WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Dot Product/ Scalar product ➢ Scalar product follows commutative law, i.e

⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑩
The scalar product of the two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ is ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗

defined as the product of the magnitudes of the ̂. 𝒌

➢ 𝒊̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ =𝟏

⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ and the cosine of the angle ̂ =𝒌
➢ 𝒊̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒌 ̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝟎
vectors 𝑨
between them. ➢ Dot product obeys distributive law. i.e;

⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗ . (𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑪
⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑪
⃗⃗⃗

---------------------------------------------------------------
⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 Work
Work is said to be done by a force, if that force is
𝜽 able to displace a body through a distance in the
𝐵 cos 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗ direction of force.
𝑨
➢ The work done by a force is measured as the
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴(𝐵 cos 𝜃)
product of the magnitude of force and the
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 = magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 × magnitude of distance covered by the body in the
component of the vector ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 direction of force.
➢ When a constant force is applied on an
⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 object and displaces it in the direction of
force, then
𝐴 cos 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
𝜽
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
𝑨
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵(𝐴 cos 𝜃)
⃗⃗⃗ acts along a direction making
➢ In case force 𝑭
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 = magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 × magnitude of
an angle 𝜃 with the direction of
component of the vector ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ as shown in the figure, then
displacement 𝒅
----------------------------------------------------------------
work is done by the component of force 𝐹∥ =
➢ Dot product of two vectors is a scalar
𝐹 cos 𝜃.
quantity.
𝐹 cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑩
➢ If two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are perpendicular 𝜃

to each other, then

𝐹 sin 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 900 = 0
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
➢ 𝑨 𝑨 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 00 = 𝐴2
⃗⃗⃗ . (−𝑨
➢ 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝐴𝐴 cos 1800 = −𝐴2 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒅
𝑊 = 𝐹∥ 𝑑 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 × 𝑑 = 𝑭
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒅
𝑊= 𝑭
JOJESH- Physics Page 1 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

➢ Since there is no displacement in the infinitesimally small and force remains constant for
direction of component of force 𝐹⊥ = this displacement.
𝐹 sin 𝜃, work done by this component is Therefore small work done by the force 𝐹 between
zero. the points 𝑃 and 𝑄 is given by
➢ Work is a scalar quantity. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝒔
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑭
--------------------------------------------------------------- Then, the total work done by the force while
Unit of work displacing the object from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is given by
S. I unit of work is joule ( 𝐽 ).
1 𝑁𝑚 = 1𝐽 𝑺𝟐
𝑭 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔
c.g.s unit of work is erg. 𝑺𝟏
7
1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 10 𝑒𝑟𝑔 --------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- Force – Displacement Graph
Definition of 1 joule (i) Constant force
We know that,
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃 𝐹

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑊
If 𝐹 = 1 𝑁 , 𝑑 = 1𝑚 and 𝜃 = 0 , then
𝑊 = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1𝑁𝑚 = 1 𝐽
𝑑
i.e; If 1𝑁 force displaces a body through a distance 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

of 1 𝑚 in the direction of applied force, then the

work done by the applied force is said to be 1 𝐽. (ii) Variable force
----------------------------------------------------------------
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = 𝑊
Work done by variable force 𝐹
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Consider that an object is displaced from a point

𝐴 ( 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 ) to point 𝑠
𝐵 ( 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 ) under the 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

action of a varying force as shown in the figure.

⃗𝑭 ❖ Area under Force – displacement graph is

𝑂 equal to work done by the force.
𝐴 𝑃 𝒅𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑄 𝐵
𝑠1 ----------------------------------------------------------------
𝑠2

Let 𝑭 be the force acting on the body when it is at

point 𝑃 . Suppose this force moves the object from
𝑃 to 𝑄 , such that displacement 𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 is

JOJESH- Physics Page 2 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Nature of work possessed by an object due to its motion or due to

