6.

Astigmatism= is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not
equally
magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines.
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification
8. Flares = condition of the lens producing multiple images.

LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal Length – is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to
focus at
infinite position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:
a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the
negative. Useful in taking photograph at short distance with wider area coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer than
twice the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the
negative. Best used in long distance photographing but with narrow area coverage.
d. Zoom lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted continuously by
the movement of one or more elements in the lens system.
2. Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object
in
apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or focused on a given position.
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused with a
given particular diaphragm opening will gives the maximum depth of field.
3. Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. The one
that
controls the degree of sharpness of the object.

6. CHEMICAL PROCESS
The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.
a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
= Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.
Elon, Hydroquinone = used as main developing agents
b. Stop bath = normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that
serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.
c. Fixation = Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or removed
from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed silver
halides.

Other chemicals used:

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener
Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator
Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging.
 Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and printing.
Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment on
the dodging board.
Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.
Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for
purposes
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
PREPAPRED BY: WINI LHOR BONANE, RCRIM, MSCRIM

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Photography = Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means
“light” and
“Grapho” means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the
word photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.
= Is the art and science of reproducing image by means of light through some sensitized
material with the aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the chemical process required
in order to produce a photograph.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Photography = Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which
means “light” and
“Grapho” means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W.
Herschel coined the
word photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.
= Is the art and science of reproducing image by means of light through some sensitized
material with the aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the chemical process
required
in order to produce a photograph.

2. Forensic = Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a market place”
where people gathered for public discussion.
= When used in conjunction with other science it connotes a relationship to the
administration of justice. It is sometimes used interchangeably with the word legal.

3. Police Photography = Is the application of the principles of photography is relation

to the police
work and in the administration of justice.

4. Photograph = Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography. Picture and

photograph
are not the same for a picture is a generic term is referring to all kinds of formed image
while a
photograph is an image that can only be a product of photography.

B. USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Personal Identification
= Personal Identification is considered to be the first application of photography is
police
work. Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized photography in police
work as a
supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.
2. For Communication
= Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal methods of
communication
considering that no other language can be known universally than photograph.

3. For Record Purposes

= Considered to be the utmost used of photography in police work.
Different Views in photographing
a. General View
= taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows direction and location
of the crime scene.
b. Medium View
= Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into section.
This view will best view the nature of the crime.
c. Close-up View
= Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It
is design to show the details of the crime.
d. Extreme Close-up View
= Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification such
as Photomacrography and photomicrography.
4. For Preservation
= Crime scene and other physical evidence requires photograph for preservation
purposes.
Crime scene cannot be retain as is for a long period of time but through photograph
the initial
condition of the scene of the crime can be preserved properly.

5. For Discovering and Proving

= Photography can extend human vision in discovering and proving things such as:
a. The use of Magnification
Photomicrography = Taking a magnified photograph of small object through
attaching a camera to the ocular of a compound microscope so as to show a minute
detail
of the physical evidence.
Photomacrogaphy = Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small object by
attaching an extended tube lens (macro lens) to the camera.
Microphotography = is the process of reducing into a small strip of film a scenario. It is
first used in filmmaking.
Macrophotography = used synonymously with photomacrogaphy.
Telephotography = Is the process of taking photograph of a far object with the aid of
a long focus and Telephoto lens.

b. Used of Artificial Light such as X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red rays to show
something which
may not be visible with the aid of human eye alone.

6. For Court Exhibits

= Almost all evidence presented in court before formally be accepted requires that they
satisfy
the basic requirements for admissibility which is relevancy and competency. A
question of
relevancy is usually proved by proving the origin of the evidence and its relation to the
case and
this is usually supplemented by photograph of the evidence giving reference as to
where it came
from.
Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as Exhibit. Either Exhibit
1,2,3 etc.
for the defense or Exhibit A, B, C etc for the prosecution.

7. Crime Prevention
= with the used of video camera (hidden camera) and other advanced
photographic
equipment crimes are being detected more easily and even to the extent of preventing
them from
initially occurring.

8. Police Training
= Modern facilities are now being used as instructional material not only in police
training as
well as in other agencies.

9. Reproducing and Copying

= With the use of photography any number of reproduction of the evidence can be
made
those giving unlimited opportunity for its examination and even allow other experts or
person to
examine the specimen without compromising the original.

C. ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Light = is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a wave with the speed of
186,
000 miles per second.
2. Camera = a light tight box designed to block unwanted or unnecessary light from
reaching
the sensitized material.
3. Lens = is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collect the
reflected light
coming from the object to form the image.
4. Sensitized material = composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound
which is
capable of being transformed into an image through the action of light and with some
chemical processes. ( Film and Photo Paper).
5. Chemical Process = is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form
so as a
latent image and a positive image be made resulting to what we called Photograph.

D. THEORIES OF LIGHT
1. The WAVE Theory (Huygens)
= It is the theory that was transcribed from the motion of the water that if we observe a
piece of log floating in the ocean and with the force of the air would naturally will make
the log
move up and down.
2. Corpuscular theory (Newton)
= this later opposed the wave theory stating that light has its effect by the motion of very
small
particles such as electrons.
3. Modified Wave theory (Maxwell and hertz)
= Based on electromagnetics.
All these theories are still considered to be of little lacking that law enforcement need
not
to be very focus on this but rather go along with the accepted conclusion that light is a
form of
energy, which is electromagnetic in form.

E. LIGHT: ITS NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS, SOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION

Light is defined as an electromagnetic energy with the speed of 186,00 miles per
second. Its
wave travel is said to be characterized in certain extent based on velocity, wavelength
and frequency
of the number of vibration of the wave per second.
Light wavelength is the distance measured between two (2) successive crest or
through of wave
and it is expressed in either Millimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom. Millimicron is
the units of light
wavelength which is equivalent to one-millionth part of a millimeter which the
Angstrom is relatively
smaller for it has an equivalent measurement of ten (10) millionth part of a millimeter.
Once light hits a certain medium, its action can be characterized as either:
Reflected,
Transmitted or Absorbed (RAT). Reflected once the light hits a mirror and it bounce
back. Transmitted
when the light hits a transparent glass which would allow the light to pass through its
medium and
Absorbed when the light hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either bouncing
or passing
through.
Isaac Newton in 1666 proved that the light which men see as white light is actually a
mixture of
all colors of the spectrum. This is produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism
(Sharp Edge of the
Glass). A rainbow array will then be shown with colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue
and violet colors
(from top to bottom). The visible light is also said of have a wavelength of between 400-
700 millimicron
or nanometer.

1. Types of Light
Lights can largely be classified into visible and invisible light.
a. Visible Light
= Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the human eye. It is
the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye.
b. Invisible Light
= lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the retina of
the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultrat-violet and Infra-red lights.

2. Photographic Rays
a. X-ray
=Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by
passing an
electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally
discovered by
Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of shadow
photography.

b. Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet)

= Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to photograph
fingerprints in
multi colored background, documents that are altered, decipherment of erase
writing and
developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.

c. Visible Light
= It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700
millimicrons designed for
ordinary photographing purposes.

d. Infra-red (Beyond the Red)

= Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging from
700 to 1000
millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of over-written documents, obliterated
writing, and
charred documents or for black out photography. It is sometimes referred to as heat
rays).
3. Light Source
A. Natural Light= are those light which come to existence without the intervention of
man e.i.
Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
1. Bright Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the object appears
glossy.
2. Hazy Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. This is due to thin
clouds
that cover the sun.
3. Dull Sunlight
= object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun.

Daylight may still be classified as: open space bright sunlight, under shade bright
sunlight,
hazy sunlight, cloudy sunlight and cloudy dull sunlight.
These conditions and their colors affect the appearance of the object being
photograph. Factors such as atmospheric vapor, atmospheric dust and quality of the
reflected
light coming and not coming from the source should likewise be considered.

B. Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb,

incandescent bulb
and photoflood lamp.

1. Continuous radiation
Photoflood lamp= is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a light with a
reflector at the back which focus the light to the object the common wattages of this
lamp
is 500 watts.

Flourescent Lamp = are tube lamps in which the walls are coated with
fluorescent
powders with both ends is mounted with a holder that serves as the reflector.
This is
commonly used by everybody more than it is used in photographing.

Incandescent bulb = are bulb with a wire filament connecting two wires which sustain
the electrical charge that produces the light. Everybody likewise commonly uses
this
although it is more expensive in terms of electrical consumptions.

Infra-red Lamp
Ultra-violet Lamp

2. Short Duration type

Flash bulb = are chemical lamps, as it generate lights by the rapid combination of metal
in oxygen. The bulb can be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired electrically
There are thin filaments inside the bulb with two electrical contacts. When the current
flows through the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites the explosive primer
that
ignites the aluminum foil that burns, giving flash of tense light.

Electronic Flash = produces light by an instantaneous electrical in charges between

two
electrodes in a gas filled glass bulbs. The electrical energy for the discharge is kept in
capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges from 1/300 second and 1/5000 second, and
because of this, subject in fast motion can be arrested or stopped in the photographs.

