Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

P H Y S I C S - XI
( N e w T e x t B o o k )

By:

ASPIRE ACADEMY NEAR SONERI BANK NASEEM NAGAR QASIMABAD

Sir Mehrab Ali Samejo Contact: 03332615426

PHYSICS - XI 1 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

WORK DONE BY BY A CONSTANT FORCE:

The work done by a constant force is defined as the product of the magnitude of force and the
magnitude of the displacement, provided both are acting along the same direction.
If “𝐹⃗ ” be the force and “𝑑⃗” be the displacement, then work done “W” is given by:

→
𝑤 = 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑
If the force 𝐹⃗ and displacement 𝑑⃗ makes an angle  with each other, then
work done is given by.
W = (F Cos  )d
Or W = Fd Cos
This shows that the work is the dot product of force and displacement.
It is a scalar quantity.
Maximum Work:
When the angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑⃗is zero then the work will be maximum.
W = Fd Cos
 =00
W = Fd Cos 00
W = Fd x 1 ∵Cos 00 = 1
W = Fd
Positive Work:
When the angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑⃗lies between 00 and 900 then the work will be positive;
Zero Work:
When the angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑⃗ is 900 then the work will be Zero work.
W = Fd Cos
 =900
W = Fd Cos 900
W = Fd x 0 ∵Cos 900 = 0
W=0
Negative Work:
When the angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑⃗ lies between 90O and 180O then the work will be negative.
Minimum Work:
When the angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑⃗ is 180O then the work will be minimum.
W = Fd Cos
 =1800
W = Fd Cos 1800
W = Fd x (-1) ∵Cos 1800 = -1
W = – Fd
Units of Work:
In S.I system unit of work is Joule and is defined as “Work done by a force of 1N in moving
a body through a distance of 1m in the direction of force”
1J = 1N x 1m
In the physics of molecule and elementary particles, a much smaller units is used. This unit is
known as the electron volt (ev).
1 ev = 1.60 x 10-19 J
Commonly used multiples of the electron volt are 1 million electron volt
1 million electron volt = 1 MeV = 10 6 eV
The above units are also used for energy.

PHYSICS - XI 2 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

WORK DONE BY CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT TIME GRAPH:

On a force-displacement graph, the area under graph represents the work done.
If the force-displacement graph is a straight line as depicted in, the work done
can be calculated using the formula:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Where the force is linear along the line.
To calculate work in triangle shape we need to calculate the area of triangle,
The area is given by the formula:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
2
1
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
2
1
𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑
2
To calculate work in rectangular shape we need to calculate the area of rectangle,
The area is given by the formula:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑
Where the force is constant along the line.
To calculate work in trapezium shape we need to calculate
the area of trapezium as shown in figure.
Area of trapezium in figure can be calculated
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼
EXAMPLE 5.1
Calculate the work done from the following force-displacement graph.
Data
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹 = 4𝑁
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼 = 4𝑚
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝑙 = 8𝑚
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝑙𝑙 = 4𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚) =?
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊𝑇 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝑙 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐼𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐼 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝐼 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐼 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝐼 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼
1 1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
2 2
1 1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = × 4 × 4 + 8 × 4 + × 4 × 4
2 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 8 + 32 + 8
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝟒𝟖𝑱

PHYSICS - XI 3 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE (FORCE VARYING WITH

DISPLACEMENT):
Work done by variable force is the amount of energy transferred when force a force varies its
magnitude or direction for the distance it object displaces.
⃗⃗⃗⃗to be variable for any elementary displacement ∆𝑠
If a force 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . work done ∆𝑊 will be
∆𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ . ∆𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Total work is obtained by integrating the elementary work from initial to final positions.
𝑊 = Σ𝐹⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑠
Consider a body covers displacement from 𝑥𝑖 to 𝑥𝑓 , when a variable force acts on it.
We plot the graph between force and displacement covered by the body as shown in figure.