(i) Positive work its position. Mechanical energy can be either
(ii) Negative work kinetic energy or potential energy.
(iii) Zero work ---------------------------------------------------------------
Positive work Kinetic energy
If 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎𝟎 , Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion
i.e, if there is displacement in the direction of is called kinetic energy.
force or in the direction of component of force, Consider that a force 𝐹 is applied on a body of mass
then work done by the force is said to be positive. 𝑚 which is initially at rest. This force is applied on
Negative work the body till it gains a velocity 𝑣 and covers a
If 9𝟎0 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 , distance 𝑆 in the direction of applied force.
i.e, if there is displacement opposite to the ⃗⃗⃗
𝒗
𝐴𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
direction of force or opposite to the direction of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝑚 𝑚
component of force, then work done by the force
⃗⃗⃗
𝑺
is said to be negative.
Zero Work Work done by the force,
If 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 , 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑆 = 𝐹𝑆 cos 0 [∵ 𝜃 = 00 ]
i.e, if there is displacement perpendicular to the 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆
direction of force, then work done by the force is 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 [∵ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎]
zero. 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎 ( ) [∵ 𝑆 = ]
Eg: Work done by centripetal force on an object 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑚 2
in circular motion is zero. 𝑊= (𝑣 − 𝑢2 )
2
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑢2
Energy 2 2
➢ Energy of a body is defined as its capacity for 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣 2 [∵ 𝑢 = 0 ]
2
doing work.
This work will appear as kinetic energy of the body.
➢ It is a scalar quantity. 𝟏
∴ 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
➢ It is measured in joule in S.I system and in erg
in c.g.s system. ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------- Work – Energy theorem [constant/ variable force]

Mechanical Energy Work done by force acting on a body is equal to the

The energy acquired by the objects upon which change in kinetic energy of the body.

work is done is known as mechanical Consider that a force (constant or variable)is

energy. Mechanical energy is the energy that is applied on a body of mass 𝑚 which is initially
moving with a speed 𝑢. 𝐹orce is applied on the
JOJESH- Physics Page 3 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

body till it gains a velocity 𝑣 in the direction of -----------------------------------------------------------------

applied force. ➢ If work done by the force is positive, then
Small work done by the force ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 to displace the kinetic energy of the body increases. i.e;
⃗⃗⃗⃗ , for which force
body through a small distance 𝑑𝑠 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 > 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖

remains constant is given by, ➢ If work done by the force is negative, then

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠 cos 0 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠 kinetic energy of the body decreases.

Total work done by the force when it displaces the i.e; 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 < 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖

body through a distance 𝑆 in the direction of If work done by the force is zero, then kinetic

force is given by energy of the body remains constant. i.e;

𝑆 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠
0 ---------------------------------------------------------------
According to Newton’s second law Conservative force
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 A force is said to be conservative, if work done by
Where 𝑎 is instantaneous acceleration of the body. the force in moving a body between any two
𝑆 𝑠
points is independent of the path followed.
∴ ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑑𝑠
0 0 Eg: Gravitational force, electrostatic force, spring
𝑆 𝑠
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 force etc.
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑚 × 𝑑𝑠 [∵ 𝑎 = ]
0 0 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
----------------------------------------------------------------
𝑆 𝑣
𝑑𝑠 Characteristics of conservative force
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑚𝑑𝑣 ×
0 𝑢 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑣 1. Work done by or against conservative force
𝑑𝑠
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑚𝑑𝑣 × 𝑣 [∵ 𝑣 = ] depends only on the initial and final
0 𝑢 𝑑𝑡
positions of the body.
𝑆 𝑣
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2. Work done by or against a conservative
0 𝑢 force in a round trip is zero. i.e
𝑆 𝑣
𝑣2 𝑭 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔 = 0
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 [ ]
0 2 𝑢
3. Work done by a conservative force is
𝑆
𝑚 completely recoverable.
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = (𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )
0 2
4. If only the conservative forces are acting on
𝑆
1 1 the body, then its total mechanical energy is
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑢2
0 2 2 conserved.
𝑆 5. Potential energy of a body increases, if work
∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖
0 done by the conservative force is negative.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
𝑾 = 𝑲. 𝑬𝒇 − 𝑲. 𝑬𝒊
i.e; Work done by the force on the body is equal to
change in its kinetic energy.

