BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University Chennai

Approved by AICTE-Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)
SATHYAMANGALAM - 638 401, ERODE DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU

TECHNICAL STANDARDS
Mechanical Engineering

A Handbook for Geometrical Product Specification using ISO and

ASME Standards

Prepared By
Vivek kumar P
Ramachandra Raju K
Sundar Raju G
 Table of content
Chapter Title Pg No
No
1 ISO 1101- Geometrical tolerances 3

2 Datum’s ISO 5459 8

3 10
Twist tolerance DIN 1748 and DIN 176
215

4 Profile tolerances ISO 1660. 10

5 POSITIONAL TOLERANCE - ISO 5458 11

6 12
Maximum Material Requirement (ISO
286, ISO 2692)

7 19
Envelope Requirement - ISO 8015

8 Tolerancing of Flexible Parts – ISO 10 579- 20

NR

9 Respecting Geometrical Tolerances 21

during Manufacturing

10 General Geometrical Tolerances - ISO 24

2768):

11 Keyways 32
Notation
A reading, measured value
B zone
C mean size
H height
I actual size
L length
Ma maximum material size (MMS)
Mi least material size (LMS)
N number
P mating size or content or statistical probability or pitch
R `calculated value from readings
T size tolerance
Va maximum material virtual size (MMVS)
Vi least material virtual size (LMVS)
Z centre
a deviation or variation
b width
c distance or safety factor with statistical tolerancing
d diameter
e local deviation
h height
k correction factor
l length
n number
p coordinate
q coordinate
r radius
s clearance
t geometrical tolerance
u measuring uncertainty
x coordinate
y coordinate
z coordinate
Δ difference
α angle
β angle
xv Notation

γ angle
6 deviation corresponding to ISO 1101
h cut-off, wavelength

Subscripts

a coaxiality or arithmetical
b profile of a line
c position or section
d orientation
e flatness or external
f form
g straightness
h profile of a surface
i internal
k crossing
l run-out or left
m measured value or centre
n perpendicularity
o location
ö local
p longitudinal section profile
s symmetry or statistical
t total run-out
th theoretically exact
u orientation or location or below
v twist
w angularity
x x direction
y y direction
z z direction
z cylindricity
Abbreviations

AVG average
BASIC theoretical exact dimension
CMM coordinate measuring machine
DIA diameter
D&T dimensioning and tolerancing
FIM full indicator movement
FIR full indicator reading
FRTZF feature-relating tolerance zone framework
GD&T geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing
GPS geometrical product specification
LD least (minimum) diameter
LMC least material condition
LMR least material requirement
LMS least material size
LMVC least material virtual condition
LMVS least material virtual size
LSC least-squares circle
MCC minimum circumscribed circle
MD major diameter
MIC maximum inscribed circle
MMC maximum material condition
MMR maximum material requirement
MMS maximum material size
MMVC maximum material virtual condition
MMVS maximum material virtual size
MPE maximum permissible error (of a measuring device)
MZC minimum zone circle
PD pitch diameter
PLTZF pattern-locating tolerance zone framework
PUMA procedure for uncertainty management
RFS regardless of feature size
SEP REQT separate requirement
SIM REQT simultaneous requirement
TED theoretically exact dimension
TIR total indicator reading
TP true position, theoretically exact position or location
VD&T vectorial dimensioning and tolerancing
ISO Text Equivalents

A new ISO Standard (ISO 14 995-1) on text equivalents is in preparation. The standard
will probably give the following text equivalents (to be used in text, not in drawings):

Line profile PFL

Straightness STR
Roundness RON
Surface profile PFS
Flatness FLT
Cylindricity CYL
Angularity ANG
Parallelism PAR
Perpendicularity PER
Position POS
Coaxiality CAX
Symmetry SYM
Circular run-out CRO
Total run-out TRO
New ISO Terminology

