FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY D) Police Photography

A.Photography Is an art or science which deals with the study

1. Literal Definition: of the principles of photography, the preparation of
The word photography us derivative of two photographic evidence, and its application to police
Greek words; phos which means “light” and graphia work. (Aquino 1972)
meaning “write”. Therefore photography best E) Forensic Photography
translates to “write with light”. (Herschel 1839) Is the art or science of photographically
2. Modern definition: documenting a crime scene and evidence for
Photography is an art or science which deals of laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of
the reproduction of images through the action of court trial.
light
Upon sensitized materials, with the aid of HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF
camera and its accessories and the chemical FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
processes involved therein. (Aquino 1972) A.The Basic components Of Photography
3. Technical/Legal Definition: 1. Light
Modern photography may be defined as
any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical or 2. Equipment
electronic recording of the images of scenes, or
objects formed by some type of radiant energy, 3. Chemicals
including gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet rays,
visible light and infrared rays. This definition
is broad enough to include not only the conventional B.True Photography
methods of photography but almost and new process
that may developed. (Scott 1972)
1839-is generally known as a birth year of
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY: photography. William Henry Fox Tablot explained
A photograph is both mechanical and a process he had invented (calotype) at a royal
chemical result of photography. To produce a society of London.
photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized The “Calotype” used paper with its surface
materials (film or paper) fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds.
Light radiated of reflected by the subject must Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre- made a
reach the film while all other lights are excluded. public demonstration in Paris. The Daguerriotype in
The exclusion of all other lights is achieved by collaboration to Joseph Nicephore Niepce.
placing the film inside a light tight box (camera).
The effect of light on the film is not visible in The Daguerreotype formed an image
the formation of images of objects. To make it directly on the silver surface of a metal plate.
visible, we need or require a chemical processing of  With Talbots CALOTYPE the fixation was
the exposed film called development. only partial while
The visual effect of light on the film after the daguerreotype image were permanent with
development varies with the quantity or quality of the use of hypo.
light that reached the emulsion of the film.
Too great in the amount of light will produce a  1848 – Abel Niepce de Saint Victor
transparent or white shade after development. introduced a process of negatives.
The amount of light reaching the film is
dependent upon several factors like lightning Important Personalitiesin Police Photography
condition, lens opening used, shutter speed used, *Joseph Nicephore Niepce - was able to
filters used, etc. obtain camera images on papers sensitized with
B) Police Photography silver chloride solution in 1816.He invented a
Is an art or science which deals with the study photographic process which he called "heliography"
of the principles of photography, the preparation of meaning "writing of the sun"
photographic evidence, and its application to police *Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre - invented
work. (Aquino 1972) "Daguerreotype", an early photograph produced on
C) Forensic Photography a silver or silver-covered copper plate.It formed an
Is the art or science of photographically image directly on the silver surface of a metal
documenting a crime scene and evidence for plate.It was a positive process,thus,it yielded one of
laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of a kind images.
court trial. *William Henry Fox Talbot - invented a
process called calotype, a photographic process by
which a large number of prints could be produced
from a paper negative.Calotype use paper with 3. Reproduce picture and other printed
surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive matters.
compounds. 4. Compose portrait by means of portrait
Calotype vs. Daguerre - fixation in calotype composition.
was only partial while images in daguerreotype
5. Provides photographic intrusion detection
were made permanent with the use of hypo (short
devices.
for hyposulfite thiosulfate,sodium thiosulfate or a
solution of thiosulfate). 6. Maintain Rogues Gallery (a collection of
pictures of persons arrested as criminals)
