POWERMIND REVIEW CENTER c.

Close-up View - Is the taking of individual photograph

FORENSIC 1- FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It is design
to show the details of the crime.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY d. Extreme Close-up View - Commonly designed in
laboratory photographing using some magnification
 Camera Obscura- (Latin as Dark Room) it was known as such as Photomacrography and photomicrography.
the first pinhole camera that was able to develop a
Photograph during the 13th-14th century. It was invented by 4. For Preservation
Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytam). 5. For Discovering and Proving
 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce- a French inventor who = Photography can extend human vision in
produced the first permanent photographic image in 1825 discovering and proving things such as:
which depicts a photo of the glass of the “Le Gras”.
 Louis Daguerre- he was a French artist who partnered a. The use of Magnification
with Joseph Nicephore Niepce to develop and capture a Photomicrography = Taking a magnified
photo that will make it permanent and long-lasting by photograph of small object through attaching a
exposing it to mercury vapor. It was later on called as camera to the ocular of a compound microscope so
“Daguerreotype” as to show a minute details of the physical evidence.
 Henry Fox Talbot- The inventor of the first negative from Photomacrogaphy = Taking a magnified
which multiple positive prints. He perfected this paper- (enlarged) photograph of small object by attaching an
negative process and called it a “Calotype” (Greek for extended tube lens (macro lens) to the camera.
beautiful picture)which is being produced in a short time. Microphotography = is the process of
He is also the inventor of the “Mouse Trap Camera” reducing into a small strips of film a scenario. It is first
used in filmmaking.
Legal foundation of Photographic Evidence: Macrophotography = used synonymously
with photomacrogaphy.
 For black and white photographs: Telephotography = Is the process of taking
photograph of a far object with the aid of a long focus
1859-Daguerreotype was use in civil case, Lueo vs. US (regarding and Telephoto lens.
the authenticity of photographs in comparing signatures)
6. For Court Exhibits
1874-In criminal case introducing photograph as identification 7. Crime Prevention
evidence, Underzook vs. Commonwealth 8. Police Training
9. Reproducing and Copying
 For color photographs = With the use of photography any number of
reproduction of the evidence can be made those giving
1943-Civil litigations Green vs. City and county of Denver unlimited opportunity for its examination and even allow other
Colorado, involving spoiled meat in violation of a health ordinance experts or person to examine the specimen without
prohibiting the sale of putrid meat to the public. compromising the original.

1960- In criminal case, State vs. Conte, showing the graphic wound ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
of the victim 1. Light = is an electromagnetic energy that travels in
a form of a wave with the speed of 186, 000 miles
DEFINITION OF TERMS: per second.
2. Camera = a light tight box designed to block
1. Photography = Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the
means “light” and sensitized material.
=“Grapho” means “Writing” or 3. Lens = is the light gathering mechanism of the
“Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. camera that collect the reflected light coming from
the object to form the image.
Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word photography when he 4. Sensitized material = composed of a highly
first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot. sensitized chemical compound which is capable of
being transformed into an image through the action
= Is the art and science of reproducing image by of light and with some chemical processes. ( Film
means of light through some sensitized material with the and Photo Paper).
aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the 5. Chemical Process = is the process necessary for
chemical process required in order to produce a reducing silver halides into a form so as a latent
photograph. image and a positive image be made resulting to
what we called Photograph.
2. Police Photography = Is the application of the principles of
photography is relation to the police work and in the E. LIGHT: ITS NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS, SOURCES AND
administration of justice. CLASSIFICATION
Light is defined as an electromagnetic energy with the
3. Photograph = Is the mechanical and chemical result of speed of 186,00 miles per second. Its wave travel is said to be
Photography. characterized in certain extent based on velocity, wavelength and
frequency of the number of vibration of the wave per second.
USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Light wavelength is the distance measured between two
(2) successive crest or through of wave and it is expressed in either
1. Personal Identification Millimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom. Millimicron is the units of
2. For Communication light wavelength which is equivalent to one-millionth part of a
3. For Record Purposes millimeter which the Angstrom is relatively smaller for it has an
= the utmost used of photography in police work. equivalent measurement of ten (10) millionth part of a millimeter.
Once light hits a certain medium, its action can be
Different Views in Photographing characterized as either: Reflected, Transmitted or Absorbed
a. General View - taking an over-all view of the scene of (RAT). Reflected once the light hits a mirror and it bounce back.
the crime. It shows direction and location of the crime Transmitted when the light hits a transparent glass which would
scene. allow the light to pass through its medium and Absorbed when the
b. Medium View - Is the taking of the photograph of the light hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either bouncing
scene of the crime by dividing it into section. This view or passing through.
will best view the nature of the crime. (8-10 ft.) Isaac Newton in 1666 proved that the light which men see
as white light is actually a mixture of all colors of the spectrum. This
is produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism (Sharp Edge of
the Glass). A rainbow array will then be shown with colors red, 5. CAMERA
orange, yellow, green, blue and violet colors (from top to bottom). Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means
The visible light is also said of have a wavelength of between 400- of blocking unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the
700 millimicron or nanometer. sensitized material.

