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81 views16 pagesBacteria
Bacteria
Uploaded by
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 16
BOTANY,
Introduction
structure of bacteria
Nutrition in bacteria
Economic importance of bacteria
Rickettsia
Actinomycetes
The study of bacteria is called bacteriology,
Bacteria occur ubiquitous (found everywhere).
Simplest (unicellular), primitive,
organisms.
They are
autotrophic.
Reserve food material as glycogen.
voveve!
prokaryotic
mostly heterotrophic but
the biosphere.
History
Nageli classified bacteria under Schizomycetes,
The term "Bacterium" was given by “Ehrenberg”.
Linnaeus placed them under genus 'Vermes’.
toe eee
osmotrophy.
Escherichia coll is the most studied bacterium.
KV-Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy.
Robert Koch: Father of Bacteriology.
Discovered causative agent of TB.
Robert Koch 1st of all cultured bacteria,
Louis pasteur: Father of Microbiology.
.
Discovered the technique of pasteurization
some
ner ———
Bacteria are important decomposets and mineralisers in
Types of bacteria
Respiration in bacteria
Reproduction in bacteria
Archaebacteria
Mycoplasma
micro- a
Examples of Prokaryotes |
Eubacteria (True bacteria)
“Aetinomycetes
Blue Green Algae
Mycoplasma
Archaebacteria
Rickettsia |
¢ Chlamydia
are
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 discovered by A.V Leeuwenhoek and termed as animalcule.
Dougherty placed them under a separate kingdom monera.
Bacteria have been considered to be plants because of the presence of rigid cell wall and
Note: Pasteurization occurs at 62.8°C for 30 min.
Gave the theory of fermentation.
eaves te theory Se recmerna ee
Proposed Germ theory of disease.
ee BOTANY ern:
| + Joseph Lister: Father of Antiseptic surgery.
1: used carbolic acid (phenol) as antiseptic
Characteristic Features of Bacteria
+ — Contains both type of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
True nucleus with well defined nuclear membrane is absent. But, single, circular py
called nucleiod or genophore or
INA(ds)
molecule without histone protein is present,
nucleus or chromatin body or nuclear equivalent or bacterial chromosome. taba /
Mitosis and meiosis are absent however in Bacillus megatherium, mitosis is present,
Ribosome: 70s type (50s + 30s).
© Onthe plasma membrane, there is infolding known as mesosome which contains respirato
enzyme, so its main function is to help in respiration and secondly to help in the aay
distribution ofnuclear material during binary fission.
{ + Imcell wall of bacteria, sugar derivatives like N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acety,
i muramic acid (NAM) are present. ee
' + “Bacteria are prokaryotes without chlorophyll a and b.
Size
% — Size of bacteria ranges from (2-10).
Smallest Bacteria: Dialister pneumosintes (found in nasal chamber during cold).
Largest Bacteria: Beggiatoa mirabili
Longest Bacteria: Bacillus butschilli.
Types of bacteria
eo
i A. Onthe basis of shape:
| Cohn gave 5 types of bacteria based on shape.
| oo oo Roo?
| by oe? "9 oh oP
% = ; a
o 0 ° So = eS Z
aK 2 ? oP
; ;
S ty Euy
naa 1, Bacillus: Rod shaneg
“Te Very common,
+ Usually Magetlatea,
* Monobacitlus,
2. Coccus:
Diplobaci
1) obacillus, Streptobacitius Palisad
z le.
* Spherical without nagetia
* Monococcus, pj
Plococcus, st
3. Vibrio: C or comm: "
a sheped Ptococcus, Tetrad, 5
* Single Nagella Eg: vip,
4. Spirillum: Spiral shapea
Group of flagetia at si
5. Pleomorphic: No fixed f
*taphylococcus, Sarcina,
rio cholerae,
mele end. Eg: Spirochatae
‘orm. Eg: Azotoba
On the basis of Flagellation: =
1. Atrichous: Flagelia absent, Eg. i
pti ‘9; Lactobacillus,
“2 o
2, Monotrichous: Only one flagellum attached at oe
=
one pole of organism. Eg. Vibrio cholerae
3. Amphitrichous: 2 flagella; one on each end. Eg.
Nitrosomonas. —
ema Fnanan
4. Cephalotrichous:Tuft of flagella attached only at oar
one end. Eg. Spirochaetae,
» Lophotrichous: Tuft of flagella attached at
. Peritrichous: Flagella distributed all over
Eg. Salmonella, Escherichia coli,
On the basis of their functions
1. Nitrogen fixing bacteria:
both the ends, Eg. Azotobacter, Pseudomonas.
the surface of cell.