To calculate the work done by the body we divide the covered displacement into small
segments ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥3 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥4 , … … . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥𝑛 and the corresponding forces for each segment
are ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑥, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 𝑥, 𝐹 𝐹3 𝑥, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹4 𝑥 , … … . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑛 𝑥 as shown in figure.
Work done through each segment is given by
𝑊1 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 , 𝑊2 = 𝐹
𝐹1 𝑥. ∆𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑥. ∆𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 , 𝑊3 = 𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗3 𝑥. ∆𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗3 , … … … … . , 𝑊𝑛 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛
𝐹𝑛 𝑥. ∆𝑥
Total work done will be
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + … … … … . +𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑇 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 𝑥. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 𝑥. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗3 𝑥. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥2 + 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥3 + … … … … . , +𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛 𝑥. ∆𝑥𝑛
𝑛

𝑊𝑇 = ∑ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑖 𝑥. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑊𝑇 = 𝐹 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃. ∆𝑥𝑖
This is the expression for total work done by a variable force.

PHYSICS - XI 4 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

KINETIC ENERGY:
The energy possessed by the body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy (K.E).
Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
Its S.I unit is joule (J).
Example:
A person walking, a soaring baseball, a crumb falling from a table and a charged particle in an
electric field are all examples of kinetic energy at work. An object that is not moving has zero
kinetic energy
Expression for K.E
Consider a force is applied on an object of mass “m” and it produces
displacement in the direction of force along x-axis as shown in figure.
This work done must be equal to the change in K.E of the object.
Hence work is done on a body which is stored in the form of kinetic
energy in a body which is calculated as:

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹. 𝑆⃗
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜃 = 0𝑜
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠0𝑜

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 (1)
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – > (1)
Where “S” is displacement, it can be found by using formula
𝟐𝒂𝑺 = 𝑽𝟐𝒇 – 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑉𝑖 = 0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦.
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑣 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦.
𝑎 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑉𝑓2 – 𝑉𝑖2
2𝑎𝑆 = (𝑣)2 – (0)2
𝑣2
𝑆 = 2𝑎
Putting value of “S” in equation (1)

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆
𝑣2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎 ×
2𝑎
1 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣
2

This work done is the measure of the K.E of the body so,
𝑚
𝟏 𝑣2
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
This is the expression for kinetic energy.

PHYSICS - XI 5 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

EXAMPLE 5.2
A car with a mass of 1,200 kg is traveling at a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy
of the car.

Data
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 𝑚 = 1200 𝐾𝑔
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 = 25𝑚/𝑠
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐾. 𝐸 =?
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = × 1200 × (25)2
2
𝐾. 𝐸 = 600 × 625
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
When a body is being moved against a field of force, energy is stored in it. This energy called
Potential Energy (P.E)
Example:
When a spring is compressed or elongated, work is done on it in the form of Elastic Potential
Energy. When a charge is moved against on electrostatic force, work is done on it. This work
is stored in the form of Electrostatic Potential Energy.
When a body is moved against gravitational force, work is done on it. This work done is
stored in the form of GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY.
Expression For Gravitational Potential Energy:
Consider a body of mass “m” which is taken very slowly to small height “h” in the
gravitational field such that the acceleration of the body is zero. The work done in moving the
body is given by:
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥 ∙ ℎ ⃗⃗
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥 ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Where “𝐹⃗𝑒𝑥 ” is the external force applied on the body. Since the external force applied on the
body and the displacement are along the same direction therefore work done by external force
“𝑊𝑒𝑥 ” is given by:
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥 ℎ(∵ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0𝑜 = 1).
As the acceleration of the body is zero therefore magnitude of external
force is equal to that of the force of gravity i.e.
𝐹𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔
∴ 𝑊𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ – – – – – – – – – – – – – > (1)
Work done “𝑊𝑔 ”by the gravitational force “𝐹⃗𝑔 ”is given by
⃗
⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑔 = 𝐹⃗𝑔 ∙ ℎ⃗⃗
∵ 𝐹⃗𝑔 and ⃗⃗ℎ are in opposite direction
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 180𝑜 ( ∵ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 180𝑜 = −1).
𝑊𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔ℎ
−𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ – – – – – – – – – – – – – > (2)
Comparing equation (1) and equation (2)
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = – 𝑊𝑔

PHYSICS - XI 6 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

By putting the value of Wg from eq (2) we get

𝑊𝑒𝑥 = – 𝑊𝑔
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = −(– 𝑚𝑔ℎ)
𝑊𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
This work done on the body by an external force against the gravitational force is stored in it
in the form of potential energy and is known as gravitational potential energy represented by
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑊𝑒𝑥 = −𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
This gravitational potential energy is the relative potential energy of the body with respects to
some arbitrary zero level.