 Types of Light Basically, camera can produce image with its four-(4)
Lights can largely be classified into visible and basic parts such as light tight box, lens, and shutter, Holder of
invisible light. sensitized material.

a. Visible Light Essential Parts of a Camera

= Is the type of light that produces different 1. Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and
sensation when reach the human eye. It is the serve as a frame to hold other parts.
type of light, which is capable of exciting the 2. Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light
retina of the human eye. from an object to form an image on the film.
3. Shutter – designed to control the time during which the
b. Invisible Light light reaches the film
= lights in which their wavelength are either too 4. Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite
short or too long to excite the retina of the human side of the lens designed to hold firmly the sensitized
eye i.e. X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red lights. material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred
image
2. Photographic Rays 5. View finder – designed to determine the field of view of
a. X-ray the camera or the extent of the coverage of the given lens
=Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30
millimicrons. It is produced by passing an electric current OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA
through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally A. Viewing System
discovered by Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of Is that part of the camera which provides the
light works in the principle of shadow photography. means of showing to the photographer the entire scene
coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.
b. Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet) B. Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob)
= Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers =designed to transfer the exposed film to the
designed to photograph fingerprints in multi colored other side or to the take up spool and the
background, documents that are altered, decipherment of unexposed film will be the opposite side of the
erase writing and developing invisible writing. It is lens for another exposure.
commercially known as “black Light”. C. Shutter speed = is that part of the camera which
regulates the time exposure of the film thus,
c. Visible Light affecting the amount of light reaching the
= Is the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 sensitized material. It is usually expressed in a
millimicrons designed for ordinary photographing purposes. fraction of a second.

1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc.
d. Infra-red (Beyond the Red)
= Considered as the photographic rays with the longest The speed number in the left is always two times powerful
wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000 millimicrons. It is in terms of light gathering than that of the right number
designed to take photograph of over-written documents, Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or
obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out “freeze” the action of a person provided that necessary adjustment
photography. (Sometimes referred to as heat rays). on the lens opening be made in order to maintain normal exposure.
D. Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter
3. Light Source of the whole lens in relation to the focal length of
the lens. It is the light gathering power of the
A. Natural Light= are those light which come to existence without lens. Otherwise known as lens opening or
the intervention of man e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight. relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.
1. Bright Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a deep and f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16
uniform shadow and the object appears glossy.
2. Hazy Sunlight The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and
= object in an open space casts a transparent or the bigger the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will
bluish shadow. This is due to thin clouds that passed through the lends and reach the sensitized material.
cover the sun.
3. Dull Sunlight
= object in an open space cast no shadow due to If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest
thick clouds covering the sun. possible coverage of the lens in which objects are all sharp, It will
be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.
B. Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. E. Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera
fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp. designed to control the degree of sharpness of
the object to be photograph. It is usually
4. SENSITIZED MATERIAL obtained by estimating the distance from the
= It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically camera and that of the object that will make a
composed of emulsion containing Silver Halides suspended in sharp or clear image.
gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support.
TYPES OF THE CAMERA
Parts of the Sensitized Material 1. View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and
1. Emulsion = is that part of the film or photographic the simplest type of camera
paper which contains the silver grains which is the 2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – it is a type of camera best
one sensitive to light. In a colored film this emulsion suited for police work due to its interchangeability of the
surface can be composed of Three layers ( Blue, lens
Green and Red) with filters intervening. 3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – A type of camera with dual
2. Anti Halation Backing = Is the one designed to hold lens, one for focusing and the other for forming the
back the light and prevents halation. image.
3. Base = Support the emulsion 4. View or Press type – is considered the biggest and
expensive type of camera, used for movie making
 5. LENS
= It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually
has a greater effect on the quality of the image to be formed.
Daniel Barbaro = first to introduce the use of lens in the
camera.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be produced
a. Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens)
Characterized by the fact that it is thicker at the
center and thinner at the side which is capable
of bending the light together and forms the
image inversely.
b. Negative or Concave Lens (diverging Lens)
Characterized by the fact that it is thinner at the
center and thicker at the side and forms the
virtual image on the same side of the lens.

LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal Length – is the distance measured from the
optical center of the lens is set to focus at infinite
position. As according to focal lenses may be classified
as:
a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length
not longer than the diagonal half of the negative.
Useful in taking photograph at short distance
with wider area coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length
approximately equal but not longer than twice
the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length
longer than twice the diagonal half of the
negative. Best used in long distance
photographing but with narrow area coverage.
d. ZOOM lens = lens with variable focal length or that
which can be adjusted continuously by the movement
of one or more elements in the lens system.
2. Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens
expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from
the nearest to the farthest object in apparent
sharp focus when the lens
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at
which when a lens is focused with a given
particular diaphragm opening will gives the
maximum depth of field.
3. Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order
to form a sharp image. The one that controls the degree
of sharpness of the object.