Consider the following axioms:

1. All hounds howl at night.

2. Anyone who has any cats will not have any mice.
3. Light sleepers do not have anything which howls at night.
4. John has either a cat or a hound.
5. (Conclusion) If John is a light sleeper, then John does not have any mice.

The conclusion can be proved using Resolution as shown below. The first step is to write each axiom as a
well-formed formula in first-order predicate calculus. The clauses written for the above axioms are shown
below, using LS(x) for `light sleeper'.

1. ∀ x (HOUND(x) → HOWL(x))
2. ∀ x ∀ y (HAVE (x,y) ∧ CAT (y) → ¬ ∃ z (HAVE(x,z) ∧ MOUSE (z)))
3. ∀ x (LS(x) → ¬ ∃ y (HAVE (x,y) ∧ HOWL(y)))
4. ∃ x (HAVE (John,x) ∧ (CAT(x) ∨ HOUND(x)))
5. LS(John) → ¬ ∃ z (HAVE(John,z) ∧ MOUSE(z))

The next step is to transform each wff into Prenex Normal Form, skolemize, and rewrite as clauses in
conjunctive normal form; these transformations are shown below.

1. ∀ x (HOUND(x) → HOWL(x))

¬ HOUND(x) ∨ HOWL(x)

2. ∀ x ∀ y (HAVE (x,y) ∧ CAT (y) &rarr ¬ ∃ z (HAVE(x,z) ∧ MOUSE (z)))

∀ x ∀ y (HAVE (x,y) ∧ CAT (y) &rarr ∀ z ¬ (HAVE(x,z) ∧ MOUSE (z)))

∀ x ∀ y ∀ z (¬ (HAVE (x,y) ∧ CAT (y)) ∨ ¬ (HAVE(x,z) ∧ MOUSE (z)))

¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ CAT(y) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,z) ∨ ¬ MOUSE(z)

3. ∀ x (LS(x) &rarr ¬ ∃ y (HAVE (x,y) ∧ HOWL(y)))

∀ x (LS(x) → ∀ y ¬ (HAVE (x,y) ∧ HOWL(y)))

∀ x ∀ y (LS(x) → ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ HOWL(y))

∀ x ∀ y (¬ LS(x) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ HOWL(y))

¬ LS(x) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ HOWL(y)

4. ∃ x (HAVE (John,x) ∧ (CAT(x) ∨ HOUND(x)))

HAVE(John,a) ∧ (CAT(a) ∨ HOUND(a))

5. ¬ [LS(John) → ¬ ∃ z (HAVE(John,z) ∧ MOUSE(z))] (negated conclusion)

¬ [¬ LS (John) ∨ ¬ ∃ z (HAVE (John, z) ∧ MOUSE(z))]

 LS(John) ∧ ∃ z (HAVE(John, z) ∧ MOUSE(z)))

LS(John) ∧ HAVE(John,b) ∧ MOUSE(b)

The set of CNF clauses for this problem is thus as follows:

1. ¬ HOUND(x) ∨ HOWL(x)
2. ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ CAT(y) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,z) ∨ ¬ MOUSE(z)
3. ¬ LS(x) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ HOWL(y)
4.
1. HAVE(John,a)
2. CAT(a) ∨ HOUND(a)
5.
1. LS(John)
2. HAVE(John,b)
3. MOUSE(b)

Now we proceed to prove the conclusion by resolution using the above clauses. Each result clause is
numbered; the numbers of its parent clauses are shown to its left.

[1.,4.(b):] 6. CAT(a) ∨ HOWL(a)

[2,5.(c):] 7. ¬ HAVE(x,y) ∨ ¬ CAT(y) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,b)
[7,5.(b):] 8. ¬ HAVE(John,y) ∨ ¬ CAT(y)
[6,8:] 9. ¬ HAVE(John,a) ∨ HOWL(a)
[4.(a),9:] 10. HOWL(a)
[3,10:] 11. ¬ LS(x) ∨ ¬ HAVE(x,a)
[4.(a),11:] 12. ¬ LS(John)
[5.(a),12:] 13. □

Exercises:

1. All birds sing in the morning.

Anyone who has a parrot will have a singing pet.

People who live near noisy streets are not light sleepers.

Sarah has either a parrot or a canary.