4. SENSITIZED MATERIAL
= It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically composed of emulsion
containing
Silver Halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support.
Parts of the Sensitized Material
1. Emulsion = is that part of the film or photographic paper which contains the
silver grains
which is the one sensitive to light. In a colored film this emulsion surface can be
composed
of three layers (Blue, Green and Red) with filters intervening.
2. Anti Halation Backing = is the one designed to hold back the light and prevents
halation.
3. Base = Support the emulsion

I. Types of Film
A. According to Use
1. Black and White Film = usually represented by a prefix or a suffix “Pan” or
“Ortho” and generally used in black and white photography. Examples are
Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.
2. Colored Film = can be divided into two: the Negative type and the reversal
type of colored film. The former is usually having names ending in color while
the word chrome represents the latter.
e.g. Blue sensitive film, Ultra-violet film, Infra-red film, Orthochromatic
film and Panchromatic film.

B. According to Spectral Sensitivity

Spectral sensitivity = is the responsiveness of the film emulsion to the different
wavelength of the light course.
1. Blue – Sensitive film = sensitive to U.V. light and Blue Color.
2. Orthochromatic Film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to the green. ( popular in the
marker as KODALITH FILM)
3. Panchromatic film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to red (sensitive to all colors of
the visible light)
3.1. Process Panchromatic film = permit short exposures under average
lighting condition and has the advantage of the grain structure.
3.2. Grain Panchromatic film
3.3. High Speed Panchromatic film designed originally for
photographing object under adverse lighting condition.
4. Infra-red Film = Sensitive to all colors and to infra-red light.

FILM SPEED (Emulsion Speed)

This refers to the degree of sensitivity of the film to light.
1. ASA (American Standards Association) = this is expressed in arithmetic
value system. The
bigger the number the more sensitive the film is.
ASA 10, 20 , 30 , 40,50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000
2. DIN ( Deutche Industre Normen) = expressed in Logarithmic value system. Used in
the same
principle as the ASA.

Din 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33 etc

3. ISO (International Standard Organization) expressed as combination of ASA and

DIN rating.

II. Photographic Paper

It is that sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development
and
become the photograph.
Types of Photographic Papers
A. According to Emulsion Used (Silver halides content)
1. Silver Chloride paper = used for contact printing, the size of the positive print is the
same as the size of the negative used. Sensitivity to light is low and give blue-black
tones when properly developed.
2. Silver Bromide paper = used projection, printing and enlarging process. This is one of
the most ideal photo paper used for police photography. Will give a black tone when
properly developed.
3. Silver Chlorobromide paper = used both for projection and contact printing.
Slow
emulsion.
4. Variable contract paper = combines the contrast range in one paper it uses a special
chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast responses upon exposure to
different colors of light.

B. According to Physical Characteristics

b.1. Weight
1. Light weight = designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is not of
consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves folding.
2. Single Weight = papers used for small prints or which are need to be mounted on
solid
and fine details necessary in the production. Used in ordinary photographic purposes.
3. Double weight = generally used for large prints because they stand up under rough
treatment.
b.2. Surface Texture
a. Glossy paper =designed for fine details and brillant image formation.
b. Semi-mate paper = obscure the fine details
c. Rough papers = used for large prints or where breath rather than detail is
necessary.
b.3. Color
a. White = better used in police photography.
b. Cream = preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape or when warmth
effect is desired.
c. Buff papers = prepare for tone print
C. According to Contrast (grade)
1. Velox No. 0 = used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely exposed
film.
2. Velox No. 1 = used for high contrast negative (over exposed film)
3. Velox No. 2 = used for normal exposed film
4. Velox No. 3 = used for negative with weak contrast (under exposed)
5. Velox No. 4 = used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak
negatives. It is useful imprinting which high contrast is desired.
6. Velox No. 5 = for flat negative that are unprintable.

5. CAMERA
Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material
Basically, camera can produce image with its four-(4) basic parts such as light tight box,
lens,
and shutter, Holder of sensitized material.

Essential Parts of a Camera

1. Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other
parts.
2. Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an
image on
the film.
3. Shutter – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film
4. Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite side of the lens designed
to hold firmly
the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image
5. View finder – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the
extent of the
coverage of the given lens

OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA

A. Viewing System
Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the photographer the
entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.
B. Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob) =designed to transfer the exposed film
to the
other side or to the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the opposite side of the
lens for another exposure.
C. Shutter speed = is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the
film
thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually
expressed
in a fraction of a second.