JOJESH- Physics Page 4 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Gravitational force is conservative – Illustration ➢ Work is done against gravity wherever

To show that the gravitational force is conservative, vertical displacement is present.
we can move a body of mass 𝑚 without ➢ Work done against gravity for each step is
acceleration between two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 along 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 ℎ
three different paths as shown in the figure. ➢ Therefore total work done is given by

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑊2 = 𝑛𝑤 = 𝑛𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 [∵ 𝑛ℎ = 𝐻 ]
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
Case – II
Object is lifted to a height H from point A to point B
𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝐻 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 along an inclined plane, of length 𝑙 , that makes

𝑚 𝑚𝑔 angle 𝜃 with the horizontal as shown in figure.

𝑚
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶 𝜃 𝐴 ➢ Here, no work is done against gravity while
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐼 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼 moving the object from 𝐴 to 𝐶, as gravity
is perpendicular to displacement from
Case –I 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐶.
Object is lifted to a height H from point A to point B ➢ While moving object from 𝐶 to 𝐵 along
along a vertical path. incline plane, work is done against the
Force required to lift the mass without acceleration component of force (𝐹 sin 𝜃) parallel to the
= 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 plane.
Therefore work done by the external force is given 𝑊3 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 × 𝑙
by 𝐻
𝑊3 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 × [∵ 𝑙 = 𝐻 sin 𝜃]
𝑊1 = 𝑭. 𝑯 = 𝐹𝐻 cos 0 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 sin 𝜃
Case – II 𝑊3 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻

Object is lifted to a height H from point A to point B Since 𝑊1 = 𝑊2 = 𝑊3 work done against gravity

along a zig-zag path that consists of 𝑛 steps as is independent of gravity, therefore gravitational

shown in figure. Here each step is height ℎ and force is conservative force.

breadth 𝑏. ----------------------------------------------------------------

➢ Here, no work is done against gravity while Potential Energy

moving the object from 𝐴 to 𝐶, as gravity Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position

is perpendicular to displacement from in the field of force or its configuration is called

𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐶. potential energy.

➢ Similarly no work is done against gravity Eg: Gravitational potential energy, electrostatic

while moving the object along horizontal potential energy, magnetic potential energy, elastic

distance 𝑏, as gravity is perpendicular to potential energy etc.

displacement.

JOJESH- Physics Page 5 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

❖ Work done against the conservative force to

∆𝐾 = ∫(𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑁𝐶 ) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥
move an object without acceleration is stored
as potential energy/ change in potential ∆𝐾 = ∫ 𝐹𝑐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐹𝑁𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 − − − (1)
energy of the system. From the definition of potential energy, we have
❖ Negative of work done by the conservative
𝐹𝑐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑈 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥 − − − −(2)
force is stored as the potential energy of the
system/ Change in potential energy of the Adding equ (1) and (2), we get
system. ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = ∫ 𝐹𝑐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐹𝑁𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹𝑐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥
𝑷. 𝑬 = ∆𝑼 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝒄 . 𝒅𝒙
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = ∫ 𝐹𝑁𝑐 . 𝑑𝑥
Where 𝐹𝑐 the conservative is force and 𝑈 is
the potential energy. ∆𝑬 = ∫ ⃗𝑭𝑵𝑪 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒙
❖ When a conservative force performs positive
If 𝐹𝑁𝐶 = 0, i.e; non conservative force is zero, then
work, potential energy of the system
∆𝑬 = 𝟎
decreases. 𝑖. 𝑒; ∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = −𝑣𝑒
In the absence of non- conservative force, total
❖ When a conservative force performs negative mechanical energy of a system is conserved.
work, potential energy of the system Conservation of energy
increases. 𝑖. 𝑒; ∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = +𝑣𝑒 Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed;
❖ Negative gradient of potential energy is equal it can only be converted from form to another
to conservative force. form.
𝒅𝑼 Spring constant/ Force constant
− = 𝑭𝒄
𝒅𝒙
Restoring force developed per unit elongation is
➢ Gradient of potential energy is a vector quantity.
known as spring constant/ force constant.
-------------------------------------------------------
𝐹
Conservation of mechanical energy 𝑘=
𝑥
In the absence of non- conservative force, total Where 𝐹 is the restoring force developed when the
mechanical energy of a system is conserved. spring is stretched or compressed through a
Justification: distance 𝑥 .
From work energy theorem, we know that S.I unit of force constant is N/m.