WORK DONE IN GRAVITATIONAL FIELD IS INDEPENDENT OF PATH:

consider a closed triangular path ABC in gravitational field shown in Figure for simplicity the
base BC is taken perpendicular to the gravitational force '"mg" initially the body is at A.
Work done from A to B will be:
𝑊𝐴→𝐵 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆1
𝑊𝐴→𝐵 = 𝐹𝑆1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
Where,
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑆1 = 𝛼
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
ℎ = 𝑆1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑊𝐴→𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − − − (1)
Work done from B to C will be:
𝑊𝐵→𝐶 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆2
𝑊𝐵→𝐶 = 𝐹𝑆2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛾
Where,
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑆2 = 𝛾 = 90𝑜
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊𝐵→𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔𝑆2 𝐶𝑜𝑠90𝑜
𝑊𝐵→𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔𝑆2 × 0 (𝐶𝑜𝑠90𝑜 = 0)
𝑊𝐵→𝐶 = 0 − − − − − − − −(2)
Work done from C to A will be:
𝑊𝐶→𝐴 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆3
𝑊𝐶→𝐴 = 𝐹𝑆3 𝐶𝑜𝑠(90𝑜 − 𝛽)
𝑊𝐶→𝐴 = −𝐹𝑆3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝐶𝑜𝑠(90𝑜 − 𝛽) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
Where,
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑆3 = 90𝑜 − 𝛽
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
ℎ = 𝑆3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑊𝐶→𝐴 = −𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − − − (3)
The total work along path ABCA will be
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊𝐴→𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵→𝐶 + 𝑊𝐶→𝐴
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0 + (−𝑚𝑔ℎ)
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑊𝑇 = 0
Thus, either the body is moved from A to B and B to C or it is moved directly from A to C, in
both the cases the work done is same, such type of field or force in which the work done is
independent of path is called conservative field and in conservative field work done in a
closed path is always zero.
PHYSICS - XI 7 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO
Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

ABSOLUTE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:

Absolute gravitational potential energy at a point is the amount of work done in moving a
body form infinity to that point.
EXPRESSION FOR ABSOLUTE GRAVITATIONAL
Consider a body of mass “m” at point 𝐴(1) in the gravitational field. If the body is lifted to a
far point 𝐵(𝑛) in the gravitational field, then work done in moving body cannot be directly
found by using the formula:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
As the gravitational force will not remain constant for such a large distance to overcome the
difficulty, divide the distance between 𝐴(1) and 𝐵(𝑛) into a large number of intervals each
of width  r.  r is so small that the gravitational force throughout this interval may be
assumed to be constant.
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 be the gravitational force on the body at point A(1) then its magnitude is given by:

𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝐹1 =
𝑟12
Where,
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑟1 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴(1) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 be the gravitational force on the body at point (2)
Similarly, if 𝐹
then its magnitude is given by:
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝐹2 =
𝑟22

Where,
𝑟2 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2 )𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
The magnitude of the average force 𝐹⃗ acting throughout the first interval is given by:

𝐹1 + 𝐹2
𝐹=
2
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
+
𝑟12 𝑟22
𝐹=
2
1 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝐹= ( 2 + )
2 𝑟1 𝑟22
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 1 1
𝐹= ( 2 + 2)
2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 𝑟22 + 𝑟12

𝐹= ( 2 2 )
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
But 𝑟2 – 𝑟1 =  𝑟– – – – – – – – – – – – −−> (1)
𝑟2 = 𝑟1 +  𝑟– – – – – – – – – − − (2)

PHYSICS - XI 8 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO

Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

2
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( 𝑟1 +  𝑟) + 𝑟12
𝐹= ( )
2 𝑟12 𝑟22
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 𝑟12 + 2 𝑟1  𝑟 +  𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
𝐹= ( )
2 𝑟12 𝑟22
As  r is very small, therefore (  r)2 is negligibly small hence,

𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 2𝑟12 + 2 𝑟1  𝑟
𝐹= ( )
2 𝑟12 𝑟22
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 2𝑟1 ( 𝑟1 +  𝑟)
𝐹 = ( )
2 𝑟12 𝑟22
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 2𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐹 = ( 2 2)
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 1
𝐹 = ( )
1 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝐹 =
𝑟1 𝑟2

Work done in lifting the body from point ‘1’ to ‘2’ given by:
𝑊1→2 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ ∆𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊1→2 = 𝐹∆𝑟𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

Since F and r are along the same direction
 θ = 0o and Cos 0o = 1
𝑊1→2 = 𝐹∆𝑟
By putting the values of “  r” and “F we get.

𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑊1→2 = (𝑟 – 𝑟 )
𝑟1 𝑟2 2 1
𝑟2 – 𝑟1
𝑊1→2 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( )
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑟2 𝑟1
𝑊1→2 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1
𝑊1→2 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( 𝑟 − 𝑟 )
1 2
Similarly, the work done in lifting the body from point 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5 and (n-1) to n are given by
1 1
𝑊2→3 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟2 𝑟3
1 1
𝑊3→4 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟3 𝑟4
1 1
𝑊4→5 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟4 𝑟5
----------------------------------
----------------------------------.
----------------------------------.
1 1
𝑊𝑛−1→𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟𝑛−1 𝑟𝑛

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Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

Total work done from A(1) to B(n) will be sum of all works then
𝑊𝐴(1)→𝐵𝑛 = 𝑊1→2 + 𝑊2→3 + 𝑊3→4 + 𝑊4→5 + − − − − − − +𝑊𝑛−1→𝑛
1 1
𝑊𝐴(1)→𝐵𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟1 𝑟𝑛
This work done is stored as gravitational potential energy.
Thus, potential energy of the body at B with respect to A will be
1 1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟1 𝑟𝑛
Thus, potential energy of the body at A with respect to B will be
𝟏 𝟏
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = ∆𝑼𝒈 = −𝑮𝒎𝑴𝒆 ( − )
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝒏
ABSOLUTE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:
The potential energy is said to be Absolute Gravitational Potential Energy at point A with
respect to B if B lies at infinity.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 𝑟𝐵 = ∞
1 1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆𝑈𝑔 = −𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟1 𝑟𝑛
1 1
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − )
𝑟1 ∞
1
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( − 0)
𝑟1
1
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ( )
𝑟1
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −
𝑟1
𝑮𝒎𝑴𝒆
𝑷. 𝑬𝒂𝒃𝒔 = −
𝒓
Absolute Gravitational Potential Energy at the surface of earth:
If 𝑅𝐸 is the radius of earth then absolute gravitational Potential Energy at the surface of earth
will be
𝐺𝑚𝑀
𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠 = − 𝑅 𝑒
𝐸
Absolute Gravitational Potential Energy at the certain height:
If h (ℎ << 𝑅𝐸 ) is certain height from the surface of earth Absolute Gravitational Potential
Energy at the certain height from surface of earth will be
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −
𝑅𝐸 + ℎ
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠 = −
ℎ
𝑅𝐸 (1 + 𝑅 )
𝐸
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒 ℎ −1
𝑃. 𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠 = − (1 + )
𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝐸

By applying Binomial theorem, we have

ℎ −1 (−1) ℎ (−1)(−2) ℎ 2
(1 + ) = 1 + × + ×( ) + −−−−−−
𝑅𝐸 1! 𝑅𝑒 2! 𝑅𝑒

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Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