Sodium thiosulfate or hypo is a hygroscopic Care and Handling of Camera
(readily taken up and retaining moisture) crystalline - Must be carried using a portable bag or
salt used especially as a photographic fixing agent built-in container to avoid dust and dirt.
and a reducing or bleaching agent.
- Must be kept dry and avoided contact with
*John FrederickWilliam Herchel - coined water and other liquid substances.
the term photography and applied the terms negative
and positive to photography.He made improvements - Must be repaired only by qualified
in photographic processes, particularly in inventing technician.
the cyanotype process and variations (such as the - Must not be cleaned by oil.
chrysotype) the precursors of the modern blueprint
process. - Must not be fixed without proper
- He discovered sodium thiosulfate to be a equipment and tools to avoid serious damage on it.
solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Camera is a light-tightbox; with a lens to form
Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that this an image with a shutter and diaphragm to control
"hyposulfite of soda" (hypo) could be used as a the entry of the image; a means of holding a film to
photographic fixer, to fix pictures and make them record the image/and a viewer or viewfinder to
permanent after experimentally applying it in 1839. show the photographer what the image is.
*Richard Leach Maddox - was an English Camera originated from the term camera
photographer and physician who invented light obscura. Camera obscura (Latin veiled chamber ) is
weight gelatin negative plates for photography in an optical device used, for example, in drawing or
1871. for entertainment. It is one of the inventions leading
*Frederick Scott Archer - invented the to photography. The principle can be demonstrated
photographic collodion process which preceded the with a box with a hole in one side (the box may be
modern gelatin emulsion. room-sized, or hangar sized).
Collodion - is a wound dressing material made Light from a scene passes through the hole and
of nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and alcohol and strikes a surface where it is reproduced, in color, and
other chemicals on sheet of glass. upside-down. The image's perspective is accurate.
*George Eastman - founded the Eastman The image can be projected onto paper, which when
Kodak company and invented roll film, helping traced can produce a highly accurate representation.
bring photography to the mainstream. 1. Light Tight Box. This part of the camera is
very essential because of its capability to
Definition of Terms: exclude all unwanted light that may expose
Photography - To write with light, from two the sensitized materials or film. It is an
Greek words, Phos - light and Graphia write. enclosure that is devoid of light.
PolicePhotography - It is an art or science
2. Lens. The lens is the only responsible in
which deals with the study of the principles of
focusing the rays of
photography, the reproduction of photographic
3. Light Tight Box. This part of the camera is
evidence, and its application to police work.
very essential because of its capability to
Forensic Photography - the art or science of
exclude all unwanted light that may expose
photographically documenting a crime scene and
the sensitized materials or film. It is an
evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for
enclosure that is devoid of light.
purposes of court trial.
4. Lens. The lens is the only responsible in
1. Conduct comparative examination and focusing the rays of light
analysis of questioned photographs or pictures to the
coming from the subject. It is one of the
known photographs.
most important parts of camera because
2. Process color and black and white film, without lens, it is impossible to form a sharp
print, reduce and enlarge picture. image of the film.
 5. FilmH older. The film holder holds the film Special Cameras - These are cameras that
firmly inside the camera. It is always have been devised that offer unique advantage or
located at the opposite side of the lens of serve special purposes. Among the special cameras
the camera. are: a. polaroid, b. panoramic cameras, c. aerial
6.Shutter. The shutter served as the barriers of cameras, d. miniature and ultra-miniature cameras e.
the rays of light that will enter and effect the digital cameras (using computer processing.
film inside the camera. It is usually placed at the Control of Cameras:
path of the light passing thru the lens. Knowing the controls on camera is necessary to
Other Parts of the Camera produce a sharp and normal image and negatives
1. Viewing system after photographing. There are three important
controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjusted
2. Film advancer
to its proper setting.
3. Shutter speed
4. Lens aperture * Focusing control
5. Focusing mechanism * Diaphragm/Aperture control