Conclusion: If Sarah is a light sleeper, then Sarah does not have any canaries.

2. All students who study late at night drink coffee.

Anyone who drinks coffee stays awake.

Those who prefer herbal tea are not caffeine-sensitive.

 David either studies late at night or in the early morning.

Conclusion: If David drinks coffee, then David studies late at night.

3. All roses need sunlight to bloom.

Flowers that bloom at night are not roses.

People who live in apartments don't have gardens.

Maria has either roses or daisies.

Conclusion: If Maria lives in an apartment, then Maria doesn't have any roses.

4. All books on the top shelf belong to the fantasy genre.

Books in the horror genre are kept on the bottom shelf.

Those who prefer non-fiction books avoid fiction.

Alex has either fantasy or mystery books.

Conclusion: If Alex prefers non-fiction, then Alex doesn't have any mystery books.

5. All early risers exercise before breakfast.

Anyone who exercises regularly has a gym membership.

Those who work night shifts sleep during the day.

Emily either exercises in the morning or evening.

Conclusion: If Emily has a gym membership, then Emily exercises in the morning.

6. All apples in the basket are ripe.

Any apple that is green is not ripe.

People who have fruit allergies avoid apples.

Tom has either apples or bananas.

 Conclusion: If Tom has fruit allergies, then Tom doesn't have any apples.

7. All movies released by the studio are in 3D.

Films in black and white are considered classics.

Those who watch movies on their phone prefer short films.

Emma watches either 3D movies or documentaries.

Conclusion: If Emma watches documentaries, then Emma doesn't watch 3D movies.

8. All cars parked on the street are subject to towing.

Vehicles with valid permits can park overnight.

Those who take public transportation avoid parking fees.

Mark drives either a sedan or a motorcycle.

Conclusion: If Mark avoids parking fees, then Mark drives a motorcycle.

9. All desserts in the bakery case contain sugar.

Pastries that are sugar-free are labeled as such.

Those who follow a keto diet avoid carbs.

Sarah orders either cookies or brownies.

Conclusion: If Sarah follows a keto diet, then Sarah doesn't order cookies.

10. All houses with chimneys use wood for heating.

Homes with gas heating systems don't have chimneys.

Those who live in warm climates don't need central heating.

Jack's house either has a fireplace or a heat pump.

Conclusion: If Jack lives in a warm climate, then Jack doesn't have a fireplace.
11. All restaurants in the city center have outdoor seating.

Eateries with outdoor seating allow dogs.

Those who have pet allergies prefer indoor dining.

Lisa eats either at restaurants or food trucks.

Conclusion: If Lisa has pet allergies, then Lisa doesn't eat at food trucks.

12. All smartphones with fingerprint sensors have biometric security.

Devices without biometric security use PIN codes.

Those who prioritize privacy avoid cloud storage.

Max owns either an iPhone or an Android.

Conclusion: If Max uses cloud storage, then Max owns an Android.

13. All apartments with balconies have plants.

Residents without balconies use indoor planters.

Those who travel frequently prefer low-maintenance plants.

Amanda lives either in an apartment or a townhouse.

Conclusion: If Amanda travels frequently, then Amanda doesn't live in an apartment.

14. All students with laptops bring them to class.

Those without laptops take handwritten notes.

Those who prefer digital notes organize them in cloud storage.

Ben studies either computer science or biology.

Conclusion: If Ben takes handwritten notes, then Ben studies biology.

15. All stores that sell organic produce have eco-friendly packaging.

Products with eco-friendly packaging are labeled as such.

Those who prioritize sustainability avoid single-use plastics.

Rachel shops either at supermarkets or farmers' markets.

Conclusion: If Rachel avoids single-use plastics, then Rachel shops at farmers' markets.

16. All apartments with balconies have chairs for outdoor seating.

Residents without outdoor seating use foldable chairs indoors.

Those who entertain guests often prefer spacious living rooms.

James lives either in an apartment or a loft.

Conclusion: If James entertains guests often, then James doesn't live in a loft.

17. All students enrolled in the music program play an instrument.

Those without musical talent participate in the choir.

Those who excel in academics take advanced placement classes.

Lily studies either music or mathematics.

Conclusion: If Lily takes advanced placement classes, then Lily studies mathematics.

