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The document discusses various methods and rules related to ordinary differential equations, including linear differential equations with constant coefficients and Laplace transforms. It outlines techniques for solving these equations and properties of Laplace transforms, such as shifting and scaling properties. Additionally, it touches on harmonic functions and complex variables in the context of differential equations.
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HL (BAS: 2037) oO
Onur (ordinary differontial Guation of
Linens. difhesenitial 6, Wlith Constemkm Coefficients
er owls)
Om re emis aly = ae
oo +h ee oO
if Wetete Soy, oe -. gaa, Then @ eames
(Qo D+ B74 - + on D1 AH)Y= x
For ——e
cs lute. 7 =
plete oxlune 4 oe i (ye G. cea SS ppanustan tage
0
A
Gonpmeny funchten anew
leith b cbtaines frm ens t@.
‘2 Like f @ fF
Rules f GF Auousieory Equation f @ bo FEI=O| when Dem
te Fom)= 0.
We ger an ~)
Methods 4 Pea,
Pec some
Ww cone Apbti calle @ Gonorsh tmethed
ty xe pbbicalte te all these Cares
(1) X= Siw (arse) or Costaasey Whit ib not Cover fy
(li) X20 5 meN Shoot Wethode,
CV) X= Vem) V 14 ony fncrin ta,
Shost ernest
iy x=
Pi isa ep es)
= Fae " Powdesl fr40-
4 FLA) =0, then ebove marmot dails Inte® cove
P= sc at
LF i
dF)
an Be :
=. I i ef : Agpon put Daa
a am 5 1 3
= Fl re 1 Provicleal f(a) 40
4 L'11=0, thon egaon fools we ford 4.6 As Pa.= tas eM) Provilact ("la 0, ®
ond som,
(") _X= Smlar+e) oy Coaloets)
Sin(axrb) oy Coolaxth)
Pode =
FD) 7}
Now we ©&*pres~ £0D) term of pfs we can
fer f= PLO).
= Fey Gin(aaan> or Costs) ! Replace We ~
= \ :
A = Peas Si(ax4b) or Coslaxth)d | pl-a4) do
GD Xs 207 men
oe tS em * fake Lowest degree berm iCayamen)
with Sign doen FOS) and ne
a tk prnees
CEASE aa eRe Oe
(I+ Ay'= = 1-A+A-R A - =
@ x¥e*
fit-= love
ie
oe :
£ (pra) Gas
ery Linear diff Cys Exys (ov Euler— Cavey Equati
on PIP gape Aumuee x — >
Be s for club pg meae™
om ae HE DY | Whe DAH
ASE = Da (briDY « a Pie. Dy LD-DEOdy ow Hm 4% HO @
Thon €p D becomes Linese dif eye mith amet Conf Lo Blne
Hearty, we get ye in tam af Z,
fut thio answer fn Heer qx :
ek preter, wiitr Veorie Me
Cee coefpivionl
Linens differerbid G¢ of 2°
ois pgrsg gee o [i's pus a3 Pl
dat P
Hire coefbicrent ae ae mothe 4.
(2) Metheel | sf Variation f Pasian tet -
ory p HEA Q g~K =)
We qet P= C7, qo), R= 0).
ee tO
Bolin (te We Gets
ee
Here We at YWi=O),
Myo a
oy = Wi Yah,
We get Gmptite of ace arz)
For po
Find We Wrostion = | ®
8) Scdutien YY Py +Q¥= @, reduction to Normal frome
We Gur we gives Gn Sterdend fom
—G)
ee a @
So we get P= 0), Q= 0, R=0),
les =uy ——— ©
le the setutin Prather Toulepent- s
Variale Z .
ho We choo ZX, Auch ++
(#)- Tok. Phase. terme f Q which a
“ profeet er except Negabre Sipe
a pa
ce aE = {O
Paap Hae eo pare
[Zone $=
Changecy enn § D bees
a oo
get h #1 a= |—@
p= POEs Ge
Qr= aoe
(Sé)
Rj ai
(x)* = ch bemoef 2,
Pe alt value in @ , we get hiicae diff Eo with
Conbut ceefte aol Solve it We get
Yee Ta terme gf ze Roh valut of =, es
ae sees
shox Unt=02 (Laplace “Tronsfovr) ©
Laplace transfewn _
Ulre} = \~ EP ee da, Provided Turege
en,
= +).
