Upper cross Head Space for Tensile spacemen Movable Cross Head Space for Compressive spacemen Load indicatorComponents of Universal Testing Machine Two main parts of UTM: 1, Loading Unit - where the test specimen takes place and the load that must be exerted to the material, - consists of follawing components: " Load Frame - It consists of a table (to place the specimen for compression test), upper crosshead, and lower crosshead, " Upper/Lower crosshead: Upper crosshead is to clamp the specimen needs to be tested from top or its oné end: Lower crosshead is the movable crosshead whose screws can be loosened for height adjustment and tightened, » Elongation Scale - The relative movement of the lower and upper table is measured by an elongation scale which is provided along with the loading unit. 2. Control Unit - where the load is applied and get the corresponding test result. The load is applied with control valve and released by release valve. The load is applied with the help ofhydraulic pressure. - consists of following components: « Hydraulic Power Unit - This unit consists of an oil pump that provides non-pulsating oil flow into the main cylinder of the load unit. This flow helps in the smooth application of load on the specimen. The oil pump in a hydraulic power unit is run by an electric motor and sump. » Load Measuring Unit - This unit has.a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small cylinder with a piston which moves with the non-pulsating oil flow. The pendulum is connected to the piston by pivot lever. The pivot lever deflects based an the load applied to the specimen. This deflection is converted to the load pointer and displays as the load on the dial. The range of load application can be adjusted by means of a knob in the load measuring unit (0-100 KN: 0-250 KN: 0-500 kN and 07000 kN). The accuracy of measuring unit controls the overall accuracy of the machine. « Control Devices - It can be electric or hydraulic. Electric control devices make use of switches to move the crossheads and switch on/off the unit. A hydraulic control device consists of two valves, Right Control Valve and Left Control Valve or Release Valve. A right control valve is used to apply load on the specimen. The left fh) control valve is used to release the load application, Functions of Universal Testing Machine To test the mechanical properties of materials is the main function of UTM. The following are the some standard tests performed by UTM: 1. Tensile Test - Determine the force needed to pull the specimen apart and along with how much the material stretches betore it breaks. Procedure: Clamp a single piece of anything (re-bar) on each ends and pull it apart until it breaks. This measures how strang it is (tensile strength) how stretchy it is (elongation), and how stiff it is (tensile in modulus).2, Compression Test - This is opposite of tensile test where you compress an object between two level plates until a certain load or distance has been reached or the product breaks. The compressive strength of a material is calculated as the stress required to ruplure the specimen or deform the specimen to a given percentage of its height.3. Bending Stress - This is where you support a length of material by spanning it across two Supports on each end. There is nothing supporting the middle portion underneath of it. Then you press down from above directly in the middle of the span of material until the supported material breaks or reaches a specific distance. This test measures how «strong the material in flexure (flexural strength) and how stiff it is (flexural modulus). 4. Peel Test - This test pulls apart two materials that have been bonded together. Procedure: One clamp holds one material and the other clamp holds the other materials. Then you pull them apart for a few inches,5, Puncture Stress - In this test you secure a circular section of material around its perimeter. Then you come down fram above and press the material with a “punciure probe" fu until the material punctures. The force when the product breaks is called the "puncture resistance”