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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Human behavior - anything an organism does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given stimulus. It is composed of adoptive
adjustments people make as they cope with one another, with problems, with opportunities, and with working together-aspects, in each
situation. It is the sum of man’s reaction to his environment

A. Two basic types of behavior:

a. Inherited behavior - these are inborn behavior, any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited
capabilities or the process of natural section e.g. The survival of species who are dependent on behaviors like breathing, digesting food,
mating and depending oneself.
b. Learned behavior - these are operant behavior which involves knowing or taking into account, adaptations that enhance a human being’s
ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival e.g. Good command of english, logical
problem solving technique, job skills, and other learned expertise that give people more control over their lives. It is this behavior that
sets human being apart from other animals.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Human Development is a process in which a progressive series of changes occurs as a result of maturation and experience.
 Emphasizes the pattern of “constancy and changes across the life span” and identifies the process that account for such patterns.

Developmental Changes
The goal of developmental changes is to enable people to adopt to the environment in which they live, through the process called self-reflection
or self-actualization.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

It is important to study these theories because, through these, we can identify the main factors or conditions that motivate human thoughts and
behavior.

B. Classification of human behavior (chis)

a. Habitual = refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.
b. Instinctive = they are generally unlearned and simply comes out, out of man’s instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct
survival behaviors.
c. Symbolic = are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown through symbols or body signs.
d. Complex= are those behaviors that combines two or more of the classified ones.

C. Causes of human behavior (spa)

a. Sensation
b. Perception
c. Awareness

D. Attributes of behavior
a. Duration – how long in terms of function of time
b. Extensity – size, distance and location
c. Intensity – magnitude, whether mild, strong and disintegrated
d. Quantity – whether normal, abnormal, misleading or unacceptable
Abnormal behavior
➢ “a.b.” Is a latin initials which means “away from”, abnormal behavior then can be defined as a behavior which is away from or deviating
from the normal behavior. Normal behavior on the other hand, is one that is within the concept of a person as his own behavior which he
or she sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not behave similarly are abnormal.
Abnormal behavior most of the time referred to as “sick” behavior. It is associated to mental illness. Behavior which are ineffective, self-
defeating, self-destructive and which separates the individuals from those who are important to him, are regarded as abnormal.

Guidelines for judging abnormal behavior

1. Appropriateness (includes assessment of not only the behavior itself but also the situation in which it is happening).
2. Flexibility (normal behavior tends to be flexible as a sign of healthy behavior).
3. Impulsivity (normal behavior is more likely to be a result of a consideration of its consequences, with important decisions being given careful
thought before implementation) abnormal behavior, being uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives, tends to be impulsive.

How people interact:

➢ People interact by three psychological positions or behavioral patterns called ego states:
o Parent-ego state – protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer to laws, rules and standard.
o Adult-ego states – more upon reason, factual, flexible, views other as co-equal, and reasonable.
o Child-ego states – dependent, rebellion, selfish, demanding, impatient and emotional.

How people transact:

➢ Complimentary – if the stimulus and response pattern from one ego state to another are parallel.
➢ Non-complimentary – if stimulus and response pattern from one ego state to another are not parallel.

E. The biological background of behavior

➢ The human being is the product of heredity, environment, and education (training). At birth, man is considering black except for reflexes
which are necessary for his survival. Some of these reflexes are the following, sucking, swallowing, crying and others.

Man’s eight (8) stages of growth:

1. Pre-natal stage – which is composed of:

a. Ovum period – first two weeks
b. Embryo period – second week to second month
c. Fetus period – second month to birth
2. Infancy stage – first two weeks after birth
3. Babyhood – second week to two years old
4. Childhood – this is divided into: (early childhood, 2- 6 years old and late childhood, 7 to eleven years??)
5. Puberty – end of childhood and beginning of adolescence
6. Adolescence – this is divided into: (early adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs. And late adolescence, 17 to 21 years?)
1. Adulthood – 21 to forty years old.
2. Middle age – forty to sixty yrs. Old

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3. Old age – sixty and above

Developmental tasks
every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks. They are tasks imposed on the individual by maturation and culture that prepare
him for the next stage of life.
Factors affecting learning;
1. Motivation – arouses interest, provides an objective and direct towards a goal, thus it facilitates learning.
2. Reinforcement - can be made through the use of audio-visual aid, reviews, drills, and other means.
3. Extinction – means to let something die out or be forgotten by disuse if it will not facilitate learning.
4. Association – meaning the more connection are made with a subject, the better it will be learned and retained.
5. Interest – in a lesson will facilitate learning and serve as its own motivation, aside from having the one teaching making the topic
interesting.
6. Rewards or punishments – should be immediate for it to be effective and make learning easy.
7. Regency – means that learning should be made recent in the minds of learners for them not forget what they have learned.