18. All employees with access to confidential documents sign non-disclosure agreements.

Those without access don't need to sign agreements.

Those who work remotely use encrypted communication channels.

Mike works either in finance or in marketing.

Conclusion: If Mike works remotely, then Mike works in finance.

19. All flights departing after midnight are considered red-eye flights.
 Those departing before midnight are considered daytime flights.

Those who travel frequently prefer non-stop flights.

Sarah's flight is either a red-eye or a daytime flight.

Conclusion: If Sarah prefers non-stop flights, then Sarah's flight is a daytime flight.

20. All restaurants serving spicy food provide complimentary water.

Those without complimentary water charge for bottled water.

Those who prefer mild flavors avoid spicy cuisine.

Chris dines either at Indian restaurants or Thai eateries.

Conclusion: If Chris prefers mild flavors, then Chris dines at Thai eateries.

21. All online orders with expedited shipping arrive within two business days.

Those without expedited shipping may take longer to arrive.

Those who shop in-person prefer to inspect items before purchasing.

Kate orders either clothes or electronics online.

Conclusion: If Kate shops in-person, then Kate doesn't inspect electronics before purchasing.

22. All library books with overdue fines have a grace period.

Those without overdue fines can be renewed indefinitely.

Those who borrow e-books don't have to worry about late fees.

Tom borrows either physical books or e-books.

Conclusion: If Tom doesn't worry about late fees, then Tom borrows e-books.

23. All movies with subtitles cater to international audiences.

Films without subtitles are dubbed in the local language.

 Those who prefer original language tracks avoid dubbed movies.

Alex watches either foreign films or mainstream blockbusters.

Conclusion: If Alex avoids dubbed movies, then Alex watches foreign films.

24. All restaurants with outdoor seating allow smoking.

Those without outdoor seating have designated smoking areas.

Those who dislike smoke prefer indoor dining.

Sarah eats either at cafes or bistros.

Conclusion: If Sarah dislikes smoke, then Sarah eats at bistros.

25. All cafes with free Wi-Fi attract remote workers.

Those without free Wi-Fi charge for internet access.

Those who need a quiet environment avoid crowded spaces.

Emily works either in tech or in creative industries.

Conclusion: If Emily needs a quiet environment, then Emily works in

1. Unify (if possible) the following pairs of predicates and give the resulting substitutions. b is a constant.

a. P(x, f(x), z)
¬ P(g(y),f(g(b)),y)
b. P(x, f(x))
¬ P(f(y), y)
c. P(x, f(z))
¬ P(f(y), y)

2. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every child loves Santa.

2. Everyone who loves Santa loves any reindeer.
3. Rudolph is a reindeer, and Rudolph has a red nose.
4. Anything which has a red nose is weird or is a clown.
5. No reindeer is a clown.
6. Scrooge does not love anything which is weird.
7. (Conclusion) Scrooge is not a child.
Represent these axioms in predicate calculus; skolemize as necessary and convert each formula to clause
form. (Note: `has a red nose' can be a single predicate. Remember to negate the conclusion.) Prove the
unsatisfiability of the set of clauses by resolution.

3. Consider the following axioms:

1. Anyone who buys carrots by the bushel owns either a rabbit or a grocery store.
2. Every dog chases some rabbit.
3. Mary buys carrots by the bushel.
4. Anyone who owns a rabbit hates anything that chases any rabbit.
5. John owns a dog.
6. Someone who hates something owned by another person will not date that person.
7. (Conclusion) If Mary does not own a grocery store, she will not date John.

Represent these clauses in predicate calculus, using only those predicates which are necessary. For example,
you need not represent `person', and phrases such as `who buys carrots by the bushel' may be represented by a
single predicate. Negate the conclusion and convert to clause form, skolemizing as necessary. Prove the
unsatisfiability of the resulting set of clauses by resolution.

4. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every Austinite who is not conservative loves some armadillo.

2. Anyone who wears maroon-and-white shirts is an Aggie.
3. Every Aggie loves every dog.
4. Nobody who loves every dog loves any armadillo.
5. Clem is an Austinite, and Clem wears maroon-and-white shirts.
6. (Conclusion) Is there a conservative Austinite?

