BEX 4 CEX yw ey Pe EY eae Gee (nes @ peg ers, ed a \ 10 -a = g 416 A -B \ ay \ 2 12 -\ mee = es ! oO a eo -) oe : ‘ 2 : : i ye ic \ a ot “ js 8 we S 6 Q S \o a eh a a ‘ ears Ye \0 0 af, peg et \oA+ s¢ 20 log = aa 34) +10CH4 From (ity se obletn B29. B ssoe EF -osiag 2 ous O> —o,sie cs ty = 32:8 : XH = G7, 606 Yoe gs. 646 Caen ryeqreniion Ieee enc x20, siry + 3a.Sa 2 peqesrtOn Uno % 4 Om YF 4 “The Co-epgidend of core dahon ee ee ; ays & \lcocppreans efx) % Ceokffictn q4) 2 Osler 4 33,73 >@ yo V Coste) ¥ Cost) ee Ors 134) pe O.5 139)Pind ee Kt ant 3kt lows+4 4K = (ora aad =O Veal Onl ae ees 0.31 a es ORR fit Condi ton foals ence K+! , Therefore we Corsrtcen = 0.141 pea ce DEP jable, nO) t ee ae Pe) Oo onat OA 0.363 0-01K6 0.089% 0,8334, pitee) = eGo oD) 2 \- (eGe=o) + ptxaa) | olsen [o.0aaa + 0,20341 = ons P(e 26) = Px) + Pred) 0,02%% + 0aa3k O.as BEeal i -™ mn Sy eee Seenne eae 3-1 mc! ae aan es ame” ae Gea wit once Clee a BA aD) " -™ me. e™ = ce ry man =I 2The monks ala Urp — bekuween > mean 4240 follow & normal dv Standand devi'ahon -£ wits SF Cad toe stern 02 be G) less than és bs ard *S5- Joon Studew ’n On examinoton atyibubten UMW A mean AO ada Rind TH rursber of student ep wh&e manta wil! a Wy more thon as Standand Cleviakion T= > ee ee ne. ie Ss Q@ plxeed aig pee 795d Put X26 nS Pe see el _ RDOKO 2 hee eis s el eC2e-1) ecz7U) ea oe ou) 2 0.5- 0.BAIS PO See 0.413 = OAS8F Ou S89 agar ples x as) £265 xeas Bea 4 Bae ag 2 Dn 1000 sducewts ar(os 241) = 06,6826 X l000 eet A O86 = 0, 6b AG ——Nasdance Vs & s 3, Zz POA a (ht) Cow xD - = [zon ax hru- aro 2 — Ba fe pO et 2 p(x) 1 2 a ee Ss é GS) GLE Ax. 1gan Ihe ee that o Pen §=menu tout Se Dy. Supe will be defective "R No» a ee Kuch peak O7%e manu -acturect — find ~tke pobabh by thot Cr enattly tro yPll be defective Dr leat im poh) beX elect Ae CO) nore poll be dhe fective Welt Given De R= Vio eee Oe nee Vo Esnomiend Dir bab Ry Pox) = IG pe qt ae Vio) Vie) 18-2 @) erably two Pll be Ne fect tre Gas) ce 8 Oe/ aa 66 See 0.34664 5] Oo 220) €) gAHeast 2 Where 22) 9152) alle PEgi Aer) is b Plazo) £ a =e a Yoo} +. 2¢ Dp « Yo)" | [ee [i v 1x 0.a8dagp fade x O- aise J = O% 34 jogGri) Non e pe tea) ia ( Yo)” (%) 12-9 al Ca = 0.2 824 Sane eet sl a ag fee a Bi poate fom a Corr Pofabfon % 0.00) , elem —ipe the «chance trot out of 02600 Macys daale mae Ilhan HO voP lf Goa a bad Bece tim vel”: the pre babslity Aen Rr ig Function % Mean, ARLE — % ea aCe) Pa) m* nea ntm= Np m= 800 & 0.00] = & pla) = ee Qe al = PCSa) 2 I= IG Eg) = [- [ reazo t A2=1) #x=2) J fn = a on eyes a —/ olMocule-o S de. X and ¥ are Independent oo) Rando Vaysablee . X talerp value 8B 5S) ava 7 Lo ly px ba bo leg. Yo, Yo, anh ba Y fake Values 3 4 ana S wilh the poobalcb by Vs Vz, ak bp, Gy Bx ol tke fort probably. Arts btoy GX xo @ Shera Bat to Consvance S i an je a” Qual TO Ze (bol? @ x a fay y V2 ie es as em a 4 IN) Ve M 4 cite eo i eRe Independent Varta ble fa, IG) c ay,domt pobubslely table yy ‘ 3 4 oe LOW a V6 Yo Yo Ve S pee Va ot Vo A a pa Vise VAS V4 aw & \3 ¥3 O