Diseño e Implementación de
Tecnologías de Cuarta Generación
OFDM Key Parameters for FDD and TDD Modes
and
Data Rate Calculation
Msc. Henry A. Vásquez
OFDM Key Parameters for FDD and TDD Modes
1.Variable Bandwidth (BW) : Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
2. Subcarrier Spacing (Δf = 15 KHz)
TheSymbol time isTsymbol= 1/Δf = 66,7μs
3. The number of Subcarriers Nc Ncx Δf = BW
In LTE not all the available channel bandwidth (e.g. 20 MHz) will be used. For the
transmission bandwidth typically 10% guard band is considered (to avoid the out band
emissions).
If BW = 20MHz Transmission BW = 20MHz –2MHz = 18 MHz
the number of subcarriers
Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
Source:
3GPP TS 36.104 version 11.4.0 Release 11
→Δf as small as possibile so that the symbol time Tsymbol is as large as possibile.
This is beneficial to solve Intersymbol Interference in time domain
→A too small subcarrier spacing it is increasing the ICI = Intercarrier Interference due to
Doppler effect
4. Fast Fourier Transform Size – Nfft
The FFT/ IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) it is used for the generation of the
subcarriers.
Input for the FFT/ IFFT are the modulation symbols.
FFT/ IFFT could be seen as a kind of operation acting on a Nfft discrete points of the
input signal
Therefore the terminology is naming the FFT/ IFFT sampling.
4. Fast Fourier Transform Size – Nfft
Nfft size:
The number of samples Nfft on which FFT/ IFFT is applied should be big enough to
satisfy the sampling theorem (giving the minimum number of samples)
From this: Nfft > Nc number of the input subcarriers.
FFT/IFFT operation requires that input length must be a power of 2. This is because in
this way the operation is much faster than ordinary DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform).
Example:
For a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz there are 1200 subcarriers -> the length of the IFFT input is
a signal with 1200 symbols
1200 is not a power of 2 so that the IFFT operation requires zero padding-> Next power of
2 is 2048
The rest of input: 2048 - 1200 = 848 will padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fs
This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:
→fs = Nfft x Δf
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 → next power of 2 is 512 → Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz → fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS!
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate from UMTS/HSPA. This was
acomplished because the subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE have
the same clock timing!
6. Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.
Capacity allocation is based on Resource Blocks
Resource Element ( RE):
1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period.
Theoretical minimum capacity allocation unit.
1 RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation symbol
on a succarrier, Example: 2 bits for QPSK, 4
Bist for 16 QAM and 6 bits for 64QAM
OFDMA Parameters Resume
Frame duration : 10ms created from slots and subframes
Subframe duration (TTI) : 1 ms (composed of 2x0.5ms slots)
Subcarrier spacing : Fixed to 15kHz (7.5 kHz defined for MBMS)
Sampling Rate : Varies with the bandwidth but always factor or multiple of 3.84
to ensure compatibility with WCDMA by using common clocking
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Frame Duration 1010ms
ms
Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz
Sampling Rate (MHz)| 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
Data Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7, extended CP=6
CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12 μsec, extended CP= 16.67μsec
Data Rate Calculation
1.Maximum channel data rate
The maximum channel data rate is calculated taking into account the total number of the
available resource blocks in 1 TTI = 1ms
Max Data Rate = Number of Resource Blocks x 12 subcarriersx (14 symbols/ 1ms)
= Number of Resouce Blocks x (168 symbols/1ms)
2. Impact of the Channel Bandwith: 5, 10, 20 MHz
For BW = 5MHz -> there are 25 Resource Blocks
-> Max DataRate = 25 x (168 symbols/1ms) = 4,2 * Msymbols/s
BW = 10MHz -> 50 ResourceBlocks -> Max DataRate = 8,2 Msymbols/s
BW = 20MHz -> 100 ResourceBlocks -> Max DataRate =16,4 Msymbols/s
Data Rate Calculation
3. Impact of the Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
For: QPSK –2bits/symbol; 16QAM –4bits/symbol and 64QAM –6 bits/symbol
QPSK: Max DataRate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 2bits/symbol= 32,8 Mbits/s (bandwith of 20 MHz)
16QAM: Max DataRate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 4 bits/symbols= 65,6 Mbits/s
64QAM: Max DataRate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 6 bits/symbols= 98,4 Mbits/s
Data Rate Calculation
4. Impact of the Channel Coding
The effective coding rate is dependent on the Modulation and Coding Scheme selected by the
scheduler in the eNodeB. In practice several coding rates can be obtained. Here it is considered
1/2 and 3/4:
1/2 coding rate: Max Datarate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,5 = 49,2 Mbits/s
3/4 coding rate: Max Datarate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,75 = 73,8 Mbits/s
5. Impact of MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output
If spatial diversity it is used (2x2 MIMO) then the data rate will be doubled since the data is
sent in parallel in 2 different streams using 2 different antennas 2x2 MIMO:
Max Data Rate = 73,8 Mbit/s * 2 = 147,6 Mbits/s
Data Rate Calculation
Impact of physical layer overhead and higher layers overhead
The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is
considered. Also the higher layers MAC, RLC, PDCP, IP are introducing their own
headers.
This type of overheads are discussed here in the point 1 - week 3