5. Consider the following axioms:

1. Anyone whom Mary loves is a football star.

2. Any student who does not pass does not play.
3. John is a student.
4. Any student who does not study does not pass.
5. Anyone who does not play is not a football star.
6. (Conclusion) If John does not study, then Mary does not love John.

6. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every coyote chases some roadrunner.

2. Every roadrunner who says ``beep-beep'' is smart.
3. No coyote catches any smart roadrunner.
4. Any coyote who chases some roadrunner but does not catch it is frustrated.
5. (Conclusion) If all roadrunners say ``beep-beep'', then all coyotes are frustrated.

7. Consider the following axioms:

1. Anyone who rides any Harley is a rough character.

2. Every biker rides [something that is] either a Harley or a BMW.
3. Anyone who rides any BMW is a yuppie.
4. Every yuppie is a lawyer.
5. Any nice girl does not date anyone who is a rough character.
 6. Mary is a nice girl, and John is a biker.
7. (Conclusion) If John is not a lawyer, then Mary does not date John.

8. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every child loves anyone who gives the child any present.
2. Every child will be given some present by Santa if Santa can travel on Christmas eve.
3. It is foggy on Christmas eve.
4. Anytime it is foggy, anyone can travel if he has some source of light.
5. Any reindeer with a red nose is a source of light.
6. (Conclusion) If Santa has some reindeer with a red nose, then every child loves Santa.

9. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every investor bought [something that is] stocks or bonds.

2. If the Dow-Jones Average crashes, then all stocks that are not gold stocks fall.
3. If the T-Bill interest rate rises, then all bonds fall.
4. Every investor who bought something that falls is not happy.
5. (Conclusion) If the Dow-Jones Average crashes and the T-Bill interest rate rises, then any investor
who is happy bought some gold stock.

10. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every child loves every candy.

2. Anyone who loves some candy is not a nutrition fanatic.
3. Anyone who eats any pumpkin is a nutrition fanatic.
4. Anyone who buys any pumpkin either carves it or eats it.
5. John buys a pumpkin.
6. Lifesavers is a candy.
7. (Conclusion) If John is a child, then John carves some pumpkin.

11. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every tree that is an oak contains some grackle.

2. If anyone walks under any tree that contains any grackle, then he hates every grackle.
3. For every building, there is some tree that is beside it.
4. Taylor Hall is a building.
5. Every CS student visits Taylor Hall.
6. If anyone visits any building, then he walks under every tree that is beside that building.
7. (Conclusion) If some CS student does not hate some grackle, then there is some tree beside Taylor
Hall that is not an oak.

12. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every child sees some witch.

2. No witch has both a black cat and a pointed hat.
3. Every witch is good or bad.
4. Every child who sees any good witch gets candy.
5. Every witch that is bad has a black cat.
6. (Conclusion) If every witch that is seen by any child has a pointed hat, then every child gets candy.

13. Consider the following axioms:

 1. Every boy or girl is a child.
2. Every child gets a doll or a train or a lump of coal.
3. No boy gets any doll.
4. No child who is good gets any lump of coal.
5. (Conclusion) If no child gets a train, then no boy is good.

14. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every child who finds some [thing that is an] egg or chocolate bunny is happy.
2. Every child who is helped finds some egg.
3. Every child who is not young or who tries hard finds some chocolate bunny.
4. (Conclusion) If every young child tries hard or is helped, then every child is happy.

15. Consider the following axioms:

1. Anything that is played by any student is tennis, soccer, or chess.

2. Anything that is chess is not vigorous.
3. Anyone who is healthy plays something that is vigorous.
4. Anyone who plays any chess does not play any soccer.
5. (Conclusion) If every student is healthy, then every student who plays any chess plays some tennis.

16. Consider the following axioms:

1. Every student who makes good grades is brilliant or studies.

2. Every student who is a CS major has some roommate. [Make ``roommate'' a two-place predicate.]
3. Every student who has any roommate who likes to party goes to Sixth Street.
4. Anyone who goes to Sixth Street does not study.
5. (Conclusion) If every roommate of every CS major likes to party, then every student who is a CS
major and makes good grades is brilliant.

17. Consider the following axioms:

1. Everyone who aces any final exam studies or is brilliant or is lucky.

2. Everyone who makes an A aces some final exam.
3. No CS major is lucky.
4. Anyone who drinks beer does not study.
5. (Conclusion) If every CS major makes an A, then every CS major who drinks beer is brilliant.