1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc.
The speed number in the left is always two times powerful in terms of light gathering
than that
of the right number
Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or “freeze” the action of
a person
provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening be made in order to
maintain normal
exposure.
D. Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the
focal
length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens
opening or relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.

f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16

The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens opening
the greater
the volume of air that will passed through the lends and reach the sensitized material.

If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in
which
objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.
E. Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of
sharpness
of the object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating the distance from
the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear image.

Types of focusing device:

1. Range finder (Either coincidence or split image type)
Coincidence otherwise known as superimposed image focusing. In this type of
focusing a single
object will appeared double once the object is not in focus, but moving the
focusing
adjustment this double image will coincide or superimposed to form a single object.
Split Image focusing on the other hand will show an image in split or two parts once the
object in not
in focus once the two parts of the image has been united then the object is already
focused
2. Ground Glass
This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in
focused the
object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted.

3. Scale Bed
Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his
estimation do this.

TYPES OF THE CAMERA

1. View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and the simplest type of camera
2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – it is a type of camera best suited for police
work due to its
interchangeability of the lens
3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and
the other for
forming the image.
4. View or Press type – is considered the biggest and expensive type of camera, used
for movie
making
5. LENS
= It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a greater effect on the
quality of
the image to be formed.
= a medium or system which converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form
an image.
= Can be a glass or transparent material, which permit light to pass through and
change the
direction of light.
Daniel Barbaro = first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be produced
a. Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thicker
at
the center and thinner at the side which is capable of bending the light together and
forms the image inversely.
b. Negative or Concave Lens (diverging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thinner
at the center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual image on the same side of the
lens.

2. According to Degree of Corrections

a. Meniscus Lens = lens that has no correction.
b. Rapid Rectilinear Lens – lens corrected of distortion
c. Anastigmat Lens – correcting astigmatism
d. Achromatic Lens – correcting chromatic aberration
e. Apochromatic Lens – correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration

INHERRRENT LENS DEFECTS

1. Spherical Aberration= Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens
producing
an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at the side.
2. Coma = (Also known as lateral aberration) = Inability of the lens to focus light that
travels straight
or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the
one the is
transmitted sharp.
3. Curvature of Field = the relation of the images of the different point are incorrect with
respect
to one another.
4. Distortion = Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can either be Pincushion
distortion (curving
inward) or Barrel (curving outward).
5. Chromatic Aberration = Inability of the lens to focus light of varying
wavelength. The lens
refracts rays of short wavelength more strongly than those of longer wavelength and
therefore
bringing blue rays to a shorter focus than the red.
6. Astigmatism= is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not
equally
magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines.
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification
8. Flares = condition of the lens producing multiple images.

LENS CHARACTERISTICS

1. Focal Length – is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to
focus at
infinite position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:
a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the
negative. Useful in taking photograph at short distance with wider area coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer than
twice the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the
negative. Best used in long distance photographing but with narrow area coverage.
d. Zoom lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted
continuously by
the movement of one or more elements in the lens system.
2. Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest
object in
apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or focused on a given position.
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused with a
given particular diaphragm opening will gives the maximum depth of field.
3. Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. The
one that
controls the degree of sharpness of the object.
6. CHEMICAL PROCESS

The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.

a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
= Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.
Elon, Hydroquinone = used as main developing agents
b. Stop bath = normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid
that
serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.
c. Fixation = Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
removed
from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed silver
halides.

Other chemicals used:

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener
Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator
Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during
enlarging.
Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and
printing.
Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful
adjustment on
the dodging board.
Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.
 Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for
purposes
of making a balance exposure

6. CHEMICAL PROCESS
The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.
a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
= Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.
Elon, Hydroquinone = used as main developing agents
b. Stop bath = normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that
serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.
c. Fixation = Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
removed
from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed silver
halides.