Bacillus typhosus, Clostridium. [MOE]
+ Convert atmospheric nitrogen to biologically acceptable form in soil
= Free living: Azotobacter, Clostridium, Rhodospiril
«Symbiotic: Rhizobium.
2. Ammonifying bacteria: Bacillus vulgaris.
3. Nitrifying bacteria: (Oxidizes NH3 to NOs) 7
« Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus oxidize ammonia to nitrite.
« Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis oxdize nitrite to nitrates.
4. Denitrifying bacteria:
¢ Convert nitrate to atmosphericN2
* This process decreases the fertility of soil. ‘ian 1389)
Fg. Pseudomonas denitrificans. | a es HI) ST oa aos
ED soon . a
Capsule: ak
Outermost layer of bacterial cell is capsule al
iisocalled as sTime ToyP_ es
+ When components are compactly eee te
called capsule but when loosely arrangec, i
called slime layer.
Presence or absence of capsule, is gem
fixed. :
amino acids. :
+ Capsule protects the bacteria from WBC ie
prevents phagocytosis.
© Capsulated bacteria form sm 1
are known as S-type bacteria, which are highly virulent.
— Non-capsulated bacteria form rough colonies and are known as R- type bacteria,
& Capsule acts as osmotic barrier and as reserve food during food scarcity.
Examples of capsulated bacteria are: Clostridium, Klebsiella, Bacillus anthrasis, Neserg
meningitidis.
Cell wall:
+ Non-cellulosic; except:
Bacterial cell wall is antigenit
4 One ofthe unique components of cell wall of almost all
i eubacteria (true bacteria) is_peptidoglycan_or_mucopeptide or _murein (made of
mucopolysaccharide + polypeptide). Distinction between Gram +ve and Gram -ve
etically
[STRUCTURE OF A EUBACTERIAL CELL
oth colonies and
‘Azotobacter and Zymosarcina.
} bacteria,
i Gram +ve Gram -ve
i 1. On the basis of Gram stain they attain purple colour/1, Red colour.
li i.e. primary stain.
| 2. Total cell wall: 2, Peptidoglycan : 20%
Hl Peptidoglycan: 80% Lipoprotein: 80% |
| Lippoprotein : 20%
3._ Thicker cell wall 3. Thinner cell wall but more complex.
4, Sensitive to penincillin 4. Resistant to penincillin, sensitive to
| erythromycin and tetracycline
| '5,_Mesosome prominent [5._Mesosome rare or absent
6,_Fimbriae/pilli absent 6._Pilli present
| ] '7._ Techoic acid (surface antigen) present 7._ Techoic acid absent
| '8._Non-virulent and non-pathogenic Virulent and pathogenic
‘9. Periplasmic space or gel is absent 9. Periplasmic space or gel lies between two wal
: layers. i.
i:
*
>
saan orton (uyopapacannae
mad aera we aera
‘eomnmins tly. bacillus, cay =
aa
Most
cor
‘Salmonelia, Escherichia,
form
Bacteria cell wall can be
artificially, then bacteria are
L-form [Lister form)
Spheroplast and protoplast
°
+ When L form bacteria are gram po:
Plasma membrane/Cell membrane:
¢
*
*
*
*
*
°
When L form bacteria are gram NEGATIVE called as spheroplast
sitive called as protoplast
Inner to cell wall.
‘Typical tripartite structure,
tubules and vesicles called mesosomes.
Mesosomes on their surface have enzymes associated with re
supposed to be analogous to the mito.
chondria of eukaryotes,
Mesosomés are also known as mitochondria of bacterial cell.