18. Consider the following axioms:

1. Anyone who loves any lottery is a gambler.

2. Everyone who favors the lottery proposition loves some lottery.
3. Everyone favors the lottery proposition or opposes the lottery proposition.
4. If every Baptist votes and opposes the lottery proposition, then the lottery proposition does not win.
5. Every Baptist who is faithful is not a gambler.
6. (Conclusion) If every Baptist votes and the lottery proposition wins, then some Baptist is not faithful.

19. Consider the following axioms. Hint: the predicates WHITE, SNOWY, HAPPY, and GETS should each
have a ``time'' argument.

1. Anyone who owns any sled is happy when it is snowy.

2. When it is white, it is snowy.
 3. If Santa is happy at Christmas, then every child who is good gets some toy at Christmas.
4. Any child who gets a toy at any time is happy at that time.
5. Santa owns a sled.
6. (Conclusion) If it is white at Christmas and every child who is not good owns some sled, then every
child is happy at Christmas.

20. Consider the following axioms.

1. Anyone who is on Sixth Street and is not a police officer has some costume.
2. No CS student is a police officer.
3. Every costume that is good is a robot costume.
4. For anyone, if they are on Sixth Street and are happy, then every costume they have is good or they
are drunk.
5. (Conclusion) If no CS student is drunk and every CS student on Sixth Street is happy, then every CS
student on Sixth Street has some costume that is a robot costume.

21. Consider the following axioms.

1. For every mall, there is some Santa who is at the mall.

2. Every child who visits anywhere talks with every Santa who is at the place visited. [Don't make a
predicate for ``the place visited''; it should just be a variable.]
3. Every child who is a city child visits some mall.
4. Every child who is good or who talks with some Santa gets some toy.
5. (Conclusion) If every child who is not a city child is good, then every child gets some toy.

22. Consider the following axioms.

1. Everyone who feels warm either is drunk, or every costume they have is warm.
2. Every costume that is warm is furry.
3. Every AI student is a CS student.
4. Every AI student has some robot costume.
5. No robot costume is furry.
6. (Conclusion) If every CS student feels warm, then every AI student is drunk.

23. Consider the following axioms.

1. Every bird sleeps in some tree.

2. Every loon is a bird, and every loon is aquatic.
3. Every tree in which any aquatic bird sleeps is beside some lake.
4. Anything that sleeps in anything that is beside any lake eats fish.
5. (Conclusion) Every loon eats fish.

24. Consider the following axioms.

1. Everyone is like him/her self.

2. If someone is a member of a club, then they want to be a member and the club will accept them.
3. Groucho does not want to be a member of any club that will accept anyone like him.
4. (Conclusion) Groucho is not a member of any club.

25.``Schubert's Steamroller'', for the ambitious. (See C. Walther, AAAI-84, p. 330.)

Wolves, foxes, birds, caterpillars, and snails are animals, and there are some of each of them. Also there are
some grains, and grains are plants. Every animal either likes to eat all plants or all animals much smaller than
itself that like to eat some plants. Caterpillars and snails are much smaller than birds, which are much smaller
than foxes, which in turn are much smaller than wolves. Wolves do not like to eat foxes or grains, while birds
like to eat caterpillars but not snails. Caterpillars and snails like to eat some plants. Therefore there is an
animal that likes to eat a grain-eating animal.

---

1. In a company, there are managers, supervisors, clerks, and interns. Every manager oversees some
supervisors, every supervisor oversees some clerks, and every clerk oversees some interns. Additionally,
every manager has a personal assistant. No intern has a personal assistant. Therefore, there is a person in the
company who is not an intern and doesn't have a personal assistant.

2. In a school, there are teachers, teaching assistants, students, and volunteers. Every teacher supervises some
teaching assistants, every teaching assistant supervises some students, and every student is supervised by
some volunteers. Additionally, every teacher has an office, but no student has an office. Therefore, there is a
person in the school who is not a student and has an office.

3. In a library, there are librarians, assistants, patrons, and visitors. Every librarian manages some assistants,
every assistant assists some patrons, and every patron is helped by some visitors. Additionally, every librarian
has a key to the archives, but no visitor has access to the archives. Therefore, there is a person in the library
who is not a visitor and has a key to the archives.