New ISO standards on terminology are in preparation. These standards will probably define the following:
feature of size: geometric shape defined by a linear or angular dimension which is a size (cylinder, sphere, two parallel
opposite surfaces, cone, wedge)
integral feature: surface or line on a feature
derived feature: centre point, median line or median surface derived from one or more integral features
nominal integral feature: theoretically exact integral feature as defined, for example, by a technical drawing
nominal derived feature: centre point, median straight line or median plane derived from one or more nominal integral
features (former: nominal centre point, nominal axis, nominal median plane)
real surface of a workpiece: set of features which physically exist and separate the entire workpiece from the
surrounding medium
real (integral) feature: integral feature part of a real surface of a workpiece limited by the adjacent real (integral)
features
extracted integral feature: approximated representation of the real (integral) feature, obtained by extracting a finite
number of points from the real (integral) feature; this extraction is performed in accordance with specified conventions
(several such repre- sentations may exist for each (integral) feature) (former: actual surface, actual sur- face line)
extracted derived feature: centre point, median line or median surface derived from one or more extracted integral
features (extracted axis, extracted median surface) (for-mer: actual centre point, actual axis, actual median surface)
associated integral feature: integral feature of perfect form associated with the extracted integral feature in accordance
with specified conventions (former: substitute element, least-squares element, minimum zone element, contacting
element, max-imum inscribed element, minimum circumscribed element)
associated derived feature: centre point, median straight line or median plane derived from one or more associated
integral features.

As the new ISO standards are not yet finalized the old (bold) terms are still used throughout the text of this book.
List of Standards
ISO 286-1 ISO System of limits and fits: bases of tolerances, deviations and fits
ISO 1101 Geometrical tolerancing
ISO 1660 Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles
ISO 2768-2 General geometrical tolerances
ISO 2692 Maximum material requirement, least material requirement, reciprocity requirement
ISO 3040 Dimensioning and tolerancing of cones
ISO 4291 Methods for the assessment of departures from roundness: measurement of variations in
radius
ISO 4292 Methods for the assessment of departures from roundness: measurement by two- and
three-point methods
ISO 5458 Geometrical tolerancing: positional tolerancing
ISO 5459 Datums and datum systems for geometrical tolerancing
ISO TR 5460 Geometrical tolerancing: tolerancing of form, orientation, loca-tion and run-out; verification
principles and methods; guidelines
ISO 6318 Measurement of roundness: terms, definitions and parame- ters of roundness
ISO 7083 Symbols for geometrical tolerancing: proportions anddimensions
ISO 8015 Fundamental tolerancing principle
ISO 10 360-1 Coordinate metrology Part 1 definitions and applications of the fundamental geometric
principles
ISO 10 578 Projected tolerance zone
ISO 10 579 Dimensioning and tolerancing: non-rigid partsISO 12 181 Measurement of
roundness deviations
ISO 12 180 Measurement of cylindricity deviations
ISO 12 780 Measurement of straightness deviations
ISO 12 781 Measurement of flatness deviations
ISO 13 715 Edges of undefined shape
ISO 14 253-1 GPS, decision rules for proving conformance
ISO 14 253-2 GPS, guide to the estimation of uncertainty (in preparation) ISO TR 14 638 GPS
Masterplan
ISO 14 660-1 GPS, geometrical features; general terms and definitions ISO 14 660-2
Extracted median line, median surface, local size
ISO 15 530-1 CMM, determining measurement uncertainty, overview
ISO 15 530-2 CMM, determining measurement uncertainty, use of multiple measurement strategies
ISO 15 530-3 CMM, determining measurement uncertainty, use of cali-
brated workpieces
ISO 15 530-4 CMM, determining measurement uncertainty, use of computersimulation
ISO 15 530-5 CMM, determining measurement uncertainty, use of expert judgement
ISO TR 16 570 Linear and angular dimensioning and tolerancing: +/- limit specifications – step dimensions,
distances, angular sizes andradii
ISO TS 17 450-1 Model for GPS, features, characteristics, operation, specifica- tion, verification
ISO TS 17 450-2 Operators and uncertainties
VIM International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology
GUM Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement ASME Y14.5M - 1994
Dimensioning and tolerancing
ANSI B89.3.1 - 1972 Measurement of out-of-roundness
BS 308 P.3 Engineering drawing practice, geometrical tolerancing BS 3730 Assessment
of departures from roundness
BS 7172 British Standard guide to assessment of position, size and departure from nominal form
of geometric features
BS 8888 Technical product specification (TPS): specification
DIN 4760 Form deviation, waviness, surface roughness; system of order,terms and definitions
DIN 6784 Edges of workpieces; terms, drawing indications
DIN 7167 Relationship between dimensional tolerances and form and par-allelism tolerances; envelope
requirement without indication
DIN 7184 Geometrical tolerances; definitions and drawing indications (superseded by DIN ISO
1101)
DIN 7186 T.1 Statistical tolerancing; definitions, applications, drawingindications
DIN 8570 T.3 General geometrical tolerances for welded parts
DIN 40680 T.2 General form tolerances for ceramic parts in electricalapplication