Remark. Some authore Use Me fetter A, iastead af b.
Thus
, LU rags \ é** Fade = fH
\olploce Tonefernn of Standard fimehians
ab.
: i.
Qa o FH Mis are Tateger, then Ley a
a
4.
S Ud ct ha
a Page
G- Lb Sih ath = 3
q
ye ud Loh ath = ah:
Properties of Laplare Wows{oom
L. fice Shupting Propeontg: -
Y L{ray= fo. then Lhe rayh= fra.
2. amt Shibbing Property:
TE LY Fwb= FOP> ard Gun = | FY? be
oa
tea.
LS Li Gab= a fo,
B. Crange of Acale prspenty: —
' UL FMb= f0>, then LfFunt=44(b
OA ae ee ae { la (&)
; TP LE FOYE Fd When LAM FOb= EDS FH. bi _Divicle by
' H LLFel= Fip, poof EEL Fra ifs soma \
8» Laplace tramfoon of Tuegration
YL Fao} = Fao.
ff roat= $40
Suited fe j \ \ Fay de ate4 e 4@
LPT eo meted pe
4+ Laplace tromfoun ef Periodic Fynetion With Period (7),
\ ie
Lf Feot= a ‘ e”* Fw de]
~ oo
8. Laplace qhant-foom of Unit Si Bien, alt {s, deking
4 t3a wee
wen={ o a : i ecaee
Then Ld utray p= eth A :
oe.
2nd chil ’
LL wea riray= EF Lf ret,
Tnvewse Laplace tampon of Atandanal fonctions »
Lott
2 Clay
Ta an
Os [eyt- | rn is ave Twegee, then ott
m
Suga em. 4° akete dinate ©
PRa? Co
s Of pat Ainhlas)
6. U4 aBeeh= Coated
Ol eye Cooh (at).
I
L Fisst SAL beng Poepey: Fish tuny- FU) , then
Of Soy~ ent FO.
, 2 ond Lub bug pr» tel
2 Setend Si fbing Property ty fipy= FO, hey
UU] etfwml) = Fanuc).
B+ Chawye { Seale. Peeporty 19 ULFey = FR), hen
Ld flapy = & FE.
4: Trvevse laplave of dudvarive: yy U4 FOMP= FE. Then
a Se
oh sop = enre Fe.
S. Diide by Pee TF LS Sah = FADS then
oj SP\- Le ECU) a.
6. Convolutinn Trearer. LY CAFiy= FO 4c smb: Guy
Then tS forge = 95 Feo Gu dx,
+ Sens fer _daniveatives TY ULYy=]. Then
OY LAYY= py—yloy
Gi) LAY y= FR-Fyly— Bo.
@® LLB" Y= PIF alo- PVO— VO.
@) LAY PIe- Py FO — Pye VO). Unit - mC Sequence and Leries)
Aeibnite Role fer Tregaotinn -
fur de = UV, - wt "Vs — a vps -
there u'= dt 4. Viz Svan
te = a
us a Vs- vad»
' )
) t a
@ Take uaa fpmchin there Sueceanve denvahve Vameher,
D [x-er dn = Take Us x
@ {2 Lin 2 das Take Urx7.