ℎ −1 ℎ ℎ 2
(1 + ) =1− +( ) + −−−−−−
𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒
ℎ
As ℎ << 𝑅𝐸 therefore higher powers of 𝑅 are very small and negligible.
𝑒
ℎ −1 ℎ
(1 + ) = 1 −
𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑒
Thus,
𝑮𝒎𝑴𝒆 𝒉
𝑷. 𝑬𝒂𝒃𝒔 = − (𝟏 − )
𝑹𝑬 𝑹𝒆
EXAMPLE 5.3
The mass of the earth is 5.98 × 1024 𝑘𝑔 and the mass of the sun is 1.99 × 1030 𝑘𝑔, and the
Earth is 160 million km away from the Sun, calculate the Gravitational Potential Energy of
the Earth.
Data
24
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑀𝐸 = 5.98 × 10 𝑘𝑔
30
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑛 = 𝑀𝑠 = 1.99 × 10 𝑘𝑔
𝑂𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑟 = 160 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑚 = 160 × 106 × 103 𝑚 = 160 × 109 𝑚
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐺 = 6.673 × 10−11 N. m/kg 2
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 =?
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑮𝑴𝒔 𝑴𝒆
𝑮. 𝑷. 𝑬 =
𝒓
6.673 × 10−11 × 1.99 × 1030 × 5.98 × 1024
𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = −
160 × 109
𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 0.4963 × 10−11+30+24−9
𝐺. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 0.4963 × 1034
𝑮. 𝑷. 𝑬 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝑱
ESCAPE VELOCITY:
Escape velocity on earth or any other planet is defined as the minimum velocity with which
the body has to be projected vertically upwards from the surface of the earth or any other
planet so that it just crosses the gravitational field of earth or of that planet and never return
on its own.
Work is done at the cost of kinetic energy given to the body at the surface of earth.
If 𝑉𝑒𝑠 is the escape velocity of the body projected from the surface or earth. Then kinetic
energy of the body will be provided by gravitational potential energy.
If escape velocity “𝑣𝑒𝑠 " a body of mass “m” is orbiting about a planet of mass “M” and
orbital radius “R” then
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝑼𝒈
Where
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣𝑒𝑠 2
2
And
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑈𝑔 =
𝑅

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Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

1 𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑒
𝑚𝑣𝑒𝑠 2 =
2 𝑅
1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑣 =
2 𝑒𝑠 𝑅
2𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑣𝑒𝑠 = √ − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅
We know that gravitational acceleration is
𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑔= 2
𝑅

𝐺𝑀𝑒 = 𝑔𝑅 2

Putting in equation (1) we have

2𝑔𝑅 2
𝑣𝑒𝑠 = √
𝑅

𝒗𝒆𝒔 = √𝟐𝒈𝑹
The value of escape velocity of earth is approximately equal to 11.2𝑘𝑚/𝑠.
Value of escape velocity depends on gravitational acceleration and radius of planet.
Its value is different for different planets.

POWER:
The rate at which energy is transferred from one to another or the work done per unit time is
called power.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
If "∆𝑊" is the total work done in total time "∆𝑡" then average power "𝑃𝑎𝑣 " will be
∆𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡
POWER IS THE DOT PRODUCT OF FORCE AND VELOCITY:
The average power is given by formula
∆𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡 − − − − − − − −(1)
If 𝐹⃗ be the force acting on a body through displacement ∆𝑆⃗ then work done “∆𝑊" is given by:
∆𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ ∆𝑆⃗

Put this value of ∆𝑊 in equation (1)

𝐹⃗ ∙∆𝑆⃗
𝑃𝑎𝑣 =
∆𝑡

∆𝑆⃗
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝐹⃗ ∙
∆𝑡
But
∆𝑆⃗
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=𝑉
∆𝑡

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Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

Therefore 𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑉
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝐹𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Therefore, power can also be defined as “The dot product of force and velocity.”
➢ It is a scalar quantity and follows laws of scalar product.
➢ The dimensions of power are ML2 T −3.
➢ In international system of units, the unit of power is watt and in British engineering
system, the unit of power is horse power (hp).
Watt: (w)
When a body does work I Joule in 1 Second, is called its one-watt power.
1J
i.e. 1 watt =
1S
Horse Power (hp)
When a body does work 550 ft lb. in one second, is called its one horse power.

WORK ENERGY THEOREM:

According to work energy theorem
“Total work done on the body is equal to the change in kinetic energy. (Provided body is
confined to move horizontally and no dissipating forces are operating).”
Expression:
Consider a body of mass “𝑚” moving with initial velocity “𝑣𝑖 ” covers a distance “𝑠” in
time “𝑡” and its final velocity becomes “𝑣𝑓 ” by applying force “𝐹”.
The force acting on body is given by

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
We also know from third equation of motion that
2
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
𝑎=
2𝑠
Therefore, force will be
2
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
𝐹 = 𝑚( )
2𝑠
As force and displacement are in same direction so angle between them will be
𝜃 = 0𝑜
Work done by external force will be
𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹. 𝑆⃗
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Putting values
2
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
𝑊 = 𝑚( ) 𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0𝑜
2𝑠
2
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
𝑊 = 𝑚( )× 1
2
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2
𝑊 = 𝐾 ∙ 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾 ∙ 𝐸𝑖
𝑊 = ∆𝐾 ∙ 𝐸
This shows that work done is equal to change in kinetic energy in absence of dissipating
forces.
PHYSICS - XI 13 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO
Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