Motivation
➢ Is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual and directed towards a goal that can satisfy the needs. Motivation may
also be regarded as explanation for action which influences behavior in many ways. All definitions of motivation have certain things in
common such as; it comes from within; it is directed towards a goal; and it arouses interest in the activity.

Motivation is important because it controls and directs behavior. Behavior must be controlled for the good of the individual and society.
For human happiness, it is necessary to control behavior. Motivation is also important in all aspects of man’s life.

Classification of motives:
➢ Biological drives – includes physiological, basic and primarily unlearned motives e.g. Water, food and other survival motives.
➢ Psychological or social drives – they are secondary, acquired, learned, and derived. E.g. Motives to be rich, popular, balanced and other
acquisition of achievements.
➢ Unconscious motives – includes mostly general drives such as curiosity, maternal instinct and just being nice as a natural drive.

Personality
➢ Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and trials that defines an individual’s characteristics, behavior and qualities.
➢ A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine the similarities and differences in the psychological behavior, such as
thoughts, feelings, and actions, of people. It can be introvert, extrovert or ambivert. An introvert is one characterized by direction of interest
toward oneself and one’s inner world of experiences; the extrovert, characterized by interest directed toward the external environment of
people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself; the ambivert is a mixture of between an extrovert and introvert.

Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines an individual’s characteristics, behaviors and qualities. Personality is more
than charm, poise, or physical appearance, this includes the following;
(a) Habits – reactions so often repeated that becomes a person’s fixed characteristic or tendency.
(b) Attitudes - may either be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, learned or acquired.
(c) Physical traits – this includes facial appearance, height, weight, physical defects, complexion, strength and health.
(d) Mental traits – includes our ability to control the mind.

(e) Emotional traits – gives an individual the capacity to face different situations in life and still maintain composure.
(f) Social traits – the individual’s ability to get along fine with others.
(g) Moral and religious traits – the standards of a person’s actions and behaviors.

social learning theories

this theory advocate that personality traits are the result of learning as one interacts with people. Personality is mainly composed of habits and learned
responses to stimuli in the environment.

Maslov’s self-actualization theory

maslov maintains that man is naturally good and that self-actualization is his goal. And, blocking this goal makes man frustrated and neurotic.
Aggression and destruction are not natural, but they are the result of an environment that prevents the attainment of goals. This theory makes human
needs comes first, followed by safety needs, then belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualization comes last.

Human needs – arises out of a person’s biological and psychological make up. They are the following;
1. Biogenic needs – refers to the needs of the body existing primarily for the maintenance of health and protection of the body against physical
injuries. E.g. Need for food, air, rest, sex and avoidance of pain.
2. Psychogenic or sociogenic needs – includes the need for love, affection, security, growth and achievement, and recognition from others.

According to a.h. Maslow, who introduced the hierarchy of needs, which ascends from the basic biological needs present at birth to the more
complex psychological needs which becomes important only after the more basic needs have been satisfied.
➢ Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of a need. Man becomes anxious and restless and tries to seek means of
relieving these anxieties. So, he tries to engage in various forms of activities intended to satisfy his needs and reduces his tensions.

Reactions to frustration
people differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual’s way of reacting to frustration is known as coping mechanism. Generally, people
faced with frustration is sometimes reacting to one or two ways; by fighting the problem in a constructive way and direct way by means of
breaking down the obstacles that stops a person from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and becoming aggressive; or by running away
from the problem or flight, by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up without a fight. These reactions to frustration are called
fight-flight reactions.

Frustration-tolerance
individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states or tolerance to frustration. Some people are able to withstand prolonged
periods of tension without showing signs of abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustration into anti-social acts
or become alcoholics or drug addicts. Most people react to frustration in the following ways;
1. Direct approach
2. Detour or change direction
3. Substitution
4. Withdrawal or retreat
5. Developing feelings of inferiority
6. Aggression, and
7. Use of defense mechanism