‘spiration. So, mesosomes are
Functions of Mesosomes
°
*
*
4
+
Cell respiration (increases the surface area of the
plasma membranes and enzyme content)
Celi wall secretion, :
DNA replication
Cell division (distribution of daughter cells).
Mesosomes are thought to be involved in DNA replication and equal division of cell material. 402 BOTANY
Cytoplasm :
* In bacterial cytoplasm membrane bound cell organ
lysosome, golgi bodies etc are absent
% Bacterial cytoplasm show no streaming or cyclosis.
elles viz. Mitochondria, Chloroptacy, E
Storage Granules:
Glycogen Granules - Stores carbohydrates,
+ Volutin granules - Also known as metachromatic granules. They are made up of RNa, Storing
RNAas source of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Flagella: (4,1 - Su long)
Responsible for motility of bacteria.
* One ormore flagella present.
% Arises from basal granule called
blepharoplast.
* Bacterial flagella do not contain
microtubules.
Made up of flagellin protein.
seace un of flagellin protein.
*
+” Typical (9 + 2) arrangement of flagellum
structure is absentiin bacteria.
Made up of one or three a-helical strands.
Immunologically flagella provide H-
antigens.
Fimbriae or pilli:
Hollow, non-helical appendages.
Pilli are infact extensions of plasma membrane.
Made up of specific protein called pillin.
They form conjugation tube during conjugation. Secondly, they help in attachment with
‘other Le. agglutination or clump formation.
There are different types of pilli:
+ Type I pilli/ Infective Pilli / Shorter Pilli: Play a major role in infection by facilitating the
attachment of bacterial cell to the host cell.
+ Sex pilli/ F- pilli/ Longer Pilli: Serve as portals of entry of genetic material from donor to
recipient cell during conjugation.
ee oe
Matrix:. [ i
Genetic Material:
* Bacterial chromosome is also known as genome / genophore / bacterial chromosome /
‘Prochromosome 7 incipient nucleus /nucleoid / chromatin body / nuclear equivalent.
[omy
% — DNAin bacteria is double helical and circular. TRA
~~
eotaNy AUR)
‘an Adenine and Thymine.
‘ypical proteins but not histone proteins. Histones are
¢ Guanine, cytosine contents in DNA are lesser th,
¢ DNA is surrounded by some
altogether absent in bacteria,
¢ DNAis freely scattered on cytoplasm,
‘Sometimes eel vi ribosome to form polyribosome.
ides nuclear DNA, ther
Plasmids are capable of autonomous replication:
¢ There are usually 3-4 genes on the plasmid exce
Plasmids are the extra-chromosomal
present in bacterial cytoplasi
Plasmids are having independent exist
genetic engineering.
[> R-develop resistant plasmid
pt 9 genes on the col plasmid.
enetic elements capable of autonomous replication
[MOE, BPI
tence and are often exploited as genetic vehicle
| *Golhaematolytic effect (produces eolicnes which
Plasmid —| _ killother bacteria)
nif: Nefixation
Lrfertlty
¢ For fertility factor (F-plasmi
mating types of bacteria:
in the basis of presence or absence of 'F' factor, there are two
¢ F+- Cells, carrying 'F’ factor acts as donor and are called F+ or male.
‘¢ F--Cells, lacking 'F’ factor acts as recipient and are called F- or female.
+ Episomes: Plasmids which can get temporarily associated with nucleoids are known as
episomes.
ISEERAI plasmids are episomes but all epi
Ribosome is 70s type (50s + 30s).
Ribosome is site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are made of r-RNA and protein.
Membrane bound cell organelles are absent.
In some old bacterial cells, vacuoles may also be present besides some gases like HzS and CO2.
Vitamins, co-enzymes, granules of fat, protein, glycogen, etc. are found in the cytoplasm.
we Respiration in bacteria
io ieee
a. ‘Aerobic obligate:
Survive only in presence of free Oz and dies in the absence of O2. Eg. Bacillus sp, Azotobacter,
Myco-bacterium. a
b. Obligate anaerobes:
Survive in the absence of 02 and dies in the presence of Oz. Eg. Clostridium botulinum,
Methanogenes.