∆𝐾 = ∫ ⃗𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 Spring force is always opposite to the direction of
displacement. i.e;
⃗⃗
Here force 𝐹 can be conservative, non
𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
conservative, or combination of both. i.e;
Negative sign shows that spring force is always
⃗𝐹 = 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑁
opposite to the direction of displacement
Therefore
-----------------------------------------------------------------

JOJESH- Physics Page 6 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Potential energy of a spring Force – Displacement graph

Consider a light and perfectly elastic spring fixed 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
firmly at one end to a rigid support at the point
𝑂 and the other end at point 𝐴 is attached to a 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥
block of mass 𝑀 as shown in the figure.
𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
r −𝑥

𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
𝑂 𝐴 𝑃 𝑄 𝐵
𝑑𝑟
𝑥 Area under the force- displacement graph = work
Elongation produced by applied force = 𝑟 done by the spring force
Magnitude of restoring force 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑟 1 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = − 𝑘𝑥
2
Work done by the applied force to stretch the
Potential energy of the spring = −𝑣𝑒 of work done
spring through an infinitesimally small distance
by the spring force.
𝑑𝑟 is given by
𝟏 𝟐
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑟 𝑼= 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑘𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ------------------------------------------------------
Total work done to stretch the spring through a At the extreme position, speed of the mass is zero,
distance 𝑥 is given by i.e. 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵 = 0, but potential energy is maximum.
𝑥
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑘𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
0
𝐸𝐵 = 𝐾𝐵 + 𝑈𝐵
𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 1
0
𝐸𝐵 = 0 + 𝑘𝑥 2
2
𝑥
𝑟2 1
𝑊 = 𝑘[ ] 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 0 2
𝑥2 0 At the equilibrium position, elongation 𝑟 = 0 ,
𝑊 = 𝑘[ − ]
2 2 therefore 𝑈 = 0 , but speed of the mass is
1
1 maximum, i.e. 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝐴 + 𝑈𝐴
This work done against the spring force is stored
1
as potential energy of the spring. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 0
2
𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑼= 𝒌𝒙 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝟐 2
--------------------------------------------------------------- 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, Force is conservative;
therefore total mechanical energy of the system
should be conserved.
JOJESH- Physics Page 7 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑢=0 𝐴

1 2 1
𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥
2 2
------------------------------------------------------------- 𝑣1 𝐵
ℎ
Energy – Displacement graph

ℎ−𝑥

𝐸
𝐸 =𝑈+𝐾 𝑣2
𝑈 𝐶
𝐾=𝑈
𝐾 At point 𝑨 ,

𝑟 = −𝑥 𝐴 𝑟 = +𝑥 Since body is at rest , 𝑢 = 0

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1
𝐾𝐴 = 𝑚𝑢2 = 0
2
----------------------------------------------------------------
𝑈𝐴 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
❖ Negative of slope of potential energy –
Total energy 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝐴 + 𝑈𝐴
displacement graph is equal to conservative
𝐸𝐴 = 0 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − (1)
force acting on the object.
At point 𝑩 ,
Gravitational potential energy
Suppose that the body falls through a
Work done against gravitational force will appear
distance 𝑥 , and reaches a point 𝐵 and obtains a
as the change in gravitational potential energy of
velocity 𝑣1 .
the object.
Using equation 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆 , we have
Consider a body of mass 𝑚 is lifted to a height
𝑣12 = 02 + 2𝑔𝑥
ℎ without acceleration,
𝑣12 = 2𝑔𝑥
Magnitude of applied force required = 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
Therefore, kinetic energy of the body
Displacement = ℎ
1 1
Work done by the applied force = 𝑊 = 𝐹ℎ 𝐾𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣12 = 𝑚 × 2𝑔𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥
2 2
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Potential energy of the body
This work done will appear as gravitational 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − 𝑥 )
potential energy. Total energy 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐾𝐵 + 𝑈𝐵
𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − 𝑥) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − (2)
--------------------------------------------------------- At point 𝑪 ,
Conservation of mechanical energy in free fall Suppose that the body falls through a
Consider a body of mass 𝑚 at rest is falling from a distance ℎ , and reaches a point 𝐶 at the ground
height ℎ . and obtains a velocity 𝑣2 .
Using equation 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑆 , we have
𝑣22 = 02 + 2𝑔ℎ
JOJESH- Physics Page 8 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