Fourter denies (Ful 10g Poe ton) eg
[for $+ ZR ae]
Qh Value {fo mL bn Oe
OD for ooo Gy fr Lore
= &
“ee af eee Ors = af id dx.
ne
Gn ty | Tey Coo) dae | Om by fe Cn PE) dr
boo {'t din (R=) dx bas £ J fo in de
Tha beth Cares frmuta fer
pansy Foe fil rmage fev Halk Range Fouriry Serits (0cxet) @]
OHauy Range Fousu'es Cosine Sese| Ghtalt, eonge Fowuier Bin Sot
fooz $1 Sorta bp) i fry = a” bu din CE)
Where a
3° Ffearsin ORE ) do
7 . fe de.
On =\to cos (MBS) de
Te both Cares fr mba for & =
OR. Cite Combaciig by Takerwna OK %22 te Yen
(ibe Brrr Lenser Bove)
level |
Some Smpertart frm Uh (eon eg a. fre
tL. SinnT= 0 Za Even fe
2. Coont= (1. =O » Fae ey
” |
fetta ne q
3. g@Cey=n (Feoae ahh Hoan, fiserishsy
bf men= media) A ON
Ss. pt (Gh ax) = A loan oo
_ xt) B( esitndee f [eSimba-bOsba)
ce i Ww due aoa ab |
(ox) 7
y ( @xSan= (un pe (reo ae =
ayLy
©. f Livan d= — Baers
: Coron dys - Sma
4 if da ong
yo. [eax = 2%, Test fer Hafinwe Gentes @
J. Psestes Tat S+e fy ts cg 4 be) ond dyf b4),
A> Compasicm Test (jy Un 4 Vn]. Ten
SVy 2 of > Sn fo oof
Sir bayf BD Sv ody
QD Limit fom tert —
ere tet oy font
bm Se 0} 4 fone faa
Sm LEV, behave abike
36D) Mlembert Rabie Teo?
°F [di Baa] me Fe
is cat Avil
DMD Ay L=). Orit (Complex veoralte “Diffeceatin) GD
® za m4riy i
+ Tmnagineng poo 4 Zz = Imle)-y
Real pant of =
2 = Relz)
@ conjugate 5 =z \zea
le — =r Aga
@ Pedar form of 2 \zzvee| ) See, [Page =|
Where Y= eae
B= tae)
\Al= | rig)
® Mathie fz 2 Z re
a
©) Fimetion sf mpl Vesicle 2.
We fle) >)
[uriw= flz
hr usu»
V=V(% 9),
@ Gmtinuily \— for fle) at 2-20 if
& freis F( 20) | fread path 2-7 Zo.
@® Modulus dq = Differentially « 12> at coz, i gion dy ©
file)- fe
ZZ
AL oxgio [Ze=6) We get
f(o)= we flz- aa
Zo Ze
At ovigin LL partial devivatives
Olu a
® ax = Pere — tore)
84 5 Yoo e
nes (ve 0)—V10,0)
Ou Hoo | >
BY. ow (V@y-Vlor)
ay Yeo |
An t chen = A funchin Wea fie) 6 said te he
Om ol Z=Zo 4 it fo
LD) Smgh valucol at t= 20
(i) cbifferenhio We at Z=Z,
Exp fieia= 8, Amz, Coe are orale Bren Where,
Oore ttrnse port rere yen not ancl ¢
shngulas. ports ©
&xb -ftr)= 2Fl
&
“F ¢ noes teas ghey Put Denonmarr of fi) = 0
(21)[2-3) =©
Jai) om php
as Necessamy Grnditin fre Wefieieuniv Ban anchy hi @
CR Grditina axe hole! gad. be
=>
7
Honmoic Junehins - A fumetion H= HO@,y) Jo Hasmoic
chien * SH SH _
i 4 uz t Oya=?