Major Types of Camera * Shutter speed

1.View Finder Type - The smallest and Focusing Control
simplest type of camera. - The camera lens bends light rays to form
This is also known as instamatic camera. an image or likeness of the object. Adjusting the
View finder camera suffers parallax error. lens to form the clearest possible image is called
2.Single Lens Reflex Type - Cross section focusing. Focusing is defined as the setting of
view of SLR system the proper distance in order to form a sharp
Lens image.
Mirror 3) Shutter
Film or sensor Three Types of Focusing
1. Rangefinder Type (e.g. viewfinder, instamatic
Focusing screen
camera and 35mm cameras)
6) Condensing lens 2. Ground Glass Type (e.g. twin-lens reflex
7) Pentaprism camera and digital camera)
8) Eye piece 3. Scale Bed Type (e.g. press and view camera,
and Polaroid Evidence Camera)
The best way to determine the entire coverage of the
camera is to look behind the lens of the camera. In Rangefinder Type
this manner the object can be framed properly and The rangefinder type is classified into two:
recorded on the film. This type of camera eliminates 1. Coincidence type - the object to be
the problem of parallax error. photographed looks double when the focusing
control is not in proper distance, and by moving
Twin Lens Reflex Camera - has two lenses, one for this control, one of the objects will move and
viewing and focusing on the subject and for taking coincide with the other object to make as one
lens. In this type of camera, the image to be and become accurate appearance of an object.
photographed is seen as flat surface as the image is 2. Split Type - Splits the objects to be
reflected by the mirror behind the viewing lens. This photographed into two moving the focusing
suffers parallax error. control, the split image will move and unite to
form an undivided appearance and therefore the
Parallax - the difference between what the view focus is accurate and perfect.
finder on a point and shoot camera sees and what the Ground Glass Type
lens sees (and thus records on film).At close Ground glass type focusing mechanism clearly
shooting distances, the difference can cause you to indicates whether the object distance and the
crop off the top of a subject's head. camera is out of focus or not. If the object is not
Parallax error - the image you see through the view well focused, the object to be photographed will
finder is different from the image the lens will appear blurred. To make it clear and accurate the
capture. focusing ring of the camera is adjusted on
View Or Press Type Camera - The biggest and most clockwise or counter clockwise to get the desired
sophisticated among the different type of camera. clearness of the object.
This type of camera is practically useless for candid
and action photography.
Scale-Bedor Focusing Scale 3.Diaphragm shutters 4.Central shutters
In the scale or bed type focusing mechanism, the
distance of the object to be photographed is Focal-Plane Shutters - Focal-plane shutters are
calculated by means of feet or meter. There are usually implemented as a pair of cloth, metal, or
cameras where estimated distance from the plastic curtains which shield the film from light.
camera to objects is being indicated in the
focusing ring. Leaf Shutters - is a type of camera shutter
Diaphragm Control (lens opening) consisting of a mechanism with one or more
A device called a diaphragm usually serves as pivoting metal leaves which normally does
the aperture stop, and controls the aperture. The not allow light through the lens onto the
diaphragm functions much like the iris of the film, but which when triggered opens the
eye²it controls the effective diameter of the lens shutter by moving the leaves to uncover the
opening. Reducing the aperture size increases lens for the required time to make an
the depth of field, which describes the extent to exposure, then shuts.
which subject matter lying closer than or farther
from the actual plane of focus appears to be in Diaphragm Shutters - is a type of leaf
focus. shutter consisting of a number of thin
Aperture and shutter speed are the fundamental blades which briefly uncover the camera
controls available to the SLR user: Varying one aperture to make the exposure.
or other of these opens up a myriad of creative
possibilities. Both also control how much light Central Shutters - is a camera shutter
reaches the film ± so if you make the hole normally located within the lens assembly
through which the light passes into the camera where a relatively small opening allows
(the aperture) smaller; you must keep this hole light to cover the entire image. The term is
open for longer (the shutter speed) to also used for shutters behind, but near to,
compensate. the lens. Interchangeable lens cameras with
Fortunately, on most cameras this adjustment is a central shutter within the lens body
made automatically. The size of the aperture is require that each lens has a shutter built into
measured using f/numbers (or f/stops). it. In practice most cameras with
Confusingly, as f/numbers represent fractions, interchangeable lenses use a single focal
the larger the f/number the smaller the aperture. plane shutter in the camera body for all
The widest aperture on a lens might be f/2, lenses, while cameras with a fixed lens use
whilst the smallest aperture available may be a central shutter. In photography, shutter
f/22. speed is a common term used to discuss
Shutter Speed - is a device that allows light to pass exposure time, the effective length of time a
for a determined period of time, for the purpose shutter is open; the total exposure is
of exposing photographic film or a light- proportional to this exposure time, or
sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a duration of light reaching the film or image
permanent image of a scene. sensor.