𝑣22 = 2𝑔ℎ A collision between two particles is said to occur

Therefore, kinetic energy of the body if they physically strike against each other or if
1 1 the path of the motion of one is influenced by the
𝐾𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣22 = 𝑚 × 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2 2 other.
Potential energy of the body
Collisions are divided into two types:
𝑈𝑐 = 0 [ 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑]
(i) Elastic collision
Total energy 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶 + 𝑈𝐶
(ii) Inelastic collision
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − (3)
---------------------------------------------------------
From equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
Elastic collision: those collisions, in which both
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
momentum and kinetic energy of the system are
i.e; total mechanical energy of an object in free fall
conserved, are called elastic collisions.
is conserved.
Eg: Collision between subatomic particles.
----------------------------------------------------------------

Characteristics of elastic collision

𝐹 (i) Total momentum of the system is
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑚𝑔 conserved.
(ii) Total kinetic energy of the system is
conserved.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ (iii) Total energy is conserved.
(iv) Total mechanical energy of the system is
conserved.
𝐸 =𝐾+𝑈 (v) Forces involved are conservative.
𝑈 Note: Momentum and kinetic energy of individual
𝐸
𝐾=𝑈 particles are not conserved.
𝐾 -----------------------------------------------------------------
ℎ Inelastic collision
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Those collisions, in which the kinetic energy of the
---------------------------------------------------------------- system is not conserved, are called inelastic
collision.
Collision Eg: Most of the collisions in everyday life are
Collision between two bodies is defined as the inelastic collisions.
mutual interaction of the bodies for a short interval
of time as a result of which the energy and
momentum of the interacting bodies change.

JOJESH- Physics Page 9 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Perfectly inelastic collision 𝐴 𝐵 𝑢

𝑢1 2
Those inelastic collisions, in which the colliding 𝑚1 𝑚2
bodies stick together after the collision and then 𝐴 𝐵
move with a common velocity, are called perfectly 𝑚1 𝑚2
inelastic collision.
𝐴 𝐵
Characteristics of inelastic collisions 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑚2
(i) Total momentum of the system is
conserved. In an elastic collision, total momentum of the
(ii) Total kinetic energy of the system is not system is conserved. Therefore,
conserved. 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
(iii) Total energy is conserved. 𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) − − − (1)
(iv) Total mechanical energy of the system is In an elastic collision, total kinetic energy of the
not conserved. system is conserved. Therefore,
(v) Forces involved are conservative and non- 1 1 1 1
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
2 2 2 2
conservative.
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
---------------------------------------------------------------
𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 ) − − − (2)
Divide equ (2) with equ (1), we get
Elastic collision in one dimension
𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )
If the initial velocities and final velocities of both the =
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )
bodies are along the same straight line then it is (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
called a one-dimensional collision, or head-on =
(𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )
collision. (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
Consider two perfectly elastic bodies 𝐴 and 𝐵 of 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 − − − (3)
masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 which are moving with i.e; in one dimensional elastic collision, the relative
velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 respectively along straight velocity of approach before collision is equal to the
line in the same direction (𝑢1 > 𝑢2 ). After the relative velocity of separation after collision.
collision (head –on), let these bodies move with From equ (3), we can have
velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 respectively in the same 𝑣2 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 + 𝑣1
direction. Therefore equ (1) becomes
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 )
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚2 𝑣1 + 𝑚1 𝑣1
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚2 + 𝑚1 )𝑣1
(𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒖𝟏 + 𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = − − − (4)
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟏
JOJESH- Physics Page 10 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Similarly, we can have (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 𝑚1 𝑢1

𝑣1 = =
𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚1

(𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 )𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏

𝒗𝟐 = − − − (5)
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟏 And
--------------------------------------------------------------- 2𝑚1 𝑢1 2𝑚1 𝑢1
𝑣2 = =
Special cases 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚1

Case –I 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒖𝟏

When two bodies are of equal masses: i.e projectile should keep on moving with the same

𝑚1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑚 velocity and the target should start moving with a

From equ (4) velocity double that of projectile.