1
 DIN 32 880-1 Coordinate measuring technique; geometrical basics and terms VDI/VDE 2601 T.1
Requirements on the surface structure to cover function capa- bility of surfaces manufactured
by cutting; list of parameters
TGL 39 092 Methods of measuring geometrical deviations: general principlesTGL 39 093 Methods
of measuring deviations from straightness
TGL 39 094 Methods of measuring deviations from flatness TGL 39 095 Methods of
measuring deviations from parallelism TGL 39 096 Methods of measuring deviations from roundness
TGL 39 097 Methods of measuring deviations from cylindricity
TGL 39 098 Methods of measuring deviations of the longitudinal section profile
TGL 43 041 Methods of measuring straightness deviations of axesTGL 43 042 Methods of
measuring deviations from coaxiality
TGL 43 043 Methods of measuring the radial run-out deviations TGL 43 044 Methods of
measuring the axial run-out deviations
TGL 43 045 Methods of measuring the run-out deviations in a given direction TGL 43 529 Methods of
measuring the radial total run-out deviations TGL 43 530 Methods of measuring the axial total run-out
deviations
ST RGW 301-76 Geometrical tolerances: fundamental terms ST RGW 368-76
Geometrical tolerances: drawing indications

2
 1. ISO 1101- Geometrical tolerances
Drawing indications of geometrical tolerances according to ISO 1101,ISO 5459, ISO 286 and ISO 10579
are shown

ISO 1101- Geometrical tolerances

ISO 1101- there are defined form tolerance zones within which all points of the feature must be
contained.

FORM TOLERENCE INDICATION

3
Orientation tolerance

Orientation tolerances limit the deviations of a feature from its geometrical ideal ori- entation with respect
to the datum(s). Special cases of orientation with special symbols are parallelism (0°) and
perpendicularity (90°)

4
Location tolerances: drawing indications and tolerance zones

Circular radial run-out tolerance, total radial run-out tolerance: drawing indications
and tolerance zones

5
Circular axial run-out tolerance, total axial run-out tolerance: drawing indications and
tolerance zones

Possible tolerancing of features (form elements - ISO 1101 and ASME Y14.5M)

Related geometrical tolerances (tolerances of orientation and location according to ISO1101 and ASME
Y14.5M) define zones within which all points of the toleranced featurehave to be contained. Therefore
related geometrical tolerances also limit certain form deviations. Locational tolerances also limit the
orientational deviations and the form devi-ations of the toleranced feature (surface or line).

6
 Assessment of types of geometrical deviations by geometrical tolerances

According to ISO 1101 for all geometrical tolerances and according to ASME Y14.5M for all tolerances
with the exception of positional tolerances and orientation tolerances, it is assumed that actual axes
and actual median faces of workpieces are subject to form deviations (from the geometrical ideal
shape)
Circular tolerance zone & Spherical tolerance zone

Tolerance zone between two coaxial cylinders

7
 Tolerance zones right angular located; tolerance zone of the centre hole of right angles
in the section
ASME Y14.5M the tolerance zone may be disposed unilaterally or unequally

2. Datum’s can have different priorities (order of precedence)

a. primary datum, datum feature orientated according to the minimum rock requirement relative to the
simulated datum feature (auxiliary datum element)
b. secondary datum, datum feature orientated without tilting relative to the primary simulated datum
feature (only by translation and rotation) according to the mini- mum rock requirement relative to
the secondary simulated datum feature.
c.
Three-plane datum system according to ISO 5459

tertiary datum, datum feature positioned without tilting and rotation relative to the primary and to the secondary simulated
datum feature only by translation until con- tacting with the tertiary simulated datum feature.

