Vol.

19(2)/195-207, December 2023

ISSN (Print) : 0973-0338
Central Power Research Institute DOI : 10.33686/pwj.v19i2.1148 Power Research

Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next

Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC
Niharika Agrawal1*, Faheem Ahmed Khan1 and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ghousia College of Engineering Ramanagaram,
Karnataka - 562159, India; [email protected]
2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, BGS College of Engineering and Technology,
Bengaluru - 560086, Karnataka, India

Abstract
The electricity demand is continuously increasing due to population growth and development. There is a lack of generation
and transmission facilities, so the existing system is used to transfer more power to meet the rising power demand. This
causes overexploitation of the present power system and gives rise to stability problems. The power transfer capacity of
the existing transmission lines can be increased by using fixed capacitors by varying the impedance of the transmission
lines, but they have associated SSR problems. In this situation FACTS devices TCSC are used to control power flow in the
system. TCSC mitigate power oscillation, stability problems and various power quality problems like voltage sag and volt-
age swell created due to disturbances or faults. In the proposed work the TCSC is used to increase the power flow capacity
of the system without the need for investment in new lines and systems. The active power transfer with different control-
lers is discussed. The two modules of TCSC with different ratings are taken and analysed. Then there are some problems in
ordinary TCSC too. On tuning the ordinary TCSC in the critical region of the reactance characteristic curve there is observed
a large gap of reactance at both the inductive and capacitive critical regions. Because of the large elapse/gap of reactance
in this region small change of power demand is not possible in the power system which reduces the flexibility of the power
system, and it becomes rigid. These challenges of ordinary TCSC are met here by the next generation device of TCSC: Split
TCSC in the power system. Split TCSC tunes the critical region reactance with many firing points and hence elapse of reac-
tance is very small which allows for fine tuning of power flow over the transmission line thus mitigating the problems of
ordinary TCSC. Split TCSC includes all the other benefits of ordinary TCSC such as increased power flow, stability improve-
ment, damping oscillations, and mitigating SSR as it belongs to the family of TCSC. Thus, in the proposed work the power
challenges are met using TCSC and Split TCSC.
Keywords: Firing Angle, Power Flow, Power System, Reactance, TCSC, Transmission Line

1. Introduction new generating plants which is a costly matter. There is

overloading of the existing lines to transfer the increased
Electrical energy is an important element of life. Life demand for power. The cost of the erection of new
without electrical energy cannot be imagined. It improves generating plants and transmission lines is transferred to
the living standard, health safety and wellbeing of citizens. the consumers in the form of a hike in electricity tariff.
It is very important for the economic development of This affects the financial health of the country. So, the
the country. But the demand for electrical power is existing power system must be used efficiently. The fixed
continuously increasing due to which the existing power capacitors were used earlier to improve the power system’s
system is made to work under highly stressed conditions. power transfer capacity. It provides fixed compensation, is
The rising power demand requires the installation of subject to wear and tear and has associated problems of