(𝑚 − 𝑚)𝑢1 + 2𝑚𝑢2 2𝑚𝑢2 Case – II(b)

𝑣1 = =
𝑚+𝑚 2𝑚 When the mass of target body is much heavier when
compared to the projectile (𝑚2 ≫ 𝑚1 )
𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 − − − (6) Equ (8) becomes
Also, (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 −𝑚2 𝑢1
𝑣1 = =
(𝒎 − 𝒎)𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒎𝒖𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝒖𝟏 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝒗𝟐 = =
𝒎+𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝒗𝟏 = −𝒖𝟏
And
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏 − − − (7) 2𝑚1 𝑢1 2𝑚1 𝑢1
𝑣2 = =
From equ (6) and (7), we have found that, 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
If two bodies of equal masses suffer elastic collision 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎
in one dimension, then after the collision, the bodies i.e projectile should start moving with the same
will exchange their velocities. seed in opposite direction and the target should
practically remain at rest.
Case –II -----------------------------------------------------------------
When the target body is at rest i.e. 𝑢2 = 0 Elastic collision in two dimensions ( Oblique
Using 𝑢2 = 0 in equ (5) and (6), we get collision)
(𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒖𝟏 Consider two perfectly elastic bodies 𝐴 and 𝐵 of
𝒗𝟏 = − − − (8)
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟏 masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 which are moving with
𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 (𝑢1 > 𝑢2 ) respectively along
𝒗𝟐 = − − − (9)
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟏
straight line in the same direction (along X – axis).
Case – II(a)
After the collision, the two bodies move with
When the mass of target body is negligible when
velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 along the directions making
compared to the projectile (𝑚2 ≪ 𝑚1 )
angles 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 with the line of collision (X- axis)
Equ (8) becomes
as shown in the figure.

JOJESH- Physics Page 11 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

𝑣1 sin 𝜃1 Momentum of the incident body

𝑣1 After collision = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1
𝑌
𝑣1 cos 𝜃1 Momentum of the target body
𝑚1 After collision = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝2

𝑚2 Applying law of conservation of kinetic energy,

𝑚1 𝜃1
𝑋 𝐴′ 𝑢2 we have
𝐵 𝑋
𝑢1 𝜃2
𝑝2 𝑝1 2 𝑝2 2
= +
𝑚2 𝑣2 cos 𝜃2 2𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 2 + 𝑝2 2 − − − (1)
𝑣2
𝑌′ Applying law of conservation of momentum,
𝑣2 sin 𝜃2
we have
Since collision is perfectly elastic, the kinetic energy
𝑝 + 0 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝2
of the system must be conserved.
Using cosine rule, the magnitude of resultant
1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22 − −(1) momentum of the system after collision
2 2 2 2
Since collision is perfectly elastic, the linear
𝑝 = √𝑝12 + 𝑝22 + 2𝑝1 𝑝2 cos 𝜃
momentum is separately conserved along 𝑋 −axis
𝑝2 = 𝑝12 + 𝑝22 + 2𝑝1 𝑝2 cos 𝜃
and 𝑌 − axis.
Where 𝜃 is the angle between ⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝2.
Applying the law of conservation of momentum
Using equ (1) in the above equation, we get
along 𝑋 − axis, we have
𝑝2 = 𝑝2 + 2𝑝1 𝑝2 cos 𝜃
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 cos 𝜃2 − −(2)
2𝑝1 𝑝2 cos 𝜃 = 0
Applying the law of conservation of momentum
cos 𝜃 = 0
along 𝑌 − axis, we have
𝜃 = 900
𝑚1 𝑣1 sin 𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 sin 𝜃2 = 0 − − − (3)
𝑖. 𝑒. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝2 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1 and 𝑚1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 ⊥ 𝑚2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣2
Since four unknown quantities (𝑣1 , 𝜃1 , 𝑣2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 are
connected by only three equations; their values cannot
𝑣1 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣2