4. In a hospital, there are doctors, nurses, patients, and caregivers. Every doctor supervises some nurses,
every nurse cares for some patients, and every patient is looked after by some caregivers. Additionally, every
doctor has access to medical records, but no patient has access to medical records. Therefore, there is a
person in the hospital who is not a patient and has access to medical records.

5. In a courtroom, there are judges, lawyers, defendants, and jurors. Every judge presides over some lawyers,
every lawyer defends some defendants, and every defendant is judged by some jurors. Additionally, every
judge has a gavel, but no juror has a gavel. Therefore, there is a person in the courtroom who is not a juror
and has a gavel.

6. In a restaurant, there are chefs, sous chefs, waiters, and diners. Every chef supervises some sous chefs,
every sous chef assists some waiters, and every waiter serves some diners. Additionally, every chef has a
recipe book, but no diner has a recipe book. Therefore, there is a person in the restaurant who is not a diner
and has a recipe book.
7. In a theater, there are directors, stage managers, actors, and audience members. Every director oversees
some stage managers, every stage manager coordinates some actors, and every actor performs for some
audience members. Additionally, every director has a script, but no audience member has a script. Therefore,
there is a person in the theater who is not an audience member and has a script.

8. In a factory, there are supervisors, team leaders, workers, and inspectors. Every supervisor manages some
team leaders, every team leader monitors some workers, and every worker is inspected by some inspectors.
Additionally, every supervisor has a safety manual, but no worker has a safety manual. Therefore, there is a
person in the factory who is not a worker and has a safety manual.

9. In a zoo, there are curators, keepers, animals, and visitors. Every curator oversees some keepers, every
keeper cares for some animals, and every animal is observed by some visitors. Additionally, every curator has
a master plan of the zoo, but no visitor has a master plan. Therefore, there is a person in the zoo who is not a
visitor and has a master plan.

10. In a laboratory, there are researchers, assistants, specimens, and observers. Every researcher supervises
some assistants, every assistant handles some specimens, and every specimen is analyzed by some observers.
Additionally, every researcher has a lab coat, but no observer has a lab coat. Therefore, there is a person in
the laboratory who is not an observer and has a lab coat.

--

1. Lions, tigers, bears, and elephants are animals, and there are some of each of them. Additionally, there are
some trees, and trees are plants. Every animal either likes to eat all plants or all animals much smaller than
itself that like to eat some plants. Elephants and bears are much larger than lions, which are much larger than
tigers. Lions do not like to eat tigers or trees, while elephants like to eat bears but not lions. Bears and tigers
like to eat some plants. Therefore, there is an animal that likes to eat a tree-eating animal.

2. Dolphins, sharks, whales, and seals are marine animals, and there are some of each of them. Also, there are
some algae, and algae are plants. Every marine animal either likes to eat all plants or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some plants. Whales and seals are much larger than dolphins, which are
much larger than sharks. Dolphins do not like to eat sharks or algae, while whales like to eat seals but not
dolphins. Seals and sharks like to eat some plants. Therefore, there is a marine animal that likes to eat an
algae-eating animal.

3. Lions, cheetahs, hyenas, and leopards are big cats, and there are some of each of them. Additionally, there
are some grasses, and grasses are plants. Every big cat either likes to eat all plants or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some plants. Lions and leopards are much larger than cheetahs, which are
much larger than hyenas. Lions do not like to eat hyenas or grasses, while leopards like to eat cheetahs but
not lions. Cheetahs and hyenas like to eat some plants. Therefore, there is a big cat that likes to eat a grass-
eating animal.

4. Eagles, falcons, hawks, and vultures are birds of prey, and there are some of each of them. Also, there are
some rodents, and rodents are animals. Every bird of prey either likes to eat all animals or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some animals. Hawks and vultures are much larger than eagles, which are
much larger than falcons. Eagles do not like to eat falcons or rodents, while hawks like to eat vultures but not
eagles. Falcons and vultures like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a bird of prey that likes to eat a
rodent-eating animal.