© Facultative aerobes:
The anaerobic bacteria which can also survive in presence of free 02 Eg. Chlorobium
limbicola.
eeeeee 404 Be Atte,
| Facultative anaerobes:
: Eg. Pseud
‘The acrobic bacteria, which can also survive in absence of 02. Eg. Pseudomonas,
| Nutrition In bacteria
| ‘A. Autotrophic: These are of two types:
i. Photoautotroph:
+The bacteria contains photosynthetic pigments.
+ Photoautotrophs make food by photosynthesis.
+ Source of energy for photosynthesis is sunlight.
+ Source of carbon is atmospheric COz.
| + Source of hydrogen is H2S. :
4 Photosynthesis in bacteria is anoxygentc as there is no evolution of 02.
xygenic.
But BGA (ie. cyanobacteria) is 0
«Photosynthetic bacteria tse HS instead of H20. $0, sulphur is evolved instead of 0,
“Hrotoautotrophic bacteria are found near to the bottor of ponds and lakes where
pounds are freely available and the oxygen conten
reduced sulphur and other com
very low.
Photosynthetic pigments are: bacterfochlorophyl! ‘a’, bacterio-chlorophyl
| bacterio-viridin.
Photosynthetic pigments are found in lamellae embedded in cytoplasm.
‘These group of pigments are called chromatophores.
Only photosystem I is involved. __
Both PStand Psi are involved in cyanobacteria. ee
Example: Purple sulphur bacteria (Chloromatium),Rhodosperullum subrum,
Green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobium)
Chemoautotroph:
Chemoautotrophs lack photosynthetic pigments.
s make food by chemosynthesis (as they lack photosynthetic
and
.
‘+ Chemoautotroph:
pigments).
+ Source of energy: oxidation of inorganic substance.
+ Source of carbon: atmospheric COz.
'¢ Source of hydrogen: H2S.
Examples are:
a, Nitrifying bacteria:
+ Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia to nitrite.
Nitrosomonas
Ammonia) <> >
Nitrosococcus —~ Nitrites + Energy
+ Nitrocystis and Nitrobacter oxidize nitrite to nitrates.
nitrites erabacter
jitrites
Tivogras Nitrates + Energy . Sulphur bacteria:
Eg. Beggiotoa.
Thiobacillus denitrificans obtains
¢. Iron bacteria: Leptothrix
and nt
compounds into ferric compen Present in iron rich water oxidizes ferrous
d, Methane bacteria: Methamonas utiliz,
e, Hydrogen bacteria: Oxidizes free m
or oxidized salts. Eg, Hydrogenomoy
Heterotrophic:
Bacteria may be parasites,
sie ae sooty OE
Found in h ie
Not spring and ocean, oxidize hydrogen sulphide to sulphur.
energy by oxidizing sulphur.
‘es CH, for source of carbon and energy.
ncleculor hydrogen into water with the help of either 02
Saprotrophs, symbionts,
a, Parasitic: Bacteria obtain food from the host body.
b. Saprophytic: obtain food from dead organic matter,
c. Symbiont: Rhizobium lives as a symbiont j i
Escherichia coli in human intestine (commeneal) one
Reproduction in Bacteria
i, Vegetative reproduction ii,
Vegetative:
A. Binary fission: most common
Asexual reproduction. iii, Sexual reproduction.
* 4 Takes (20-30) minutes duration to complete.
+ Common in spherical bacteria,
B. Budding: Rare method
+ Most common in Bacillus.
HUB Bactri is also called
Asexual:
Endospore formation:
¢ During unfavorable condition, highly resistant single spore is formed inside the bacterial
cell, which is. known as endospore.
The process of endospore formation within
vegetative (parent) cell is known as
sporulation or sporogenesis. \,_ outer coat layer
The formation of bacteria from endospore
is. known as “reproduction without
multiplication".
+ Endospore is thin walled and highly
refractile bodies.
Endospore_meai side_bacterial
cell or cellimside cell.
Endospore formation is more common in
rod shaped bacteria or bacillus forms.