Types of Shutter There are many factors to be consideredin

1. Central shutters using this control . Some of these factors are:
2. Focal-plane The Lens - A lens is an optical device with
perfect or approximate axial symmetry which
Central Shutters - are mounted within a lens transmits and refracts light, converging or
assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front diverging the beam.
of a lens, and shut off the beam of light where it
is narrow. A leaf mechanism is usually used. Types of Lenses
1. Biconvex
Focal Plane Shutter - In camera design, a focal- 2. Biconcave
plane shutter is a type of photographic shutter 3. Plano-convex/plane-concave
that is positioned immediately in front of the 4. Convex-concave or meniscus
focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front 5. Positive or converging lens
of the photographic film or image sensor. 6. Negative or diverging lens
Types of Shutters (as to mechanism)
1.Focal-plane shutters
2.Leaf shutters
 Biconvex - A lens is biconvex (or double edge, thus the rays coming from the edges are
convex , or just convex ) if both surfaces are focused on a plane nearer the lens than those
convex. coming from the central part.
Coma - This is another form of spherical
Biconcave - A lens with two concave surfaces is aberration but is concerned with the light rays
biconcave (or just concave ). entering the lens obliquely. The defect is noticeable
only on the outer edges and not on the central part
Plano-convex or Plano-concave - If one of the of the lens. If a lens has coma, circular objects
surfaces is flat, the lens is plano- reproduced at the corners of the negative are comet-
convex or plano-concave depending on the like form. Just like the spherical aberration, it is
curvature of the other surface. reduced by combinations of lenses of different
Meniscus - A lens with one convex and one curvatures.
concave side is convex-concave or meniscus.It Curvature of Field - This is a kind of defect
is this type of lens that is most commonly used where the image formed by a lens comes to a
in corrective lenses. sharper focus in curved surface than a flat surface.
The correction of this defect is similar to spherical
Positive or Converging Lens - If the lens is aberration and coma.
biconvex or plano- convex, a collimated or parallel Distortion - A lens with distortion is
beam of light traveling parallel to the lens axis and incapable of rendering straight lines correctly; either
passing through the lens will be converged (or horizontal or vertical lines in an object. This is
focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance caused by the placement of the diaphragm. If the
behind the lens (known as the focal length ). In this diaphragm is placed in front of the lens,straight lines
case, the lens is called a positive or converging near the edges of the object tends to bulge outside.
lens. This lens is always thicker at the center and This is known as the barrel distortion.If the
thinner at the sides. Light passing through it is diaphragm is placed behind the lens, straight lines
bended toward each other on the other side of the near the edges tends to bend inward. This isknown
lens meeting at a point. It produces a real image on as the pincushion distortion. Distortion is remedied
the opposite side of the lens or where light is by placing the diaphragm in between the lens
coming from. component and the two opposite distortions will
Negative or Diverging Lens - If the lens is neutralize each other.
biconcave or plano- concave, a collimated beam of Chromatic Aberration - This defect is the
light passing through the lens is diverged(spread); inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of
the lens is thus called a negative or diverging lens. different wavelengths to the same focus. Ultraviolet
The beam after passing through the lens appears to rays are bent the most while infrared rays are bent to
be emanating from a particular point on the axis in the least when they pass through the lens. This
front of the lens; the distance from this point to the defect is reduced by utilizing compound lenses
lens is also known as the focal length, although it is made up of single lens made up of glass of different
negative with respect to the focal length of a curvatures.
converging lens.This lens is always thinner at the Astigmatism - This defect is present when
center and thicker at the sides. Light passing the size of image produced by photographic rays of
through it is bended away from each other as if one wavelength is different from the size produced
coming from a point. It produces a virtual image on by another. Size of the image increases as the
the same side of the lens or where light is coming wavelength of the rays decreases. In color
from. photography it produces a rainbow colored fringes
around the edges of objects while in black and white
Inherent Lens Defects or Aberrations photography, it appears as a slight blue.
1. Spherical Aberration
Types of Lenses (as to degree of correctionto lens
2. Coma
aberration)
3. Curvature of Field
1. Achromatic lens - corrected for chromatic
4. Distortion
aberration.
5. Chromatic Aberration
2. Rapid-rectilinear lens - corrected for
6. Astigmatism distortion.
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification 3. Anastigmatic lens - corrected for
astigmatism as well as the other lens defects.
Spherical Aberration - When light passing
through near the central part of a converging lens is
bended more sharply than those rays falling in the