5. Elephants, rhinoceroses, hippos, and giraffes are large herbivores, and there are some of each of them.
Additionally, there are some shrubs, and shrubs are plants. Every large herbivore either likes to eat all plants
or all animals much smaller than itself that like to eat some plants. Rhinoceroses and hippos are much larger
than elephants, which are much larger than giraffes. Elephants do not like to eat giraffes or shrubs, while
rhinoceroses like to eat hippos but not elephants. Giraffes and hippos like to eat some plants. Therefore, there
is a large herbivore that likes to eat a shrub-eating animal.

6. Falcons, owls, eagles, and hawks are birds of prey, and there are some of each of them. Also, there are
some rabbits, and rabbits are animals. Every bird of prey either likes to eat all animals or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some animals. Owls and hawks are much larger than falcons, which are
much larger than eagles. Falcons do not like to eat eagles or rabbits, while owls like to eat hawks but not
falcons. Eagles and hawks like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a bird of prey that likes to eat a rabbit-
eating animal.

7. Lions, cheetahs, leopards, and tigers are big cats, and there are some of each of them. Additionally, there
are some gazelles, and gazelles are animals. Every big cat either likes to eat all animals or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some animals. Lions and tigers are much larger than cheetahs, which are
much larger than leopards. Lions do not like to eat leopards or gazelles, while tigers like to eat cheetahs but
not lions. Leopards and cheetahs like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a big cat that likes to eat a
gazelle-eating animal.

8. Eagles, falcons, hawks, and owls are birds of prey, and there are some of each of them. Also, there are
some mice, and mice are animals. Every bird of prey either likes to eat all animals or all animals much
smaller than itself that like to eat some animals. Falcons and owls are much larger than eagles, which are
much larger than hawks. Falcons do not like to eat hawks or mice, while eagles like to eat owls but not
falcons. Hawks and owls like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a bird of prey that likes to eat a mouse-
eating animal.

9. Lions, cheetahs, leopards, and jaguars are big cats, and there are some of each of them. Additionally, there
are some antelopes, and antelopes are animals. Every big cat either likes to eat all animals or all animals
much smaller than itself that like to eat some animals. Cheetahs and jaguars are much larger than lions, which
are much larger than leopards. Cheetahs do not like to eat leopards or antelopes, while jaguars like to eat lions
but not cheetahs. Leopards and lions like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a big cat that likes to eat an
antelope-eating animal.

10. Eagles, falcons, hawks, and vultures are birds of prey, and there are some of each of them. Also, there are
some fish, and fish are animals. Every bird of prey either likes to eat all animals or all animals much smaller
than itself that like to eat some animals. Falcons and vultures are much larger than eagles, which are much
larger than hawks. Falcons do not like to eat hawks or fish, while eagles like to eat vultures but not falcons.
Hawks and vultures like to eat some animals. Therefore, there is a bird of prey that likes to eat a fish-eating
animal.

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Everyone who owns a car either has a valid license, or every car they own is registered.

Every registered car is insured.

Every college student is a student of some major.

Every college student has taken at least one elective course.

No elective course is a prerequisite for a major course.

(Conclusion) If every student of a major has taken an elective course, then every college student is registered
for insurance.

Everyone who owns a pet either has a leash for it, or every pet they own is trained.

Every trained pet is well-behaved.

Every employee is a member of a department.

Every employee has been assigned some project.

No project requires knowledge of a skill not taught in any department.

(Conclusion) If every member of a department has been assigned a project, then every employee's pet is well-
behaved.

Everyone who owns a smartphone either has a case for it, or every smartphone they own has a screen
protector.

Every smartphone with a screen protector is scratch-resistant.

Every homeowner is a resident of some city.

Every homeowner has some form of home security system.

No security system is dependent solely on electricity.

(Conclusion) If every resident of a city has a home security system, then every homeowner's smartphone is
scratch-resistant.

Everyone who owns a bike either has a helmet for it, or every bike they own is equipped with reflectors.

Every bike with reflectors is visible at night.

Every member of a club is assigned to a committee.

Every member of a club has some designated role.

No committee consists entirely of members with the same role.

(Conclusion) If every committee in a club consists of members with different roles, then every member's bike
is visible at night.

Everyone who owns a camera either has a case for it, or every camera they own is waterproof.

Every waterproof camera is shockproof.

Every traveler is a member of some loyalty program.

Every traveler has accumulated some points.

No loyalty program has restrictions based on travel destination.

(Conclusion) If every member of a loyalty program has accumulated points, then every traveler's camera is
shockproof.