Endospore is having a characteristic structure i.e. having outer thin exosporium followed
by spore coat, cortex and spore wall.
ion fungi.
exosporium basat layer Ute
E : tale ta re, strong chemicals and aeig
: eee dipicotinie acid and peptidog! eae
Pom susie (DPA) helps in stabilizing its p'
© ine :
= DPA and Ca ions provide resistant to heat.
+ When favourable conditions come, outer layers rupture and active bacterial cell
» outer I "
So, this is a method a perennation and some authors say it reproduct:
, am io1
multiplication,
comes out,
M without
i a new bacterium, ¢,
ter falling on a favourable medium germinates into
+ Endospore afte
one endospore is formed per cell.
istant livin,
The bacterial spore or endospore is perhaps the most resis 2
known to science.
B. Conidia formation:
nly
[BPKins}
structure
iii,
mbination occurs.
A. Transformation you
B. Transduction
©: Conjugation
| Transformation:
to another bacterial cel] by som:
Converts one type of bacteria into another type,
Capsulated "> Nen-capsulated,
* Genetic combination °ccurs without body contact,
* This was
led by Griffith Conjugation:
+ Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum,
+ Here cell to cell union/direct contact occurs between two bacterial cells and genetic
material (DNA) of one bacterial cell goes to another cell lengthwise through conjugation
tube which is formed by sex pilli.
+ First experiment on conjugation was performed a apee) ln
Escherichia coli. performed by Lederberg and Tatum (
F factor
Bactenal chromosome
F (Female)
Economic Importance of Bacteria
Harmful Activites
4. Disease in Human beings:
Disease Bacterium
+ Tuberculosis(T.B.) _ -_ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+ Diptheria — Cornybacterium diptheriae
+ Leprosy = Mycobacterium leprae
+ Plague = Pasteurella pestis/Yersinia Pestis
+ Pneumonia . = Diplocossus pneumoniae/ Pneumococcus Pneumoniae
+ Pertusis ~ Bordotella pertussis
+ Meningitis - Neisseria Meningitidis
‘¢ Gonorrhea - Neisseria Gonorrhoea
« Syphilis = Treponema Pallidum
+ Dysentry =_ Shigella
«Tetanus = Clostridium tetani
¢ “Typhoid = Salmonella typhi
+ Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
2. Disease in Animals
¢ ‘Anthrax -_ Bacillus anthracis
* Black leg - Clostridium chauvoel EE sorany 7 — EATER
3. Disease in plants
Name of the disease Causative agent
* Potato wilt / Brown rot of potato — Pseudomonas suidincerim,
© Citrus canker 3 Xanthomonas citri. :
* Black rot of cabbage — Xanthomonas —
* Leaf spot of cucumber —) Xanthomonas cucurbitae
* Leaf blight of rice _3 Xanthomonas oryzae
* Angular leaf spot of cotton -» Xanthomonas malvacearum
+ Crown gall disease 5 Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
* Fire blight of apple and pear > Erwinia amylovora.
* Blackleg or soft rot of potato — Erwinia carotovora
* Ear rot of wheat — Corynebacterium tritici
+ Red stripe of sugarcane 5 Pseudomonas rubrilineans ‘
4, Denitrification- Denitrifyingbacteria
Some bacteria convert soil nitrates into nitrites and then nitrogen. These bacteria reduce the
fertility of soil. e.g. Thiobacillus denitrificans, Pseudomonas denitrificans :
5. Food poisoning
+ Botulism = Clostridium botulinum - It is.most lethal type of food poisoing. These bacteria
survive in absence of 02.These bacteria multiply in canned food. Their toxins damage the
parasympathetic nervous system. It leads to paralysis of both smooth and striped muscles,
resulting in immediate death.
+ Salmonella enteridis - These bacteria survive on milk products and also in intestine of man
and producer toxins. Common symptoms include: Vomiting and dysentry.
6. Water pollution
# Several bacterial forms cause water pollution. These bacteria spoil the water.
e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi.
7. Biological Weapons ‘- Some bacteria are used as bio weapons such as Anthrax causing,
Botulism , Cholera causingbacteria.