be found. In practice , 𝜃1 𝑜𝑟 𝜃2 is measured i.e. When a particle suffers an oblique collision with
experimentally. Using this value we can calculate the another particle of same mass but at rest, the two
values of other three unknown quantities. particles will move in mutually perpendicular
--------------------------------------------------------------------- directions after the collision.
Special case: -----------------------------------------------------------------
➢ Glancing collision between two identical bodies
in which target body is at rest
Momentum of the incident body
Before collision = 𝑝
Momentum of the target body
Before collision = 0
JOJESH- Physics Page 12 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑣= − − − (1)
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Coefficient of restitution
Initial kinetic energy of the system is given by
The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio
1 1
of velocity of separation to the velocity of approach 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 − − − (2)
2 2
of the colliding bodies. It is denoted by 𝑒 .
Final kinetic energy of the system is given by
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 1
𝑒= 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑣 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣 2
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ 2 2
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 1
𝑒= 𝐾𝑓 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2
𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 2
➢ For an elastic collision 𝒆 = 𝟏 Using equ (1) in the above equation, we get
i.e. 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 1 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 2
𝐾𝑓 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) ( )
➢ For an inelastic collision 𝟎 < 𝒆 < 1 2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 1 (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 )2
0< <1 𝐾𝑓 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
𝑢1 − 𝑢2 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )2
0 < 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 < 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 1 (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 )2
𝐾𝑓 = − − − (3)
➢ For a perfectly inelastic collision 𝒆 = 𝟎 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 Change in kinetic energy = ∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑖 − 𝐾𝑓
𝑒= =0
𝑢1 − 𝑢2
Using equ (2) and (3) in the above equation, we get
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 0
1 1 1 (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 )2
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 ∆𝐾 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 −
2 2 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
i.e. in a perfectly inelastic collision, the two bodies
Solving we get
move with a common velocity. i.e. bodies stick
1 𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
together in collision. ∆𝐾 =
2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
----------------------------------------------------------------
Loss of kinetic energy in a perfectly inelastic
➢ ∆𝑲 is positive, so 𝑲𝒊 > 𝑲𝒇
collision
➢ This energy is lost in the form of heat and
Consider that two bodies of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2
other forms during the collision
moving with velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 respectively
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
undergo perfectly inelastic collision in one Power
dimension. After the collision bodies stick together
Rate of doing work or the rate at which energy is
and move with a common velocity 𝑣.
consumed or delivered with respect to the time is
In an inelastic collision, total momentum of the
known as power.
system is conserved. Therefore,
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣 + 𝑚2 𝑣 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 Power is a scalar quantity, In S.I system, it is
measured in watt (W).
JOJESH- Physics Page 13 of 15
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Define 1 watt 𝐻
We know that
𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡
1𝐽 𝑂 𝑣
If 𝑊 = 1 𝐽 and 𝑡 = 1𝑠, then 𝑃 = 1𝑠 = 1𝑊
𝑟−ℎ 𝑇
i.e. 1 watt is that power developed, if 1 joule of work 𝜃

is done in 1 second. 𝑃
ℎ 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
---------------------------------------------------------------- 𝜃
If ∆𝑊 work is done in ∆ 𝑡 time, then instantaneous 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
power is given by 𝑚𝑔
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑊 𝐹 . ∆𝑆
𝑃= = = 𝐹. 𝑣 ➢ Velocity at any point
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Let 𝑣 be the velocity of the body at any point
Where 𝑣 is the instantaneous velocity.
𝑃. Let ℎ be the height of 𝑃 above 𝐿. Let
𝑷 = ⃗𝑭. 𝒗
⃗
𝑢 be the velocity of the body at the lowest
-----------------------------------------------------------------
point 𝐿.
Relation between kinetic energy and momentum
According to conservation of mechanical
We know that,
energy,
Linear momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Total energy at 𝐿 = Total energy at 𝑃
Squaring on both sides, we get
1 1
𝑝2 = 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑢2
2 2
Dividing both sides with 2m, we get 𝑣 2 + 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑢2
𝑝2 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑝2 𝑚𝑣 2
= ⟹ = 𝒗 = √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐𝒈𝒉 − − − (1)
2𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚 2
This is the expression for the velocity of body
𝒑𝟐
= 𝑲. 𝑬 ⟹ 𝒑 = √𝟐𝒎𝑲. 𝑬 at any point on the vertical circle.
𝟐𝒎
----------------------------------------------------------------- ➢ Tension in the string
Motion of an object in vertical circle From the figure, Net force acting on the object
Consider a body of mass 𝑚 tied to a string of length at point 𝑃 is given by
𝑟 and rotating in a vertical circle of radius 𝑟. 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
This force provides centripetal force, i.e
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟−ℎ (𝑟 − ℎ)
𝑇= + 𝑚𝑔 ( ) [∵ cos 𝜃 = ]
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑚 2 𝑚
𝑇= (𝑢 − 2𝑔ℎ) + 𝑔(𝑟 − ℎ)
𝑟 𝑟