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such as but not limited to photocopying, recording, storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this book shall be prosecuted in accordance with
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 CHAPS ONLINE TUTORIAL SERVICES
CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION
2780 Adriano St., Brgy. 182, Gagalangin, Tondo, Manila, Philippines 1012
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Defense mechanism
they are unconscious psychological processes that serve as safety valves to provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. Defense
mechanism is forms of self-deception which a person may not be aware of. They are resorted to whenever psychological equilibrium is
threatened by severe emotional injury arising from frustration. Among the most common defense mechanism used are the following;
➢ Identification – a process whereby an individual without awareness, satisfies frustrated desires by psychologically assuming the role of
another person.
➢ Substitution - is resorted to, when an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one that is attainable or
acceptable.
➢ Compensation - a process whereby one makes up for some real or imaginary inadequacy by doing well in another activity.
➢ Rationalization – it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas and behavior in a way that seems reasonable to oneself, although,
they are intellectually justified and often socially disapproved as well.
➢ Displacement - this is where one transfer his emotion connected with one person or thing to another unrelated person or object.
➢ Fantasy or daydreaming – this is where an imagined sequence of events or mental images that serves to express unconscious conflicts,
to gratify unconscious wishes or to prepare for an anticipated future event.
➢ Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to oneself, but projected onto others so that they may seem to have these
feelings or ideas, that free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
➢ Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to
recognize. It is shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to keep his
urges and impulses under control.
➢ Denial – when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
➢ Repression – is an unconscious process where unacceptable urges or painful, traumatic experiences are completely prevented from
entering consciousness
➢ Suppression – is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by
pushing them out of one’s mind such as, when a person attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in his work.
➢ Regression – when a person employs this defense mechanism, he goes back to a pattern of feeling, thinking, or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlier stage of development, such as when a person demands for something from others and when denied, uses
tantrums to get it, as what he or she has done in early childhood when parents give to demands of children by the use of tantrums.
➢ Sublimation – is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into socially and culturally acceptable channels or means. It is also
a positive and constructive mechanism for defending against otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such as when a homosexual
works as a physical therapist and finds sexual satisfaction in performing his job, in meeting his needs and impulses.

When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult situation over a long period of time, he may try to escape from
conflicts by suffering from any of the following mental disorders;
➢ Neurosis – a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobia, obsession or compulsion;
➢ Psychosis – a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world into the world of fantasy and make-believe, where a
person’s hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled;
➢ Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality – a mental disorder where one, instead of compromising with reality, withdraw
into his shell. The person may go to the other extremes and may become very aggressive and cruel in his behavior towards others. And,
when his antisocial behavior comes in conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal.
➢ Psychoneurotic person – are those in the twilight zone between normality and abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are they
normal. The neurotic is always tense, restless and anxious. Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion. Phobia, and in some cases,
amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.

Unhealthy reactions to frustration

some individuals are incapable of making effective adjustments to their frustration. They have not learned healthy and effective adjustment habits;
hence, they are not emotionally ready to cope with difficult problems confronting them. As a result, they may react to frustration in a random, impulsive
and inadequate manner that, does not relieve them of tension, but in fact increases the maladjustment. Among these behavior pattern considered as
unhealthy reactions to frustration are the following;
➢ Anxiety - manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown
or unrecognized.
➢ Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most of the time has no reasonable foundation.
➢ Obsession – is an idea that persistently recurs in a person’s mind sometimes against his wish, though it may have no basis at all.
➢ impulsion – is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are repetitive and ritualistic.
o Pyromania – the irresistible urge to set fire,
o Dipsomania – compulsive desire to take alcoholic drinks,
o Kleptomania – the urge to steal
➢ Regression - a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to state of former adjustment and attempts to experience them again in memory.
➢ Memory disorder or amnesia - caused by painful memories associated with some shocking experiences which are repressed and
cannot be recalled.
➢ Delusion – a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of evidence to the contrary
➢ Hallucination – a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external stimulus.
➢ Schizophrenia or dementia praecox – is characterized by disturb thinking.
➢ Sexual deviancy – a sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification by means other than heterosexual relation.
➢ Sexuality or heterosexuality – the only normal sexual relation between members of the opposite sex that could lead to reproduction.

Different deviant sexual behaviors:

o Masochism – sexual gratification is attained through the pain inflicted upon oneself.
o Sadism – sexual gratification is attained through the pain inflicted upon the sexual partner.
o Exhibitionism – sexual gratification is attained by exposing some private parts of the body
o Voyeurism – sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude man and woman in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant person
is also known as peeping tom.
o Transvestism – gratification is taken from wearing clothes of the opposite sex and acting their opposite roles.
o Fetishism – sexual gratification is attained by substituting an inanimate object of love.
o Incest – sexual relation between persons with blood relationship
o Pedophilia - a child molester that victimizes young boys that could lead to sodomy.
o Bestiality – sexual relation with a living animal.
o Necrophilia – sexual relation with a newly dead body.