Useful Activities: :
1, Ammonification- Ammonifyingbacteria
Some bacteria convert Protein (present in decaying plants & animals) into Ammonia.
eg., Bacillus vulgaris
2. Nitrification - Nitrifying bacteria
‘These bacteria convert Ammonia in to Nitrite and later into Nitrate.
Nis —Nitesorren9s _, NQ,(Nitrite) MHA” No, (Nitrate)
3. Nitrogen fixation-Nitrogen fixingbacteria
These bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds like amino acids,
nitrateor ammoniumsalts. trogen fixation is done by two methods .
‘a. Symbiotically- Some bacteria live s
+ Rhizobium-found in the root no,
+ Azorhizobium-found in the ste
ee nie prant
+ Azospirillum-Found on root surface
aay of cereals i.e,,
'ymbiotically and do nitrogen fixation.
dules of legumes
'M nodules of Sesb,
uperficial symbiosis (eg. Wheat, Rice,
+ Frankia (Filamentous bacteria or acti
nor
eguminous plant Casuarina and Ainus planta
p. Asymbiotically -Somebacteriaarefoundtre
eg. Clostridium, Chromatium, Azotob: : <
Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonn acter, Azospirillum, Beijernickia Rhodomicrobium,
+ SMMBE Azotobacter and Beijen
Rhizobium and Frankia are fre:
4. Dairy products
-It is found In root nodules of non
elyinsoilanddonitrogenfixation.
‘Kia are aerobic Rhodospirilium is anaerobic bacteria, Both
© living in soil, but as symbionts, can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Dairy products are formed with the help of bacterial fermentation,
Milk __ Streptococcus lactis_or
‘Curd
Lactobacillus lactis
Lactobacillus lactis
help in checking the
5, Antibiotics
(LAB/Lactic acid bacteria) increase vita
disease causing microbes in stomach.
+ For examplestreptomycin sobtainedfromstreptomyces griseus (Itisanactinomycetes)
Term antibiotic was given by S.A, Waksman
¢ First discovered antibiotic was Penicillin it was obtained from fungi Penicillium.
+ First discovered antibiotic from bacteria was streptomy.
¢ Many antibiotic medicines are obtained from the bacteria.
Some substances, produced by microorganism which inhil
organism are called antibiotic substances,
+ Sources of antibiotics:
it the growth of other micro-
+ Chloromycetin or chloramphenicol — Streptomyces venezuelae.
« Terramycin — S. ramosus.
+ Neomycin — S. fradiae
+ Chlorotetracyclin or Aureomycin -> S, aureofaciens.
+ Streptomycin — 5. griseus.
+ Erythromycin — S. erythreus.
+ Source of protein: Methylophilus methylotrophyus (used methane).
* Production of vinegar: Alcohol is converted into acetic acid by bacteria like Acetobacter and
Gluconobacter.
* Composting: Bacillus stearothermophilus and Clostridium thermocellum. : aay
__ BOTANY ae _ DATE
J inside the intestine of humans). Itinvolves in the Produc
% Human symbiosis: £. coli (found
of vitamin Band K.
—e_m
* Plant diseases
Name of the disease
Potato wilt / Brown rot of potato — Pseudomonas so!
—» Xanthomonas citri.
Xanthomonas campestris
Causative agent
lanacearum
* Citrus canker ~
* Black leg or soft rot of potato
* Ear rot of wheat Corynebacterium tritici
Pseudomonas rubrilineans
* Black rot of cabbage + :
* +Leaf spot of cucumber 5 Xanthomonas cucurbitae
* Leaf blight of rice > Xanthomonas oryzae
* Angular leaf spot of cotton 5 Xanthomonas malvacearum
* Crown gall disease + Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
* Fire blight of apple and pear. > Erwinia amylovora
+ Erwinia carotovora
>
=
+ Red stripe of sugarcane
Archaebacteria
Group of ancient bacteria
+ Archaebacteria appear to be the oldest of living fossils.
— Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria because of the absence of peptidoglycan and muramic
acid in their cell wall:
+ — Cell wall made up of polysaccharide 2
and protein. a