4. Apochromatic lens - also corrected for closer you are to the subject that your lens is
astigmatism but with higher degree of correction focused on.
to color.
Factors Affecting Depth of Field
Focal length - is the distance measured 1. Aperture - The larger the aperture the less
from the optical center of the lens to the depth of field. For maximum depth of field,
film plane when the lens is set or focused at use the smallest aperture.
infinity position or far distance. Focal 2. Focused Distance - The closer the subject you
length is a measure of the light- bending focus on, the less
power of a lens. It is invariably measured in Depth of field. Depth of field is greater with
millimeters (mm). The longer the focal distance subjects.
length of a lens, the narrower the angle of 3.Focal Length - The longer the lens you use, the
view , and the larger objects appear in the less depth of field you will have. Wide-angle
viewfinder without the need to move any lenses give the greatest depth of field.
closer to them. 1.Emulsion - a suspension of a sensitive silver
salt or a mixture of
Focal Distance - is the distance from the silver
optical center of the lens to the film plane. halides in a viscous medium (as a gelatin
Telephotos - are long focal length lenses. solution) forming a coating on photographic
Telephotos are lenses with focallengths greater plates, film, or paper.
than 50mm. They range from 70mm short 2. Gray or Anti-HalationBacking - a layer found
telephotos to "long toms" with focal lengths of in modern photographic films. It is placed
1000mm or more Wide angles - are short focal between the light-sensitive
lengths. Emulsion and the tough film base, or
A lens with a focal length of 50mm is sometimes on the back of the film base. The
known as a standard lens ± the view that light that passes through the emulsion and the
it gives is similar to that of the human eye . base is absorbed by the opaque anti-halation
Any lens with a shorter focal length, and layer. This keeps that light from reflecting off
wider angle of view, is known as wide- the pressure plate or anything else behind the
angle. film and re- exposing the emulsion, reducing
contrast. The anti-halation layer is rendered
How Focal Length Affects Image Size - transparent or washed from the film (as in K-
Lenses work on the principle that light 14 films) during processing of the film.
affecting from a subject can be bent using 3.Film Base- A film base is a transparent substrate
the refractive properties of glass to form a which acts as a support medium for the
miniature image of the subject. Lenses with photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it.
short focal lengths, such as the wideangle Despite the numerous layers and coatings
lens, produce a small image. Telephoto associated with the emulsion layer, the base
lenses, with longer focal lengths, produce a generally accounts for the vast majority of the
larger image, when taken from the same thickness of any given film stock.
distance.
Emulsion Speed
Zoom Lens - It is a kind of lens with a. ASA (AmericanStandards Association) rating.
variable focal length. This is expressed in arithmetical value.
b. DIN (Deutsche IndustrieNormen) rating, which
Does Focal Length Affect Depth of Field? is expressed in logarithmic value.
Aperture is not the only factor that affects how c. ISO (InternationalStandardsOrganization)
much of a scene is in focus. You should also rating. This is expressed in the combined
take into account the focal length of the lens arithmetical and logarithmic values.
being used and the distance that the lens is Spectral Sensitivity
focused at (generally the distance from the
a. Blue sensitivefilm ± sensitive to UV rays and
camera to your subject). The longer the focal
blue color only
length, the more restricted depth of field
b. Orthochromaticfilm ± sensitive to UV rays, to
becomes.So, all things being equal, a
blue and green color.
wideangle lens keeps more of the scene in
It is not sensitive to red color.
focus than a telephoto one. In addition, depth
c. Panchromaticfilm ± sensitive to UV radiation
of field becomes increasingly more limited the
to blue, green, and red
 light or all colors. 3. Chloro-bromide paper - is a multi-speed and
d. Infra-redfilm± sensitive to UV rays, to blue, could be used in both contact printing and
green, red light and enlarging.
infrared rays.
Granularity or Graininess Exposure and development latitude
- This refers to the size of the metallic silver Latitude is the degree or amount of which you
grains that are formed after development of an can deviate from the ideal exposure or
exposed film. Generally, the size of metallic development without appreciable loss of print
silver grains are dependent on the emulsion quality.
speed of the film and the type of developing 1. Exposure latitude Generally,
solution that is used in processing. photographic papers do not have a wide
exposure latitude so exposure must be
Rules to remember: critical at all times.
1. 1.The lower the emulsion speed rating of 2. Development latitude Papers that
the film, the finer is the grain. do not change appreciable in contrast and
2. The higher the emulsion speed rating of image tone with reasonable variations in
the film, the bigger are The grains. development has a good latitude. However,
3. A film developer will produce a finer for best quality the developing time should
grain that a paper developer when used be as near as those prescribed by the
for film processing. manufacturer.