For planar datum features the following datum targets have to be specified:

● at the primary datum 3 targets;

● at the secondary datum 2 targets;
● at the tertiary datum 1 target

8
Datum targets: planar surfaces

Straightness tolerance of axes and generator lines

Screw threads, gears and splines

9
 Positional tolerance specified for the major diameter cylinder axis of a thread

3. Twist tolerance - German Standards on aluminium sections DIN 1748 and DIN
176 215
Angularity (inclination) tolerance and tolerance zone

4. Profile tolerances are defined in ISO 1101, and profile

tolerancing is described in ISO 1660.
The tolerance zone of a profile tolerance is defined by (tangential) envelopes on cir-
cles (profile tolerance of a line) or on spheres (profile tolerance of a surface) whose
diam- eters are equal to the tolerance value and centred on the nominal form

The form of the envelope of the circles or spheres (tolerance zone) between the speci- fied
points is not standardized. Clearly, the envelope shall alter its form in a smooth manner.
Programs for CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machines)
usually use splines
Profile tolerance of lines; the nominal form is defined by theoretical exact dimensions
with reference to datums (A–B)

10
 Profile tolerance of surfaces for tolerancing form, orientation, location or form and size

Profile Tolerancing & Dimensional coordinate tolerancing (± tolerancing)

5. POSITIONAL TOLERANCE - ISO 5458.

The positional tolerance is defined in ISO 1101 and positional tolerancing is described in
ISO 5458.

Positional Tolerancing

11
Positional tolerances for holes according to ISO 273 & ISO 4759-1:

Projected Tolerance
According to ASME Y14.5 the length of the projected tolerance zone may be indi- cated in the
tolerance frame after the symbol P , e.g.:

● for plain holes (e.g. interference fits): the axis of the contacting cylinder;
● for threaded holes: the axis of a (nearly) geometrical ideal screw of maximum mate- rial sizes
(go gauge).

6. Maximum Material Requirement - (ISO 286, ISO 2692)

Actual local size (two-point size): Any individual distance at any cross-section of a fea-
ture of size (see p. xviii), i.e. any size measured between any two opposite points (two-
point measurement) (ISO 286, ISO 2692)
The new standard ISO 14 660-2 gives definitions of two-point size and var- ious other
sizes. The two-point size is the default (i.e. if not otherwise specified).
Maximum material condition (MMC): The state of the considered feature of size in
which the feature is everywhere at that limit of size where the material of the feature is at

12
 its maximum, e.g. minimum hole diameter and maximum shaft diameter (ISO 2692). The
actual axis of the feature need not be straight.
Mating size for an external feature: The dimension of the smallest perfect feature (e.g.
cylinder or two parallel opposite planes) that can be circumscribed about the fea- ture so
that it just contacts the surface at the highest points.
Sizes and conditions of a feature with a related geometrical tolerance

Mating size for an internal feature: The dimension of the largest perfect feature (e.g.
cylinder or two parallel opposite planes) that can be inscribed within the feature so that it
just contacts the surface at the highest points (ISO 2692).
Maximum material size (MMS): The dimension defining the maximum material con-
dition of a feature (ISO 2692), i.e. the limit of size where the material is at the maximum,
e.g. maximum limit of size of a shaft or minimum limit of size of a hole.
Maximum material virtual size (MMVS): Size generated by the collective effect (con-
cerning mating) of the maximum material size (MMS) and the geometrical tolerance
followed by the symbol M, i.e.
for shafts MMVS = MMS + geometrical tolerance for holes
MMVS = MMS — geometrical tolerance
The MMVS represents the design dimension of the functional gauge (ISO 2692).
Maximum material virtual condition (MMVC): A feature limiting boundary of per-
fect (geometrical ideal) form and of maximum material virtual size (MMVS) (Fig. 9.1).
When more than one feature or one or more datum feature is applied to the geometrical
tolerance, the MMVS is in the theoretical exact locations and orientations relative to each
other (ISO 2692). See also 23.4.
Maximum material virtual size of datum B; form tolerance (straightness) to be disregarded

13
Maximum material virtual size of datum B; form tolerance (straightness) to be disregarded

Maximum material virtual size of datum B; form tolerance (straightness) to be regarded

Maximum material virtual size of datum B; perpendicularity tolerance to be regarded but

symmetry tolerance to be disregarded

14
Possible applications

Maximum material requirement for the toleranced feature

The maximum material requirement for the toleranced feature allows an increase in the
geometrical tolerance when the feature deviates from its maximum material condition (in the
direction of the least material condition), provided that the maximum material virtual condition
(gauge boundary) is not violated.