Class a (distrust, suspicious to social detachment)

➢ Paranoid p.d.= recurrent suspicions without justification , preoccupied by unjustified doubts, hostility, oversensitivity, tends to see oneself
as blameless.
➢ Schizoid p.d. = pervasive detachment from social relationship, restricts expression of emotion, neither enjoy nor desire close relationship,
inability to form social relationship and lack of interest to do so.
➢ Schizotypal p.d. = reduced capacity for close relationship, have old beliefs and magical thinking such as superstitions, telepathy etc.

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Class b (dramatic, emotional erratic)
➢ Antisocial p.d. = fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeated acts that are grounds from
arrest. Unable to control their impulse, perform violent and harmful acts without experiencing a bit of guilt.
➢ Borderline p.d.= instability of interpersonal relationships, instability of mood, self-image and affects and marked impulsivity, may have
recurrent suicidal behaviors. Their mood may shift rapidly and inexplicably from depression to anxiety to anger over a pattern of several
hours.
➢ Histrionic p.d. = pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Overly concerned with their appearance and
exaggerated impression of emotion.
➢ Narcissistic p.d. = exaggerated sense of self importance, a preoccupation with being admired and lack of empathy for the feeling of others.
o Hypochondriasis = chronic anxiety about health.

Class c (anxiety and fearfulness)

➢ Avoidant p.d. =feeling of inadequacy, hypersensitive to negative evaluation, timid and shy but do wish to have friends, uncomfortable and
afraid of rejection or criticism. Unlike schizoid, they don’t enjoy being alone.
➢ Dependent p.d. = difficulty in making everyday decision without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others, lack self
confidence in judgment, uncomfortable and helpless when alone.
➢ Obsessive –compulsive p.d. = pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control.
Preoccupied with trivial details and rules and do not appreciate changes and routine.

Crisis management
➢ Crisis management – is simply good management under pressure.

Ten (10) steps to take during crisis;

➢ Assess the situation - by knowing the following; what is happening and why; what is likely to happen and how quick the response should
be to avoid further damage in all aspect; who are involve and who else; and resources at hand.
➢ Draw preliminary plan of action – step by step and have contingency plan for a eventualities.
➢ Line up a crisis management team – deal with the situation
➢ Set up a crisis management center
➢ Set up a communication system – to have an immediate access to all members of the team
➢ Prioritize matters
➢ Face problems one-at-a time
➢ Prepare detailed plans
➢ Continuously monitor what exactly is happening
➢ Evaluate actions and reaction.

Hostage negotiation
➢ In hostage situation the general tendency of the hostage taker is to hostage a prominent personality in order to gain needed leverage in
the negotiation. What is important in this situation is improved communication and the efficiency of the police in responding to the call of
emergency.

Priorities in hostage situation;

➢ Preservation of life – hostage, hostage-taker, public etc.
➢ Arrest of the hostage - taker, recover and protect property
➢ Successfully negotiate – to do this, there must be; a need on the part of the hostage-taker to live and release the hostage.

Principles to be followed;
➢ The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. His only value is as a tool to get what the hostage-taker wants, not from the hostage, but
from the authorities. Violence should be avoided for the sake of the hostage, if it cannot be avoided, the authorities should be the victor.
➢ To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live, on the part of the hostage-taker, because a hostage-taker who is bent in killing
himself and has no intention of releasing the hostage, is a case of non-negotiable, which the police should ascertain.

Characteristics of hostage-takers;
➢ Mentally deranged - suffers from delusion and hallucination, and they;
o Sets the rule
o Reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing them to take action to relieve stress; may even
o Take members of their family as hostage.
➢ Severe depression – suffers also some mental aberration which is an answer to life stress that could lead to self-destruction as in suicide.
➢ Personality disorder – with anti-social and maladaptive patterns of behavior that brings him repeatedly in conflict with society.
o If he demands for a member of his family, do not grant, family could be the cause of being what he is.
➢ Paranoid – he feels threatened and persecuted, highly suspicious of people and impulsive.
➢ Sociopathic personality – highly impulsive and unable to delay gratification so that if hostage is a woman, raping her is a probability.
➢ Terrorist – with political purpose or agenda. They use threats and harassment to create an atmosphere of fear, disregarding women and
children as victims. They are only loyal to themselves and other allied groups and willing to give life as part of martyrdom.