Other chemicals used:

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener
Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator
Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during
enlarging.
Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and
printing.
Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful
adjustment on
the dodging board.
Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.
Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for
purposes
of making a balance exposure
QUESTION AND ANSWER FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

1. The normal developing time of a

formally exposed photographic paper
in Dektol Developer with ordinary
room temperature is ____.
A. 20 – 30 minutes C. 6 – 7 minutes
B. 1 1/2 minutes D. 10 – 15 minutes
2. Which of the following filter is
considered best in taking photographs
of car collisions where cars involved
are newly painted?
A. Yellow C. Red
B. Green D. Ultra Violet
3. What is the procedure of
shadowing a portion of an image to
hold back light during the part of the
printing exposure?
A. Burning-in C. Dodging
B. Cropping D. Vignetting
4. Normally, what would be the DIN
rating of a film with finer grain?
A. 33 C. 24
B. 27 D. 21
5. How would a photographer adjust
or set the shutter speed of his camera
if his objective is to freeze the
action of moving objects?
A. Medium C. Slow
B. Fast D. None of these
6. In police photography, ideally, how
many photographs of each item per
evidence should be taken?
A. 5 C. 4
B. 3 D. 2
7. The lens opening also known as the
relative aperture is the indicator for
light transmitting capability of the
lens. Which lens opening will admit
more light to pass through its
medium?
A. f/16 C. f/4
B. f/5.6 D. f/2.8
8. What type of lens is that whose
center is thicker and the sides thinner?
A. Concave C. Diverging
B. Micro D. Positive
9. What lens has the focal length that
is equal to the measure between the
corner to the center of the image
area?
A. Telephoto C. Wide angle
B. Zoom D. Normal
10. Which of the following technical
equipment is used for night
photography?
A. Wide-aperture standard lens for
pictures featuring people
B. Use of zoom lens for light-blur
effects
C. Cable release
D. All of these
1. The normal developing time of a formally exposed photographic paper in Dektol
Developer with ordinary
room temperature is ____.
A. 20 – 30 minutes C. 6 – 7 minutes
B. 1 1/2 minutes D. 10 – 15 minutes
2. Which of the following filter is considered best in taking photographs of car collisions
where cars involved
are newly painted?
A. Yellow C. Red
B. Green D. Ultra Violet
3. What is the procedure of shadowing a portion of an image to hold back light during
the part of the
printing exposure?
A. Burning-in C. Dodging
B. Cropping D. Vignetting
4. Normally, what would be the DIN rating of a film with finer grain?
A. 33 C. 24
B. 27 D. 21
5. How would a photographer adjust or set the shutter speed of his camera if his
objective is to freeze the
action of moving objects?
A. Medium C. Slow
B. Fast D. None of these
6. In police photography, ideally, how many photographs of each item per evidence
should be taken?
A. 5 C. 4
B. 3 D. 2
7. The lens opening also known as the relative aperture is the indicator for light
transmitting capability of the lens. Which lens opening will admit more light to pass
through its medium?
A. f/16 C. f/4
B. f/5.6 D. f/2.8
8. What type of lens is that whose center is thicker and the sides thinner?
A. Concave C. Diverging
B. Micro D. Positive
9. What lens has the focal length that is equal to the measure between the corner to the
center of the image
area?
A. Telephoto C. Wide angle
B. Zoom D. Normal
10. Which of the following technical equipment is used for night photography?
A. Wide-aperture standard lens for pictures featuring people
B. Use of zoom lens for light-blur effects
C. Cable release
D. All of these
11. Why is the enlarger described as OPPOSITE the camera?
A. None of these C. It cannot take pictures
B. It can only record events D. It serves as a view finder
12. What photography makes use of a microscope and is used to record minute
evidence such as powdered
debris, stains, hairs and fibers?
A. Microphotography C. Ultraviolet
B. Camcoders D. Infra red luminous

13. What is the better method in taking photographs of a fire scene?

A. Use Polarized filter
B. Use Instamatic camera
C. Use camera equipped with stand
D. Use digital camera
14. The f numbers represent the ratio of what characteristics of the lens and
the diameter of the lens
aperture?
A. Depth of Focus C. Focal length
B. Focal distance D. Depth of field
15. _________ is that light-sensitive silver salts in a gelatin medium coated on all
photographic films and
papers.
A. Aniline C. Emulsion
B. Sympathetic Inks D. Copy pencil
16. How many degrees must you add to the DIN rating to denote double emulsion
speed?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 2 D. 4
17. What contraption or device is used to block the path of light passing through the
lens exposing the
sensitized material?
A. Range finder C. Exposure
B. Shutter D. View finder
18. What is the correct sequence of sensitivity of the three emulsion layers of color film?
A. Red-Green-Blue C. Blue-green-red
B. Green-red-blue D. None of them