Permissible extreme straightness deviations of the bolt

15
Maximum material requirement for part and counterpart

The maximum material virtual condition represents the theoretically functional gauge
at the toleranced feature. The maximum material virtual size represents the the- oretical
size of the functional gauge.
Figure shows a bolt that is to fit into a hole. According to the definition of the max-
imum material requirement, in both cases (bolt and hole) the maximum material virtual
size (gauge size) is ø 20 . When the bolt is everywhere at its maximum material size ø
19.99, the straightness deviation of its axis may be 0.01, as indicated in the tolerance
frame . When the bolt is thinner, the straightness deviation may be larger. In the extreme
case when the bolt is everywhere at its least material size, the straightness deviation may
be 0.01 + 0.01 = 0.02 . In any case the bolt fits into the gauge and therefore into the most
unfavourable counterpart (hole). For the counterpart (hole) the corresponding applies, i.e.
the gauge must fit into the hole. Therefore both parts fit. shows two parts that are to fit
together. From GD&T and according to the definition of the maximum material
requirement, the maximum material virtual condi-
Maximum material requirement and maximum possible coaxiality deviation

16
 When the shafts have everywhere maximum material size ø 39.9 and ø 20 (and geo-
metrical ideal form) the coaxiality deviation may be 0.05, which corresponds to the coax-
iality tolerance of ø 0.1, as indicated in the tolerance frame . When the bolt head is thinner,
the coaxiality deviation may be larger. In the extreme case when the bolt head has
everywhere the least material size ø 39.8 (and geometrical ideal form), the coaxiality
deviation may be 0.1, which corresponds to a coaxiality tolerance of ø 0.2 (i.e. 0.1 + 0.1 =
0.2) . In any case the bolt fits into the gauge and therefore also into the most unfavourable
counterpart. For the counterpart (the two holes) the corresponding applies, i.e. the gauge
must fit into the holes.
Figure shows a pattern of holes to fit with bolts. The geometrical ideal positions of the
hole axes are determined by the theoretical exact dimensions (in rectangular frames). The
positional tolerance ø 0.2 of the holes is derived from the maximum mate- rial sizes, i.e.
the maximum bolt ø 3 and the minimum hole ø 3.2 .

Maximum material requirement for the datum

17
Maximum material requirement 0 M

Envelope requirement

18
Comparison of 0.1 M and 0 condition (gauging boundary)

According to ANSI Y14.5M - 1982 and to ASME Y14.5M - 1995 there are differentrules. Connection of
the datum triangle to the considered tolerance frame is not manda- tory. The standard requires an
analysis of tolerance controls applied to a datum feature in determining the size of the gauge.
Further, the standard specifies rules for cases when at the datum feature geometrical tolerances are
indicated that are not followed by the symbol M.

7. Envelope Requirement - ISO 8015

The envelope requirement according to ISO 8015 specifies that the surface of a single
feature of size (cylindrical surface or a feature established by two parallel opposite plane
surfaces) should not violate the imaginary envelope of perfect (geometrical ideal) form at
maximum material size.
The envelope requirement may be specified either

● by indication of theE symbol placed after the linear (size) tolerance, when appli-
cable to a selected individual feature;
● by indication in the drawing title box “ISO 2768 … -E”, when applicable to all features of
size in addition to the general geometrical tolerances according to ISO 2768;
● by a national standard, e.g. ASME Y14.5M or DIN 7167, when applicable to all
features of size.

19
Drawing indication for the envelope requirement

8. Tolerancing of Flexible Parts – ISO 10 579-NR

When in the drawing, in or near the title
F box “ISO 10 579-NR” is indicated, all geo-metrical
tolerances not associated with the symbol apply in the restrained (assem-bled) condition.
The restrained (assembled) condition is to be defined on the drawing, examples According to
ISO 10 579, for the restrained condition, only those pressures and forces may be applied that can
be expected under normal assembly conditions

When the drawing has referenced ISO 10 579-NR, the rules of this standard
apply irrespective of whether the part is flexible or not.
Tolerancing of a non-rigid (flexible) part according to ISO 10 579

20
 Tolerancing of a non-rigid (flexible) part according to ISO 10 579

9. Respecting Geometrical Tolerances during Manufacturing

Geometrical deviations are influenced by the following, which are sometimes referred to
as the “5 Ms”.