Methoo)
A dumchon flej= Uti fs am omalyhi ond
Wu ia Given thn fra ve P
(I) V Fe Gitta ther dd Us 2
*xU)
== av. BY doe 4 ae f= frus) 7
df= Maes af
= Ob
der Seedy Se = Sy 4 a oe
av = M dea N dy.
ae V= (Mdry (dy be
(Wotewns ef inn) *
Stool We om Wat: fomale fr du & frit U=( ‘Milnes thomson Method :- Y fie uy pe on oma
mMmetion and
WU gion fina Sizy= 2 \ FPL Suenos
QV is given, fra fis 2 VA te Mitne Methoy
Qi wav b gre, 1 fern? \ =
Gy) u-v is Geen 8 Fre : _ v9}
*W UB gin Thin fier: | Reet Be dein
Oe
an tunctin te Lot Cen
AbpUcation sf. Anal ft & joe pro
Comoe onctin WE ULTV fh Comptes plane CR Grbihiw Ux Ve
Complex We bay ip the Helotef flow. Segoe
potentval
VeLoes Stream fyinetion
fpotents
CR Guibibind = Yy , =e
Jn Stine Words, U4f Play te dome Role. avrel
Sirrilarly , vey a ty ih fae Bilt eas tansfomabin ac Mb biushaufomeahin : S
A Prams formaten q dhe fom te dz4b
Ce
whire a %, 6 el are Gmptre number Kuch Hat oel-be fo,
(5 Callhect bibncas transformation,
Crom fabio $= 1 four. pent 21,25, 75, 24. art thm
Th @ oveltr_, Fi, the waho
Gi 22 )eea- Fa) (Vir We) Una WH) BB
(22> 2) Ga-=1) (Wes) 4-1) 5
Callecl Crose -vattD. Thi, in also pur 2 eon
(Zi %, 73,24) = (Was Ws, 4). (nit TL (Complex Variable, Tategeation) a
Couchy's integaat Thesrene t- Statement: — If {te & am
On d inside a Closes! Grrtournc ond fly
“eer Ot each imams) a C. Then
Couchy' < ——s Lee] — Statement Tf fl2y Bon
omaly se on ond Inside a Clases! Gantoun ¢ md ‘a’
@be ony pont Imatele C., Then
flaz b ferde
an | Ga
Couey ?
= a.
Seay S a
Where aps 1 ( terdo
Omi ape BO
L— n= aa f fede
ap 2 NEN, B- —
. ew 4
Rules fe ddovioy the Peebles ( Faybra 2 Lauer’)
de Cheek the ch be Pooper Nets ( degree Dv y Uegree
Make fit It tes frechon- ( ee Pte
2. Decmmpose tha. given function th pastel {pectin
(Ruste) Take Lowgest Numbee Cammm with Sign oneal Ube
the bthomiyal expan
Ci) (xls bogs px =
(i) (Hey leeayyeayy + 20% = Sane
x”
so Ee firmula for Restawe At
|
© Finite pot 2a ® fa point =
C& Jolol racy m u _& fle 7
: =: =
Ra = AEE ke Sfeote]] providest bit
seaube
Fre mpc pele =) ok ,
ale —- (4) fies) i = —loefficiewt tt tir jim,
| a
Caycl}s Restiut Them + Statement! Y [ts is om omvely/We on
OMd meide A Closent Grtourc |xcepts ob M4, A, ead
Het each ajc Lio with C. Then
S fea = an ( Ra, + Ra,» + Rim)
= ai sR
= ani ( Cuma Residues at poles Whitt Lies With C)
P
Antegrah of the tyke (we F (.t00, Amo) AB, VoReve F (6020) Avs6) 12)
A vatinal Jumctien xf Co0,<-S6-
\Z\=1 5 z=e, a2 elido > deaizde
Zea e'© = CordsiAwo
Zas = CD26 Ahn
cise
Ada, (1D) = AMO (os0= }(z +b)
Sobhocr — (Z—E)~ alano = [és0- &l=$)
. ae
( F{ Goss) do~ f) F[ ke), Keb ae
= 5. figde
ee
hee uy ( to Rewidete f poles within C) ,