*Author for correspondence

© Power Research
 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

series resonance. These power challenges are mitigated of the system with different loading conditions8,9. TCSC was
using TCSC, a power electronics-based device which is used to assess the transient stability of the multimachine
fast, accurate and provides dynamic compensation. The system based on simulation. The mathematical modelling
most important role of TCSC is to increase the power and the Y matrix were developed. The fault clearing time
transmission capacity of the system by varying the was calculated and curves for angular velocities, generator
impedance of the transmission line with the change in powers were plotted. It was suggested to use ANN and
the firing angle of thyristors. It is in the favour of both fuzzy-based logic to improve the system. The work was
the utility and the consumers as there is no need to done with the UPFC controller to improve the static and
invest in new power plants and transmission lines. The dynamic performance of the system. This was also based
TCSC circuit is made up of a series capacitor in parallel on the multimachine system. The load flow analysis of the
with an inductor controlled by a thyristor called TCR. system was performed10-13.
By varying the firing angles of the thyristor, the TCSC
provides variable compensation as required in the system
at a point in time. This device has many other benefits like
3. Thyristor Controlled Series
damping oscillations, increasing the transient stability of Capacitor (TCSC)
the system, and limiting short circuit current. TCSC is a series FACTS device consisting of a series
capacitor and a TCR. The TCR is connected in parallel to
2. Literature Review the capacitor. By changing the firing angle of the thyristor,
the TCSC is used to provide variable compensation. There
The different FACTS devices were used in the system and are different operating modes of TCSC which are bypass
their performance was evaluated /compared for improving mode, blocked thyristor mode and partially conducting
the transmission line power flow. The different values of mode. The partially conducting modes are again divided
capacitors were used, and the values of power were noted. into two types: Inductive boost and capacitive boost modes.
All the simulations were done in MATLAB. It was found In the inductive mode of TCSC the power flow decreases
that the losses in the system were minimized, and the and in capacitive mode the power flow increases. The TCSC
harmonic content was also reduced1-4. The TCSC was used reactance characteristic curve between firing angle and
for the simulation and analysis of power flow in the Kanpur reactance is plotted to show the inductive and capacitive
Ballabhgarh power transmission line. It was suggested regions of TCSC. In between these two regions, there is a
that TCSC parameters should be properly selected. The resonance region where the operation of TCSC is prohibited.
control system was based on RS Flip flop. Various plots of The inherent property of TCSC is to improve the power flow
different parameters of TCSC were done for both inductive in the line and improve the stability of the system14,15.
and capacitive working regions of TCSC. The hardware
implementation of TCSC was done. Various images of
4. Test System
hardware circuits were captured, and waveforms were
plotted for different firing angles. The comparison of power The series compensation by TCSC is done in the proposed
was done without TCSC and with TCSC as the system and work over 400 kV and 400 km long Kanpur Ballabhgarh
the closed-loop system was designed. The waveshapes transmission line. The inductance of the line = 1.044 mH
of power, impedance and firing angle were plotted for /km. The total inductance of 400 km line = 0.4176 H.
different values of compensation and firing angle The The TCSC inductor (L) and (C) values are 4.4 mH and
values of TCSC inductor and capacitor were calculated capacitor (C) 306 µF respectively. The value of the fixed
for each value of compensation5-7. The TCSC was used capacitor is 90.7 e-06. The simulation diagram includes the
in the Kalpakam Khamman line for the same reason of transmission line, source, load, control system, Firing unit
power flow. The comparison of the system without any for TCSC and scopes for active power, TCSC impedance
compensation, with using fixed capacitors and using fixed and angle. For the first 0.5 sec, the TCSC is bypassed. The
capacitors and TCSC in the system was done. The control simulation is run, and various waveforms are observed
circuit used for TCSC was based on constant power. on the scopes. The system is designed for without any
The harmonic analysis was done using the FFT tool of controller, with a fixed capacitor only, with FC and TCSC,
MATLAB. The table was prepared for different parameters with TCSC only, with FC and two modules of TCSC.

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 Niharika Agrawal, Faheem Ahmed Khan and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda

5. Simulation Diagram 6. Performance Analysis

5.1 System Without TCSC The power flow decreases in the inductive mode and
increases in the capacitive mode of TCSC as shown in the
table below.
First, the TCSC power flow data is computed for ordinary
TCSC in inductive mode by firing angle variation from 0º to
57º and for capacitive mode by firing angle variation from
90º to 59º. In the inductive mode, the power flow decreases
from 0º to 57º. The TCSC power flow increases in capacitive
mode from 90º to 59º as shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 1. Power flow of ordinary TCSC in inductive

mode
Figure 1. System without TCSC. S. No Firing angle (º) Power (Watts)
1 0 338.15
5.2 System with TCSC Only 2 10 337.91
The voltage and current of the TCSC are measured and 3 20 337.65
fed as input to the system. It is used for calculating the 4 30 337.28
TCSC impedance. There are thyristors inside the TCSC
5 40 336.54
block. The firing unit consists of firing unit A phase, firing
6 50 334.70
unit B phase and firing unit C phase. The TCSC works
7 57 331.60
in constant impedance mode. Three single-phase PLLs in
the firing circuit. For synchronisation, the line current is
used. TCR pulse generator generates a firing pulse for one Table 2. Power flow of ordinary TCSC in capacitive
mode
TCR and another TCR pulse generator generates the firing
pulses for the other TCR. There is a block which generates S. No Firing angle(º) Power (Watts)
a square wave synchronised with the line current. For 1 59 345.247
positive (Sync +) and negative (Sync -) transitions. 2 60 345.243
3 70 344.669
4 80 344.467
5 90 344.445

7. System with Fixed Capacitor

only

Figure 2. System with TCSC only. Figure 3. System with fixed capacitor only.