Material – rigidity of the workpiece (shape);

–material;
– stress in the material.
Machine (tool) – precision of the machine tool, bearing play;
– static and dynamic rigidity of the machine tool;
– thermal properties of the machine tool;
– maintenance;
– environment (e.g. vibrations).
Method – tool;
– chuck, fixing, clamping method;
– processing data (e.g. cutting speed, thickness of cut, cutting pressure,
cooling).
Measuring – uncorrected systematic measuring deviations;
– random measuring deviations.
Manufacturer – education, skillness, precision of re-chucking;
– environment.

Ability of machine tool, mean values and variations of roundness deviations of workpieces
made out of steel ø20 mm

21
Ability of manufacturing devices in a particular workshop

Recommendations for manufacturing

Recommendation for manufacturing in order to respect the projected tolerance zone

22
23
 10. General Geometrical Tolerances - ISO 2768):
Before applying general tolerances, their concept must be agreed upon. This concept has
been developed in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as fol- lows
(ISO 2768):

(a) Each feature requires limits for its deviations determined by its function.
(b) The drawing must be definitive, i.e. the drawing must specify all dimensional and
geometrical tolerances necessary to completely define the shape and size of the part.
(c) Above certain values of tolerances, there is generally no gain in economy by increas- ing
them further. These tolerances are not exceeded in normal workshop practice without
particular effort. This is the normal (customary) workshop accuracy.
(d) General tolerances take account of the normal workshop accuracy (Fig. 16.1). The
general tolerances are specified on the drawing by a general tolerance note, usually in
or near the title block, e.g. referring to a standard specifying the general tolerances.
(e) If the function requires tolerances smaller than the general tolerances, the required
tolerances must be indicated individually.
If the function allows tolerances equal to or larger than the general tolerances, they
should not be indicated individually. For the features concerned the general tolerances
should apply.

General tolerances on straightness and flatness (values in mm)

General tolerances on symmetry (values in mm)

General tolerances on circular run-out (values in mm)

24
 Envelope requirement as general requirement, example according to ISO 2768-2

General tolerances of straightness, flatness and paral- lelism for welded parts according
to ISO 13920-2

ISO intends to prepare standards on the measurement of form deviations. The standards
will specify the ideal operators (nominal properties of the reference measuring process)
that are as close as practically possible to the geometrical exact def- inition of the
deviation. The planned standards are:
ISO 12 780Measurement of straightness deviations
ISO 12 781 Measurement of flatness deviations
ISO 12 181Measurement of roundness deviations I
SO 12 180 Measurement of cylindricity deviations

25
 Examples of GeometricalTolerancing*†
restricted ranges of application of geometrical tolerances.

Restricted application of run-out and roundness tolerance

Geometrical tolerances and additional smaller tolerances of their components

Cylindricity tolerance and smaller tolerance of its component roundness

Superposition of positional tolerances

26
Parallelism tolerance of lines of a cylinder

Different tolerances for form, orientation and location of the window

27
 Effect of perpendicularity tolerances

Two patterns of holes to be regarded as separate patterns

Positional tolerances of a group of holes without datum

28
Positional tolerances of a group of holes with datum hole

Datums without maximum material requirement

29
Datums with maximum material requirement

Spacing: surface profile toleranced slot face

30
 Spacing: positional toleranced slot median face with least material requirement

Tolerancing of hole face distances by linear tolerances

Tolerancing of hole face distances by positional tolerances related to a datum plane

Workpiece with considerable parallelism deviation but almost no variation in its actual
local sizes

Tolerancing of equal thickness

31
 11. Keyways
Keyway assembly with two or more floating keys

Key assembly with two or more fixed keys with clearance fits

32
 Key assembly with interference fits

Through holes for floating fasteners (bolts and nuts)

33
Threaded holes for fixed fasteners (stud screws and nuts)

Threaded holes for fixed fasteners (head screws)

34
Flexible part with more than three datum targets for the plane surface

35