Determines how

many electrons High speed

Number of electron
the atom has protons Emitted when a 2 neutrons and 2 protons
neutron turns into a (same as helium nucleus)
Atomic Number proton in nucleus
Number of protons Element with
and neutrons different numbers Beta Alpha
Only stopped by a
Mass Number Isotopes few cm of lead

Very Arrangement can change

Neutrons penetrating with the absorption or
Basic Structure Gamma
0 charge emission of EM radiation
EM radiation
Protons Electrons Energy Levels
+ charge - Charge TOPIC 4: ATOMIC STRUCTURE Nuclear Radiation

Bohr Model Background

Atomic Models Radiation
Alpha
Central nucleus,
electrons in energy Scattering Natural
levels orbiting it
Plum Pudding Man-Made
Model Proves:
Rocks, and
Atom mostly cosmic rays
empty space Nuclear weapons
Ball of positive charge testing and
KEY with negative charges
scattered throughout
Nucleus is small and nuclear accidents
positively charged
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 Mass is converted into energy Radioactive tracer is
in the form of radiation consumed and targets a
Used to detect part of the body
its radiation
Joining of two light nuclei Have short
half-lives
into a larger nucleus Medical Tracers
Destroying
Nuclear Unwanted Tissue
Splitting of large Fusion Uses of
and unstable nuclei Nuclear Radiation
Gamma rays can be
Nuclear focused onto areas
of the body and kill
Fission
TOPIC 4: ATOMIC STRUCTURE unwanted cells

Unstable nuclei must absorb Measured in

a slow-moving neutron becquerels (Bq) Radioactive
Rate at which a Decay
Produces two smaller nuclei nuclei decays Half-Life
and releases energy Activity
Random Count-Rate Time for number
Releases two or three of unstable
neutrons Which nuclei and when nuclei in a given
KEY it will decay is Measured using a
Geiger-Muller tube
isotope to halve
Once released, induce unpredictable
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