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 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

8. System with FC and TCSC 9. System with FC and Two

Modules of TCSC

Figure 4. System with FC and TCSC. Figure 5. System with FC and two modules of TCSC.

Table 3. Active power transfer including FC and TCSC

S. No Active Power (MW) Result and analysis
1 Without compensation 339.40
With FC only 355.90
2 With TCSC at a firing angle of 30º 337.30 Power transfer decreases as compared to the
uncompensated case in inductive mode at an angle of 30
3 With TCSC at a firing angle of 75º 344.50 Power transfer increase as compared to uncompensated
case in capacitive mode at angle 75
4 With FC and TCSC at a firing angle of 353.90 Power transfer decreased as compared to the fixed
30º capacitor-only case but more than that using only TCSC
at 30º due to including FC
5 With FC and TCSC at a firing angle of 360.40 Power transfer increases as compared to
75º uncompensated cases but more than that using only
TCSC due to including FC
6 With FC and two modules of TCSC. The 364.80 Power transfer is increased due to two modules of
ratings of L and C are kept the same as TCSC.
that of ordinary TCSC.
Both firing angles are 75º
7. With FC and two modules of TCSC. The 360.40 Power transfer is the same as that of a single TCSC for
rating of L is kept at half, and the rating this case.
of C is doubled as that of an ordinary
single TCSC.
Both Firing angles are 75º

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 Niharika Agrawal, Faheem Ahmed Khan and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda

Comparison of active power with the only line, only FC, Kanpur Ballabhgarh 400 kV transmission line of 400 km
with FC and TCSC, with FC and Split TCSC. length. The power flow was increased from 400 MW to
A. When the two modules of TCSC have half the nearly 600 MW using TCSC. However, some problems
values of L and double the value of C. The two modules taken were observed when the impedance characteristic curve
together work as ordinary single TCSC. The firing angles are of TCSC was analysed in detail. Due to those problems,
kept at 75º. the transmission system becomes rigid for controlling
the different parameters of the line such as the voltage,
the current and the phase angle. The result was that using
a single TCSC device the power flow was not secure in
certain regions of the TCSC device characteristic curve.
The TCSC device characteristic curve has different
regions like the vernier region, the resonance region,
and the critical region. These regions exist for both, the
inductive and the capacitive modes of TCSC.
The other power challenges/problems with the ordinary
TCSC are:
Figure 6. Variation of Active Power with two modules of • Limits on minimum inductive and minimum
TCSC. capacitive reactance.
• Reactive power compensation for values of
B. When the two modules of TCSC have the same reactance less than that of bypass mode and blocked mode
values of L and C as that of ordinary TCSC. The firing angles of operation is not possible.
are kept at 75º. • There is no continuous transition from the
inductive working region to the capacitive working region of
TCSC because of the discontinuity between those regions.
• It is easy to tune the TCSC in the vernier inductive
and capacitive regions but not in both inductive and
capacitive critical regions because of a large change in
reactance ΔX in those regions.
• There is only enhancement of the apparent
reactance in both inductive and capacitive regions. The
TCSC can’t reduce the reactance to less than the minimum
inductive and minimum capacitive reactance.
• There is no possibility of meeting the power
Figure 7. Variation of Active Power with two modules of demand for any fine change in critical regions.
TCSC. • No firing points are limited in ordinary TCSC.

10. Meeting Power Challenges 11. Methodology

with Next Generation TCSC:
The placement of split TCSC to meet the challenges of
The Split TCSC ordinary TCSC. To meet these above power challenges
The ordinary TCSC worked successfully in the power of ordinary TCSC the next generation TCSC device
system to provide increased power flow in the line, which is the split TCSC is proposed here. The split
damping oscillations, and supplying the power with TCSC is like an ordinary TCSC, but the difference is
reliability, high efficiency and at a lower cost. The TCSC that in this device two single TCSCs are connected in
provided an excellent opportunity for network operators a cascade. This is called split TCSC as it is split in terms
to control the power flow, increase the load ability of the of k which stands for degree of series compensation. By
system, minimise the system losses, and improve the splitting the value of k into two parts such that k = (k1)
power factor. The TCSC was commissioned in India for +( k2) the split TCSC device provides the same degree of

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 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

compensation as that of ordinary TCSC. Tuning of both

the TCSC1 and TCSC2 is done efficiently. Due to this
fine and proper tuning of line reactance is now possible
e.g., in the ordinary TCSC if the degree of compensation
is chosen to 50% then in the split TCSC for TCSC1 the
compensation k1 can be varied from 1 to 49 % and for
the other TCSC2 k2 can be varied from 49 to 1 % for
getting the same 50% compensation as that of ordinary
TCSC for the line.