19. Which object as mentioned below requires individual photograph?

A. Any clue to the perpetrator’s identity
B. Identifying marks
C. Tools or weapons used
D. Wounds of the victim
20. Which indicates the speed of the lens or the amount of light the lens lets through in
proportion to its focal
length?
A. Flash meters C. f
B. Exposure D. Electronic flash
21. What is the purpose of an inlet fan in a darkroom?
a) Ventilation c) Heating
b) Light proofing d) All of them
22. What did Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre used as a “developer” in his copperplate
photography?
a) Silver salt c) Hydroquinone
b) Acetic acid d) Mercury fumes
23. The modern photographic process is based on _____ negative to positive principle.
a) Daguerre’s c) Talbot’s
b) Niepce’s d) None of them
24. The sensitivity of a gelatin emulsion could be increased by heating it before coating.
This process is known
as ______.
a) Ripening c) Sensitizing
b) Heating d) None of them
25. The typical processing tank can accommodate how many ml of liquid?
a) 200 ml c) 750 ml
b) 100 ml d) 500 ml
26. What film is suitable for “hot pursuit” photography?
a) Slow c) Fast
b) Medium d) All of them
27. It means "to write or draw with light." without light, there can be no images on film
and paper.
a) Photography c) Photostat
b) Cartography d) Forensic Photography
28. Is the process of photographing or recording of crime scene or any other objects for
court presentation.
a) Photography c) Photostat
b) Cartography d) Forensic Photography
29. Is the art of photographing minute objects when magnified by means of the
microscope and enlarge from
10x up.
a) Ultraviolet Photography c) Photomacrography
b) Photomicrography d) Infrared Photography
30. Is the process of photographing or recording not readily visible marks, GPR, etc. by
means of energy located just the after red visible color in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Ex. Charred or burnt, over written documents and internal injuries.
a) Ultraviolet Photography c) X ray Photography
b) Photomicrography d) Infrared Photography
31. Is a German physician, who was generally credited with the discovery in 1727 of the
light sensitivity of silver salts, while experimenting with a mixture of silver nitrate and
chalk. He demonstrated that silver salts turned dark when exposed to light.
a) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele
b) Jacques Charles d) Johann Heinrich Schulze
32. Is a French chemist who produced the first picture copied from nature, in 1826 using
the camera obscura.
a) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele
b) Louis J M Daguerre d) Johann Heinrich Schulze
33. In his invention he "iodized" the paper (silver nitrate dipped in a solution of
potassium iodide) and sensitized it with a solution of gallic acid and after exposed it in
sunlight, developed with gallic acid. His work was otherwise known as paper
photography.
a) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce c) Louis J M Daguerre
b) Jacques Charles d) William Henry Fox Talbot
34. Is a mechanical-electronic device designed to accurately control the amount of light
that reaches the light sensitive film.
a) Camera c) Shutter button
b) Film advance d) Focusing ring
35. The following are the basic parts of a camera, except one.
a) Aperture c) Shutter
b) Body d) Flash
36. This is the "eye" of a camera. Its function is to gather light and focus it on the film.
a) Lens C) View finder
b) Body d) Iris diaphragm
37. This is a mechanism that moves the film forward so a new picture can be taken.
a) Lens c) Film advance
b) Body d) Film holder
38. Is the opening that is used to control the amount of light that strikes the film.
a) Shutter c) View finder
b) Aperture d) Lens
39. Artists used this movable room to create pinhole images for use in tracing observed
scenes.
a) Camera obscura c) Pinhole Camera
b) Camera d) TLR

40. There are four “still-photo” camera groups or categories, one of them is not
included:
a) Viewfinder camera c) Twin-lens reflex
b) Single-lens reflex d) Video camera
41. This refers to the difference between what the photographer sees in the viewfinder
and what the lens captures on film. The reason the error occurs is because the
viewfinder and lens are separated from each other.
a) Lens aberration c) Parallax error
b) Human error d) Mechanical error
42. This type of camera uses only one lens at a time. The light reaches the viewfinder
eyepiece after it has been reflected from a mirror that moves. The lens used for
viewing is also used for film.
a) Viewfinder camera c) Twin-lens reflex
b) Single-lens reflex d) View camera
43. Squeezing this button releases the shutter and exposes the film. The button also
serves as a switch to turn on the electronic measuring system within the camera.
a) Shutter Release c) Exposure Mode Dial
b) Film Rewind Lever d) Shutter Speed Selector Buttons
44. The focal plane item that opens and closes to expose the film to the image projected
by the lens.
a) Shutter c) Pin-Hole
b) Aperture d) All of them