Upon arrival at the scene of the incident, negotiator should act immediately on the following:
➢ Containment - control of area and people;
➢ Establish contact – if several hostage-takers are involved, talk with the leader only. If recognize as an officer of the law, never tell rank,
since hostage-taker may ask for demands that he think can be at once granted. If deceit has to be used, do not get caught and bluff;
➢ Time lengthening – this will give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action. It could also lead to the hostage-taker’s
loss of objectivity;
➢ Telephone negotiation technique – be the caller, plan and prepare and be ready with what has to be negotiated. Discipline one to listen.
For whatever demand granted, hold on to a concession, and try to get something in return. E.g. Release of children and women hostages.
➢ On a face-to-face negotiation – observe the rules; do not be over anxious, prepare for a psychological, physical and emotional
confrontation. Wear body armor, have a weapon, but if ask to come without one, ensure that they too, should lay down firearms before
you enter the place of negotiation. Coming on a face-to-face situation, observe prescribed distances as in personal distance, it should be
one to three feet, and while in intimate, about 6 inches. In getting out, face hostage-taker; slowly walk out of the door with good cover or
tactical backup.
➢ On surrenders approach - start with a position approach and act as if the hostage-taker will surrender. Do not talk too much, talk detail
of surrender process, and explain why now is better than later.
o Positive effects of time
o Hostage-taker will wear down emotionally and psychologically.
o Hostage-taker has more demand for food, water, and drinks.
o Anxiety reduce, hostage-taker given chance to organize his true self.
o Hostage taker’s rationality increases.
o Hostage-taker - negotiator relationship gets improve.

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such as but not limited to photocopying, recording, storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
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o Hostage-taker’s demands may be reduced.

Stockholm syndrome may develop – which refers to the unusual development of mutual positive feelings between the hostage and hostage-taker
for each other that eventually results to negative feelings against the authorities.

What is negotiable?
➢ Money, food, drinks, transportation or even swapping of prisoners.

What is non-negotiable?
➢ Weapons and ammunitions
Cardinal rule in negotiation
➢ “commander should not negotiate, negotiator should not command.”

Reasons :
➢ Hostage-taker will have sense of importance;
➢ May make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing with commander;
➢ Conflict with being a negotiator and commander at the same time and will have no more fall back;

Note: in case hostage-taker refuse to talk, motivate him by touching on possible topics related to his act, if he opens up, stop talking and listen
and continue the negotiation.
➢ Advantages of telephone negotiation;
➢ Easier to say no to some demands;
➢ Easier to end and conclude the negotiation;
➢ Conversation is quicker;
➢ Important items can easily be committed;
➢ Negotiator has the advantage and less risk.

Disadvantage;
➢ Impersonal – hostage’s reaction cannot be observed.
➢ Hostage taker – negotiator relationship
o Trust and rapport should be established, but while trust is there, be aware of it;
o If deceit is to be used, tell lies but don’t get caught.
➢ Walkie talkies - set in single frequency are still considered to be one of the best in telephone negotiation and in giving orders.
o If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried within seven (7) seconds upon the decision.

Designation and duties of personnel in a negotiating team:

➢ Field negotiator – (all members of the team should know him). His duties re;
o Takes charge of all members;
o Establish contact with hostage-taker;
o Over-see containment processes such as evacuation of civilians and scaling off the place
o Regular consultation with commanding officer(highest authority);

➢ Operational aide;
o Reports to the field negotiator;
o Set up temporary headquarters
o Coordinate assignments of off-duty personnel arriving at the scene;
o Assessed units as necessary; and
o Relay orders or information to personnel involved

➢ Administrative aide:
o Reports to field negotiator
o Supervise temporary headquarters
o Maintain records of operation of all u nits at the scene

➢ Patrol personnel (with one leader

o Sharpshooters(snipers)
o Chemical agent

What is important in a hostage taking situation?

➢ Dry run or constant practice to ensure the unit’s capabilities of control over the situation.
➢ Considerable screening of all members. Team members should give free hand in handling and evaluating the situations they are in.
o Patrol units, assault units, and all units concerned should know exactly whose command they are under.
o A rescue effort has to run strictly from top, down to the last member.
o If chemicals are to be used in the assaults, it should be enough only to maim the perpetrators in order to incapacitate to disable
them.
o Assaults when decided upon should be carried out within 7 seconds.
o Presence of a linguist is necessary, if negotiator is not.

Implementation of methods to deal with hostage situation

➢ Behavior guidelines during negotiation:
o Be the caller
o Use civilian clothes
o Use protective armor
o Do not ask for demands – hostage-takers may not have demand
o Give room to negotiate – do not be excited, nervous, and irritated
o Be calm and relax
o Talk to hostage taker leader only
o Elicit a promise
o Make sure you have a good cover (hidden or otherwise)
o Conserve concession – hold giving in to demand. Delay works in favor of authorities.

On life and death negotiation;

➢ Keep in mind that one hostage-taker, show of force is unnecessary
➢ Speak firmly but not in threatening manner
➢ Do not be over friendly. It may be interpreted as a weakness
➢ Hostage-taker should not drive to desperation (give hope, security, etc.)

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