B. Color Films
A color film is a multi-layer emulsion coated
on the same support or base. Filters
Main types of color film in current use In photography, a filter is a camera
1.Color negative film forms a negative (color- accessory consisting of an optical filter that
reversed) image when exposed, which is can be inserted in the optical path. The filter
permanently fixed during developing. This is can be a square or rectangle shape mounted
then exposed onto photographic paper to form in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a
a positive image. Ex:Kodacolor glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic
ring frame, which can be screwed in front
Color reversal film, also known as slide film, of the lens.
forms a negative image when exposed, which is
reversed to a positive image during developing. Types of Filters
The film can then be projected onto a screen. Ex: a. Light Balancing Filter
Kodachrome b. Color Compensating Filter
c. Neutral Density Filter
C. Photographic Papers (Black& White)
d. Polarizing Filter
Photographic paper is exposed to light in a
Light Balance Filter - A filter used to
controlled manner, either by placing a negative
change the color quality of the exposing
in contact with the paper directly to produce a
light in order to secure proper color balance
contact print, by using an enlarger in order to
for artificial light films.
create a latent image, by exposing in some
Color Compensating Filter - This is used to
types of camera to produce a photographic
change the over-all color balance of
negative, or by placing objects upon it to
photographic result obtained with color
produce photograms. Photographic papers are
films and to compensate for deficiencies in
subsequently developed
the quality of exposing energy.
using the gelatin-silver process to create a
Neutral Density Filter - This filter is used
visible image.
when the light is too bright to allow the use
of desired f-number or shutter speed with a
Characteristicsof a Photographic Paper
particular film.
1. 1.Chloride paper - has a slow speed and is
Polarizing Filter - It is used to reduce or
suited for contact printing.
minimize reflections on subjects like water
2. Bromide paper - has a fast speed and is
glass, and highly polished surfaces.
recommended for projection printing or
Exposure - is simply a combination of the
enlarging.
aperture and shutter speed. Thus, it is
defined as the product of the total light
 intensity and the length of time it strikes the
emulsion.
* Refraction - It is the change in direction
Exposure is subjective and errors in of a wave due to a change in its speed.
calculation will result to overexposure or This is most commonly observed when
underexposure. a wave passes from one medium to
another.
Proper exposure is dependent on: * Diffraction - It is described as the
A. Film speed apparent bending of waves around small
B. Lighting condition obstacles and the spreading out of
C. Type of subject waves past small openings.It is also
described as the bending of light when it
Wavelength hits a sharp edge of an opaque object.
Simplistically, we can think of light
traveling as a wave. A typical wave form Examples of Diffraction
(e.g., ripples on the surface of water) has 1.The closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act
crests (or peaks) and troughs (or valleys). as a diffraction grating to form the familiar
The distance between two consecutive rainbow pattern we see when looking at a disk;
peaks (or troughs) is called the wavelength,
and is denoted by the Greek letter Sources of Light
(lambda).The wavelengths of visible light 1. Natural Light
are measured in nanometers (nm) where 1 2. Artificial Light Source
nm = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9 meters).
The wavelength of visible light is between Natural Light Source (Sunlight)
400-700nm. The combined effect of the 1. Bright sunlight - a lighting condition where
complete range of radiation between 400- objects in open space cast
700nm appears as white light to the human a deep and uniform or distinct shadow.
eye. 2. Hazy Sunlight - objects in open space cast
a transparent shadow.
Rainbow Colors: 3. Dull Sunlight - objects in open space cast
* Violet - 400 to 440nm no shadow
1.Cloudy bright - objects in open space cast
* Blue - 440 to 490nm no shadow but objects at
far distance are clearly visible.
* Green - 490 to 540nm 2.Cloudy dull - objects in open space cast
not shadow and visibility of
* Yellow - 540 to 590nm distant objects are already limited.