EXAMPLE 5.4
A person riding their bike has a mass of 120 kg; they are riding at 10m/s. suddenly a dog
crosses the road and to avoid hitting the dog the bicyclist brakes applying a braking force of
500 N for a distance of 10 meters. What is the final velocity of the bicyclist when they stop
braking?
Data
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚 = 120 𝑘𝑔
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 = 10𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹 = −500𝑁
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑆 = 10𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑓 = ?
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑊 = 𝐾 ∙ 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾 ∙ 𝐸𝑖
1 1
𝐹 × 𝑆 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2
1 1
−500 × 10 = × 120 × 𝑣𝑓2 − × 120(10)2
2 2
−5000 = 60𝑣𝑓2 − 60 × 100
−5000 = 60𝑣𝑓2 − 6000
60𝑣𝑓2 = 6000 − 5000
1000
𝑣𝑓2 =
60
𝑣𝑓2 = 16.7
𝑣𝑓 = √16.7
𝒗𝒇 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝒎/𝒔

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY):

According to this Law, “Energy can neither be created nor is it destroyed. It can only be
transformed from one form to another. A loss in one form of energy is accompanied by an
equal increase in the other forms of energy. The total energy remains Constant”.
According to Einstein’s mass energy relation:
E = mc2, energy can be converted into mass and mass can be converted to energy. Pair
production is the example of conversion of energy into mass.
On the other hand, NUCLEAR FISSION and FUSION are examples of conversion of mass
into energy.
PROOF OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
Consider a body of mass “𝒎” placed at a point “𝑷” which is at a height from the ground. “𝒉”
from the ground.
𝑃. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 0
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 0 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − − − −(1)
If the body is allowed to fall freely under the action of gravity, then its P.E will go on
decreasing while its K.E will go on increasing. Just before hitting the ground the P.E of the
body will be minimum or zero while K.E of the body will be maximum.
PHYSICS - XI 14 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO
Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

If “v” be the velocity of the body just before hitting the ground then
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

The velocity of the body can be found by formula:

2
2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
Where,
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣

 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣 2 − 0
2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣 2
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑚 × 2𝑔ℎ
2
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑃. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 0

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − − − −(2)
Let at any instant the body is at the point “𝑄” which is at a distance “𝒓” from “𝑃” if “𝒗” be the
velocity of the body at point “𝑄” Then:
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑃. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − 𝑥)
The velocity of the body can be found at Q by formula:
2
2𝑔𝑠 = 𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖2
Where,
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑠 = 𝑥
 2𝑔𝑥 = 𝑣 2 − 0
2𝑔𝑥 = 𝑣 2
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚 × 2𝑔𝑥
2
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥
𝑃. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − 𝑥) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − 𝑚𝑔𝑥
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ − 𝑚𝑔𝑥
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − − − −(3)
From equations (1), (2), and (3) it can be seen that the total energy of the body remains
constant everywhere provided there is force of friction involved during the motion of the
body.
PHYSICS - XI 15 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO
Chapter - 5 ASPIRE ACADEMY Work Energy And Power

IN THE PRESENCE OF FORCE OF FRICTION:

If there is some force of friction “f” acting on the body then fraction of its P.E is lost in doing
work against the frictional force while remaining energy is converted into the K.E.
i.e. 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
OR 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃. 𝐸 — 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
But 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓ℎ
1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ— 𝑓ℎ
2
This equation is known as work energy equation.
Examples of Conservation of Energy:
I. When we switch on an electric bulb, we supply electrical energy to it which
converted into heat and light energies i.e.
Electrical Energy = heat Energy + Light energy
2. Fossil fuels e.g coal and petrol are stored of chemical energy. When they burn,
chemical energy is converted into heat energy i.e.
Chemical energy = Heat energy + Losses
3. The heat in the steam boiler can be used to drive a steam. Engine here heat energy is
converted into kinetic (mechanical energy), i e
Heat energy = Mechanical energy + Losses
4. In rubbing out hands we do mechanical work which produces heat, i.e
Mechanical Energy = Heat energy + Losses

PHYSICS - XI 16 SIR MEHRAB ALI SAMEJO