45. This lens mounting method is considered better because it is faster to use and there
is less chance of damage to it.
a) Bayonet mount c) Paramount
b) Thread mount d) None of them
46. The best camera for Police Photography.
a) SLR c) TLR
b) View Finder d) View
47. The inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical plane at the same time.
a) Chromatic c) Barrel
b) Astigmatism d) Distortion
48. The inability to focus the different colors of light on film at the same point.
a) Chromatic c) Barrel
b) Astigmatism d) Distortion
49. It is the ability of the lens to focus both the nearest down to the farthest objects on
the film at the same time.
a) Depth of tone c) Depth of field
b) Depth of length d) Depth of focus
50. Example of developing solution…
a) DK-20 c) D-72
b) D-76 d) All of them
51. The inability of a lens to image straight lines as straight on the edges of the film as
where they appear to “barrel” out.
a) Distortion c) Curvature of field
b) Astigmatism d) Spherical
52. It consists of light-sensitive silver salts in a gelatin medium.
a) Solution c) Emulsion
b) Colloids d) Suspension
53. It is a colored glass or gelatin which is inserted in the lens system to modify the
color characteristics of the
light that strikes the film.
a) Filters c) Polaroid
b) Lens d) All of them
54. The photography of prisoners for identification purposes.
a) Mug photography c) Photography
b) Police Photography d) Prisoner photography
55. A lens aberration in which the shape of the image is distorted. The
magnification increases radially outwards, and a square object appears in a star-like
shape, with the corners stretched.
a) Barrel c) Distortion
b) Pincushion d) Astigmatism
56. The restriction of the direction of vibration of light.
a) Colorization c) Polarization
b) Screening d) None of them
57. The production of a print from a negative by causing light to pass through the
negative and strike a light- sensitive printing paper which is developed later to give a
finished photograph.
a) Printing c) Dodging
b) Vignetting d) Cropping
58. Photographic printing technique of selectively increasing exposure over certain
areas of the image.
a) Printing-in c) Dodging
b) Vignetting d) Cropping
59. A chemical used to remove silver from a developed image, so reducing density. It is
useful for over- developed negatives.
a) Developer c) Fixer
b) Stop Bath d) Reducer
60. The bending of light rays as they pass from one transparent medium to another
when the two media have different light-transmitting properties.
a) Deflection c) Infraction
b) Refraction d) All of them
61. The ability of a lens to distinguish between closely-spaced objects, also known as
resolving power.
a) Reticulation c) Emulsion
b) Resolution d) Halation
62. A negative having a rough surface looking like “crackle finish” point. It is a crazed
effect on a film emulsion caused by subjecting the softened gelatin to extremes of
temperature change.
a) Reticulation c) Emulsion
b) Resolution d) Halation
63. The ability of an emulsion to respond to light.
a) Sensitivity c) Film speed
b) Grain of emulsion d) Graininess
64. The inability to focus light passing through the center of the lens and its edge at the
same place on the film.
a) Chromatic c) Distortion
b) Spherical d) Astigmatism
65. Chemical that neutralizes the action of the developer on an emulsion effectively
stopping development.
a) Developer c) Fixer
b) Stop bath d) Washing agent
66. Uniform density in an image.
a) Tone c) Grain
b) Contrast d) Resolving power
67. Chemical that weakens the surface tension of water, and so reduces the risk of
drying marks on film.
a) Reducer c) Preservative
b) Restrainer d) Wetting agent
68. Holding back the image-forming light from a part of the image projected on an
enlarger easel during part of the basic exposure time to make that area of the print
lighter.
a) Vignetting c) Dodging
b) Cropping d) All of them

69. A lightning condition in sunlight wherein objects in open space cast

deep and uniform or distinct shadows.
a) Bright sunlight c) Dull sunlight
b) Hazy sunlight d) Cloudy dull sunlight
70. The first step undertaken in the chemical processing of an exposed sensitized
material is ___.
a) Stop bath c) Stabilization
b) Development d) Fixation
71. Photomicrography is the process of taking photograph through…
a) Microscope c) Filter
b) Close-up lens d) Microfilm
72. ASA rating is indicative of…
a) Shutter speed c) Emulsion speed
b) Color sensitiveness d) Speed of light
73. Radiation having a wavelength between 0.30 to 400 millimicrons. It is used to
photograph fingerprint or multicolored background of document that is being altered.
a) Ultraviolet c) Infrared
b) Radio wave d) Light wave
74. Converging lenses are the following, except:
a) Double convex c) Plain convex
b) Concave convex d) Double concave
75. Sheet of celluloid or glass coated with an emulsion of silver halide suspended in
gelatin which retains an invisible image when exposed to light.
a) Film c) Filter
b) Ground glass d) None of the above
76. Source of light which is used in outdoor photography …
a) Natural light c) Artificial light
b) Reflected light d) All of them
77. The most essential use of photography in police work…
a) Record c) Identification
b) Preservation d) Information
78. The procedure of giving additional exposure to selected areas of a print after the
basic exposure has been made in or to darken them…
a) Burning in c) Over development
b) Under exposure d) Under development
79. Part of a camera which is responsible for the image formation on the focal plane…
a) Lens c) Film holder
b) Shutter d) Film
80. A type of that lens that converges the direction of light…
a) Plain convex c) Plain concave
b) Double convex d) Concave convex
81. Device used in measuring the intensity of light as a basis for the correct setting for
the allowance of photographic rays to strike the film…
a) Exposure meter c) Synchronizer
b) Range finder d) Rapid rectilinear
82. To determine the actual size of an object or articles photographed in the crime
scene, the investigator should…
a) Use marker/scale before photographing
b) Sketch the position and size
c) Use tape measure to get size
d) Use meter stick
83. The recommended size of a photographic evidence is…
a) 5 X 7 inches c) 2 X 2 square meter
b) 4 X 8 inches d) Pass port size