Ew) = fox = Ex: P (ar) = «bd x @ Lb) Hs 4) +G*4) ~ = a = Sy geyy GCA) t Gj ee stElyy) = Sar 1," Ti = (ax3x Ve) pe Canae EDT Yo) (Sx ay Yu) + (4x4) [& + (Sx e< of | + (wax b+ lane i at (Pox = U6 OK 4) 2 PCY ) ~ ke kay Seo a: Fla] ped Ab A com war toseet Aoo Limes & hreaey turned UP 216 timex, Teet fe hypalticr?s that the © % Unbeecr al GY. lead & Sign: firco ne ISolr¢- R=N6 N= 400 BXp= My Belo ke ee =k eee cana a eer «- [he Goh ¢ nbeged at SA level % Spnifieance, Experrmenls om pea breeding. ah follows’ ry ie G tepuencke q Sede were obtasned Bound — Wwankleag age eNpT io Yellow yellow mee, see Tetas WIS fo7 log 29 SSG Ineo predtcte that “Ihe frequencies should be ™ poop attone Ft 28392; Pxamine [had Correepondence B/w lheay & Expeoimert:2556 ah ales o.oh en Dre — Os Sy 10) log 2a C21 eas eq aae ec S(O = ey Seep ay Ep \ 2) \ \ - a (BS ASlo.96) (ot ~log.a yy" cise IS B0.95.) Bieta a BIA. 96 (ofa ee + _(38-34.95)? a 34.96 ee ‘cee axes) O's goo. \lOa. Expham the lesme @ nul Hypo Inease A nt feaoce — Jovel (Fre Type IT and Type iD foirs. EDT Pupolvete #15. typ Ieasy forvototecs for the — puxpose Fhe Refecthiny Undley the Agsumpl too trot ee Bue. Faroe. () SHOP fiance jee The propabsirty level Belous rls leade lo the eget On of the Hypo live % e Knows ae Sign? Pante lov. Frre Propabsltty me Conse liovatyy fred at 90% @ 0.0! feel %& SY py. These are called Sintf Peon ce level Gri “Tope oe Type a ee A- Type TL Exvor ocre A an Tnvestegactos Refecte ao nutt hypolheere that & actualy tre & The 0 pulotion,Type Ll Error occare —f The inves hiya lor fafle to reyet a null hypolb ext Tait e5 ackia ty folre The popubldn. Aece ping le hypolhesoe fens Hope ther &¢ 4 % iene e Comet checter,, wr dec cern, (sas Chupe pr ere) ° WF herds Hypollzeste J Aecitinn Coretl oreo elie Ctype IT ere) on leb fn 4s =m ple Of 100 bluateste p¢ taken Lom P large popwiction. The meen hers x he Stuaente fh the ample %% 60 Crp. (on FE be Fegarcl ech that fm “Ke Population We Main helt 82 l6ecm G\tne cloaten awiotfon Fe 10 tm at © y, 5 level % 1S Fyn tra —H CC, ) Reakona bl Selns- A Sacople of tgp eee Deen 24Sarop le Nycae heryht %=> [60cm Poputeton Mean etyd py — 16 5 Cn S) pe 10 cm va Sian 2 °° meu Za eI Teale US Oa LOS em os /0 =-S At on Opi frrcance level the ta butatecs Value fo» Zs 1:96 SESE har sc Fejet “the hypolpeet, ee et Mine Pleme oF Oo Sample have tre fo laws ing Valuee a 45,44 50. sa a Pe AA an 71 D0G# “The Nie x Thee d¢ fe ea Sgotreanty from The Béoum Mean ci 47. 5 2 (Clea, == 2.37 fa & egse e °F freedom),Solr +. Given Pete AP 60. So aos 2) ey BD 47, s3, Es lat A Fass aa) ee [as iE g ET To Ba | 45+ 434 90 $8t er arn ansly, 5 eee PaTe a 5 = GAS ees 47 fh Ae a ie Gay] @ ie 4 tae ey BTN) + C42 9.11) % ($0-4.9.4) ays ad a cele acura Cae 49) c 2 FAD -49- 1)" C53 dep) 49.1124, (S1-49:0), aeoe 6-£2l 46450) OFA & 35201 4 (22a 4. 450) 0-612 4-152 j29) + 3.45 5972/7 6% 6. 86 IIaS ee wn Sav 686i 1AG — - 6/99 —— tl ee) 2 44. Ss ees Kw > ora Eugen = le ® 46, < 2.3) Ihe Hypolmesse & atcepter oT levet of BOS 9FPCAD Ce.