JOJESH- Physics Page 14 of 15

 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
𝑚 2 𝑚 𝒗𝑯 = √𝒈𝒓 − − − (𝟔)
𝑇= (𝑢 − 2𝑔ℎ) + (𝑔𝑟 − 𝑔ℎ)
𝑟 𝑟
𝒎 𝟐 ➢ When 𝑢 < √5𝑔𝑟 , the particle will either
𝑻 = (𝒖 − 𝟑𝒈𝒉 + 𝒈𝒓) − − − (𝟐)
𝒓 oscillate about the lowest point or will leave
This is the expression for the tension in the string at
the circular path.
any point on the vertical circle.
If the velocity vanishes at height 𝒉𝟏 , then
Special cases
Using equ(1), we get
Case – I
0 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔ℎ1
Tension at the lowest point,
𝒖𝟐
Using equ (2), we get 𝒉𝟏 = − − − (7)
𝟐𝒈
𝑚 2
𝑇𝐿 = (𝑢 − 3𝑔 × 0 + 𝑔𝑟) [∵ ℎ = 0] If the tension vanishes at height 𝒉𝟐 , then
𝑟
𝒎 𝟐 Using equ (2), we get
𝑻𝑳 = (𝒖 + 𝒈𝒓) − − − (𝟑) 𝑚 2
𝒓 0= (𝑢 − 3𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑔𝑟)
Case – II 𝑟
𝑢2 − 3𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑔𝑟 = 0
Tension at the highest point,
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒈𝒓
Using equ (2), we get 𝒉𝟐 = − − − (8)
𝟑𝒈
𝑚 2
𝑇𝐻 = (𝑢 − 3𝑔 × 2𝑟 + 𝑔𝑟) [∵ ℎ = 2𝑟] Case - IV
𝑟
𝒎 𝟐 Condition of oscillation
𝑻𝑯 = (𝒖 − 𝟓𝒈𝒓) − − − (𝟒)
𝒓
To have oscillation, velocity of the particle should
Case- III
vanish earlier than tension. i.e. ℎ1 < ℎ2
➢ Minimum velocity at the lowest point for
Therefore using equ( 7) and (8)
looping the loop
𝑢2 𝑢2 + 𝑔𝑟
To have this tension in the string at the highest <
2𝑔 3𝑔
point should be greater than or equal to zero.
3𝑢2 < 2𝑢2 + 2 × 𝑔𝑟
i.e. 𝑇𝐻 ≥ 0
𝒖 < √𝟐𝒈𝒓 − − − (9)
Using equ (4), we get
Condition to leave the circular path
𝑚 2
(𝑢 − 5𝑔𝑟) ≥ 0 To have oscillation, tension in the string should
𝑟
𝑢2 − 5𝑔𝑟 ≥ 0 vanish earlier than velocity. i.e. ℎ1 > ℎ2
𝑢2 ≥ 5𝑔𝑟 Therefore using equ( 7) and (8)

𝒖 ≥ √𝟓𝒈𝒓 − − − (5) √𝟐𝒈𝒓 < 𝒖 < √𝟓𝒈𝒓 − − − (10)

************************************************
➢ Minimum velocity at the highest point for
looping the loop
Using equ (5) in equ (1), we get
𝑣𝐻 = √5𝑔𝑟 − 2𝑔 × 2𝑟
JOJESH- Physics Page 15 of 15