84. In photography, making the object small is ___.

a) Microphotography c) Infrared photography
b) Macrophotography d) None of them
85. In photography, small object is made large ___.
a) Photomicrography c) Photomacrography
b) Simple photography d) None of them
86. In photography, object is shot close-up then blown up ___.
a) Photomicrography c) Photomacrography
b) Simple photography d) None of them
87. Black out photography is called ___.
a) Infrared photography c) Macrophotography
b) Microphotography d) None of them
88. The product of illumination and time…
a) Exposure c) Development
b) Under development d) None of them
89. Contraption or device use to block the path of light passing through the lens and
exposing the sensitized material ___.
a) Shutter c) Film
b) Camera d) None of them
90. Which is not part of the processing tank?
a) Reel c) Tank
b) Lid d) Film
91. Which is not a description of a processing tank?
a) It is a light tight tank that can be filled with liquid but light can not pass through.
b) It can be used to process a photographic paper.
c) It can be used to process a photographic film.
d) It can be brought outside the dark room when processing.
92. Why Niepce became the father of photography?
a) He was the first to discover a light sensitive chemical
b) He was the first to introduce copperplate photography
c) He was the first to make a permanent image
d) He was the first to make a camera

93. In paper (printing) processing, what is the “stopping” time?

a) 30 sec. c) 4 to 7 minutes
b) 1 to 2 min. d) None of them

94. What is used as stop bath?

a) Acetic acid c) Potassium nitrate
b) Hydroquinone d) Water

95. In film processing, which item is not included?

a) Scissor c) Reel
b) Bottle opener d) None of them
96. Why a red color is refracted farthest by the glass prism?
a) It has the longest wavelength
b) It has the shortest wavelength
c) It is a visible color
d) All of them
97. What describes the work of Talbot?
a) His work pertains to photographic duplication
b) It is a paper photography
c) His photographic process is somewhat similar to present B & W photography
d) All of them
98. Suppose you are going to prepare a 200 ml developer solution during a film
developing session and the
instruction reads, “Mix one part of this developer to 3 parts water.” How many ml is your
developer?
a) 50 ml c) 150 ml
b) 100 ml d) 200 ml
99. How many seconds are you going to soak a developed paper in the stop bath?
a) 1 to 2 min c) 30 sec
b) 4 to 7 min d) 25 sec
100. What item is not used in printing?
a) Photographic paper c) Enlarger
b) Scissor d) Film
ANSWER KEY
1. B 22. D 43. A
2. D 23. C 44. A
3. C 24. A 45. A
4. D 25. A 46. A
5. B 26. C 47. B
6. D 27. A 48. A
7. D 28. C 49. C
8. D 29. A 50. D
9. D 30. D 51. A
10. D 31. B 52. C
11. C 32. A 53. A
12. C 33. D 54. A
13. A 34. A 55. B
14. C 35. D 56. C
15. C 36. A 57. A
16. A 37. C 58. A
17. B 38. B 59. C
18. C 39. A 60. B
19. A 40. D 61. B
20. C 41. C 62. A
21. A 42. C 63. A
64. B
65. B
66. A
67. D
68. C
69. A
70. B
71. A
72. C
73. A
74. D
75. A
76. A
77. A
78. A
79. A
80. B
81. A
82. A/C
83. A
84. A
85. C
86. D
87. A
88. A
89. A
90. D
91. B
92. C
93. A
94. A
95. A
96. D
97. A
98. C
99. B
100. B