* Orange - 600 to 650nm

ArtificialLight Source - Light sources of this
* Red - 650 to 700nm category are man- made and is divided into the
continuous radiation and the short duration.
Forensic Light Sources
4 Photographic Rays of Modern
1.UV Lamp
Photography
2.LASER - Light Amplification through
1.X-Rays - 1 to 30 nm
Simulated Emission of Radiation.
2.UV Rays - 30 to 400 nm
3.Alternative Light Sources
3.Visible Light - 400 to 700 nm
4.Forensic Light Sources
4.Infrared Rays - 700 to 100 nm
DEVELOPING, PRINTING AND
Bending of Light - When traveling in
ENLARGING
open space, light travels in a straight line
(186,000 miles/second). However, when
Chemical Processing
light comes in contact with an object, it
1.Black & White Processing - development,
may be bended in the following manner:
stop-bath, and fixation.
* Reflection face, it bounces off in all 2.Color Processing - development, stop-fix, and
directions due to the microscopic stabilizer
irregularities of the interface. Development - It is the conversion of latent
image in an emulsion into visible image.
1. B & W Emulsion - reducing exposed silver Camera - is a device that records and stores
halide crystals (black images.
silver) into metallic silver. (Same reaction is
found in photographic papers.) History of camera
2. Color Emulsion - Developed silver is • Mo Ti - 5th century BC Chinese
replaced with cyan, yellow, and magenta philosopher who noted that a pin hole can
dye. form an inverted and focused image when
Stop-Bath - The purpose of the stop bath is to light passes through the hole and into a
halt the development of the film, plate, or paper dark area. He is the first recorded person
by either washing off the developing chemical to have exploited this phenomenon to
or neutralizing it. trace the inverted image to create a
Fixation - The fixer removes the unexposed picture.
silver halide remaining on the Photographic film • Aristotle - in 4th century BC, described
or photographic paper, leaving behind the observing a partial solar eclipse in 330
reduced metallic silver that forms the image, BC by seeing the image of the sun
making it insensitive to further action by light. projected through the small spaces
Without fixing, the remaining silver halide between the leaves of the tree.
would quickly darken and cause severe fogging • Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) - an
of the image. The most common salts used are Egyptian scientist who wrote about
sodium thiosulfate - commonly called hypo and observing a solar eclipse through a pin
ammonium thiosulfate, commonly used in hole and
modern rapid fixer formula. he described how a sharper image could
Film Processing - It can be carried out in trays, be produced by making the opening of the
tanks, or mechanized equipment. pin hole smaller.
Note: • Roger Bacon - English philosopher and
Panchromatic materials - handled in total Franciscan friar who in his study of
darkness. optics, included a discussion of the
physiology of eyesight, the anatomy of
the eyes and brain and considered light,
distance, position, size, direct vision,
reflected vision and refraction, mirrors
Photographic Painting
and lenses.
1.Contact Printing - It is a procedure of
• Johannes Kepler - a German
exposing photographic print materials while
mathematician and astronomer who
it is pressed in contact with the negative
applied the actual name of camera
being reproduced.
obscura and later added a lens and made
2.ProjectionPrinting or Enlarging - It is a type
the apparatus transportable in the form of
of printing where the image in a negative is
a tent.
optically projected or enlarged onto a print
• Robert Boyle - a British scientist who,
material for exposure
with his assistant Robert Hooke
to produce a picture image. The main equipment
developed a portable camera in the 1660.
is Enlarger, the so-called camera in reverse.
• Johann Zahn - in 1685, built the first
Forensic photography - sometimes referred to
camera obscura that was small enough for
as police photography, forensic imaging or
practical use as a portable drawing aid
crime scene photography. - is the art of
because the only way to preserve the
producing an accurate reproduction f a crime
images produced by the camera was to
scene or an accident using photography for the
manually trace them.
benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation.
• Joseph Nicephore Niepce - was a french
Photography - is the art, science and practice of
inventor who is noted for producing the
creating durable images by recording light. The
first known photographs in 1825 by using
word photography was derived from the Greek
a sliding wooden box camera made by
word "phos" light and "graphe" - drawing.
Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris.
Photograph - is an image created by light
• 1920 - the electronic video camera tube
falling on a light- sensitive surface usually
was invented, starting a line of
photographic film or electronic imager.
development that eventually resulted in
Sir John Herschel - made the word
digital cameras which largely supplanted
photography known to the world in a lecture
film cameras after the turn of the 21st
before the royal society of London on 1839.
century.
 • William Henry Fox Talbot - a British Photographic Emulsion - is a light sensitive
inventor and pioneer of photography. He colloid such as gelatin, coated into a substance.
was the inventor of calotype process, the In silver gelatin photography, the emulsion
precursor to most photographic processes consists of silver halide crystals suspended in
of the 19th and 20th century. gelatin and the substance may be glass, plastic
• Lumiere Brothers - introduced the film, paper or fabric.
autochrome, the first commercially
successful color process.
• Kodachrome - the first modern integral
tripack color film, was introduced by
Kodak in 1935. It captured the three basic

Camera obscura - obscura means dark or

darkened chamber room, is an optical device
that projects an image of its surroundings on a
screen. It is used in drawing and for
entertainment and was one of the inventions that
led to photography. The camera obscura is the
forerunner to the photographic camera.

Basic ModernCamera Parts

1. Lens - the light enters through the lens,
this is where photo process begins.
2. View Finder - is what the photographer
looks through to compose and in many
cases to focus, the picture.
3. Body - the basic most part of a camera. It
is the box that holds the film and the
camera controls.
4. Shutter Release - is a button found on
many cameras used to take the picture.
5. Aperture - is a hole or an opening
thorough which light travels. The aperture
affects the image's exposure by changing
the diameter of the lens opening which
control the amount of light reaching the
image sensor.
6. Image Sensor - converts the optical image
electrical signal.

Exposure - total amount of light allowed to fall

on the photographic medium during the process
the of taking photograph.
FilmSpeed - is the measure of a photographic
films sensitivity to light.
Shutter Cycle - is the process of the shutter
opening, closing and resetting to where it is
ready to open again.
Shutter - is a device that allows light to pass for
a determined period of time for the purpose of
exposing photographic film or light sensitive
electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent
image of a scene.
Red Eye Effect - is the common appearance of
red pupils in color photographs of eyes. It occurs
when using a photographic flash very close to
the camera lens in ambient low light.