Figure 9(b). X-I capability curve.

12. Triggering Choices

Taking the working range of TCSC from 90º to 180º. Take
‘n’ as the possible number of firing steps between 90º and
180º. Now the reactance’s possible for compensation are
Figure 8. Split TCSC.
[(n + 1) * (n + 1)]. This will allow the fine/proper tuning
of the reactance of the line with split TCSC. This tuning
For using SPLIT TCSC two modules of TCSC are taken is done like:
in place of one module of TCSC. The rating of each of the
modules of split TCSC is taken half the MVA rating of • The TCSC1 is made to work at 90º. The TCSC2
ordinary TCSC is taken. The TCSC can be split into many firing angle is changed/varied from 90º to 180º which
modules for further meeting the small/minute change in gives 91 operating points. This data will generate the
power demand as well as improving the damping capacity 91 columns of the triggering matrix. One TCSC can
of the system although it will also increase the cost. The be made to work in cut-off mode. So, there is one
increase in cost is justified as the limitations of ordinary more column possible in the matrix of triggering
TCSC are overcome using Split TCSC and will also choices so the total number of columns possible now
make the changeover between inductive and capacitive is 92 in the triggering matrix.
regions smooth. The different modules can be operated • The TCSC2 is made to work at 90º. The TCSC1 firing
independently in inductive mode only and capacitive mode angle is varied from 90º to 180º. This gives 91 operating
only. Similar operation of both the modules is identical to points. The data will generate the 91 rows of the
that of a single module TCSC, but different operations like triggering matrix. The one TCSC can be made to work
inductive and capacitive modes at different firing angles in cut-off mode. So, there is one more row possible in
result in intermediate characteristics and solving the the matrix so the total number of total number of rows
minimum reactance limits problem. possible now is 92 in the triggering matrix.
• The triggering matrix dimension becomes [92x92].
The firing angle is varied in steps of 1 degree
which widened the range of controllability and
compensation range in split TCSC. There is the
possibility of fine transfer of real power (AP) and
Reactive Power (RP) transfer in line using split
TCSC. The no of triggering choices is more due
to which there are more degrees of freedom. One
more thing is possible here which is the possibility
of having many firing angle combinations which
can provide the same value of line reactance.
Figure 9(a). VI capability curve.

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 Niharika Agrawal, Faheem Ahmed Khan and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda

13. Simulation Diagram Table 4. Regions of TCSC

S. No Region Angle(º)
1 Bypass mode region 0º
2 Blocked mode region 90º
3 Resonance region Around 58º
4 Vernier inductive region 0º-46º
5 Critical inductive region 46º-57º
6 Vernier capacitive region 90º-79º
7 Critical capacitive region 79º-59º

15. Results and Discussions

15.1 Power Flow and Reactance Variation
of Ordinary TCSC
First, the TCSC power flow data is computed for ordinary
TCSC in inductive mode by firing angle variation from 0º
Figure 10. Split TCSC. to 57º and for capacitive mode by firing angle variation
from 59º to 90º. In the inductive mode, the power flow
The simulation diagram consists of different MATLAB decreases from 0º to 57º. The TCSC power flow increases
blocks such as the three-phase AC source, load, buses, in capacitive mode from 90º to 59º as shown in Tables 5
and scope display. There are two TCSC blocks in which and 6 below. (The power values are taken in long format
the values of inductor and capacitor are given. There are to show meeting small power demand problem by split
control and firing unit subsystems The model can be TCSC)
operated in capacitive as well as inductive mode using
suitable firing angles. There are three single-phase Phase Table 5. Power flow of ordinary TCSC in inductive
Locked Loops (PLL) in the firing unit. The reference mode
impedance is given to the controller. It is compared with S. No Firing angle (º) Power (Watts) Reactance (Ω)
the measured impedance and the PI controller is used to
1 0 338152677.14946 2.075
minimize the impedance error. The PI controller is used
2 10 337914365.49397 2.503
to control the firing angle of thyristors in the system and
this process is repeated till the error is minimized. The 3 20 337655538.09151 3.000
different values of firing angle can be given to the model. 4 30 337284776.02446 3.697
5 40 336546430.11929 4.933
14. Test System Technical Data 6 50 334703244.84833 7.619
7 57 331605501.44006 11.770
The same Kanpur Ballabhgarh system data is considered
for split TCSC work also. The TCSC inductor (L) and (C)
values are 4.4 mH and capacitor (C) 306 µF respectively Table 6. Power flow of ordinary TCSC in Capacitive
for a 400 kV transmission line of 400 km length. The total mode
line inductance is 0.4176 H. For split TCSC the values of S. No Firing angle(º) Power (Watts) Reactance (Ω)
TCSC inductor and TCSC capacitor are L = 2.2 mH and 1 59 345243897.19543 -10.060
C = 612 µF. But both the TCSCs have the same values 2 60 345243894.33833 -10.050
of L and C as the equal degree of series compensation is 3 70 344669601.03749 -9.047
considered. (k = k1+k2) where k1 = k2.
4 80 344467662.52338 -8.715
The different regions of the TCSC reactance characteristic
5 90 344445678.26225 -8.676
curve are:

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 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

Table 7. Ordinary TCSC Inductive mode: Parameters Table 8 continued...

variation from 0º to 57º with small angle change 7 65 344863133.30587 -9.424 0.147
S. No Firing angle (º) Power (Watts) R DX 8 66 344883310.37685 -9.353 0.071
Reactance in ohms = R 9 67 344799684.36528 -9.266 0.087
Difference Reactance = DX 10 68 344729346.28828 -9.163 0.103
1 0 338152677.14946 2.075 -- 11 69 344685957.55474 -9.088 0.075
2 10 337914365.49397 2.503 0.428 12 70 344669601.03749 -9.047 0.041
3 20 337655538.09151 3.000 0.497 13 71 344622022.16078 -8.976 0.071
4 30 337284776.02446 3.697 0.697 14 72 344553508.98678 -8.906 0.070
5 35 336958323.99357 4.248 0.551 15 73 344567288.64490 -8.887 0.019
6 36 336861215.68578 4.346 0.098 16 74 344540054.38225 -8.845 0.042
7 37 336835709.06490 4.484 0.138 17 75 344514726.60792 -8.802 0.043
8 38 336736560.90954 4.645 0.161 18 76 344514358.82514 -8.783 0.019
9 39 336593775.91817 4.781 0.136 19 77 344495190.63149 -8.764 0.019
10 40 336546430.11929 4.933 0.152 20 78 344479979.84062 -8.738 0.026
11 41 336447170.40308 5.126 0.193 21 79 344462482.59030 -8.718 0.020
12 42 336265027.17958 5.329 0.203 22 80 344467662.52338 -8.715 0.003
13 43 336133291.78305 5.527 0.198 23 81 344460050.60959 -8.701 0.014
14 44 336063327.30959 5.760 0.233 24 82 344454021.97341 -8.690 0.011
15 45 335861728.17523 6.023 0.263 25 83 344454178.74962 -8.689 0.001
16 46 335626944.08394 6.247 0.224 26 84 344449930.92928 -8.683 0.006
17 47 335490567.16515 6.575 0.328 27 85 344447636.39758 -8.681 0.002
18 48 335281951.57992 6.904 0.329 28 86 344447075.62856 -8.677 0.004
19 49 334989700.88616 7.222 0.318 29 87 344446919.09231 -8.677 0.000
20 50 334703244.84833 7.619 0.397 30 90 344445678.26225 -8.676 0.001
21 51 334454611.99372 8.090 0.471
22 52 333997860.28316 8.572 0.482 Tables 7 and 8 are plotted for small changes in firing angle
23 53 333611657.11672 9.073 0.501 to meet the problems of ordinary TCSC. The tables are used
24 54 333274017.26973 9.660 0.587 for understanding the power problems of ordinary TCSC.
25 55 332771664.95747 10.330 0.670 Column 4 of the tables shows the variation of reactance with
26 56 332176155.54252 11.000 0.670 firing angle. Column 5 is the difference in reactance between
27 57 331605501.44006 11.770 0.770
the two consecutive rows. This is to show the variation of
reactance in ordinary TCSC with a change in firing angles.
Table 8. Ordinary TCSC capacitive mode: Parameters
variation from 59º to 90º with small angle change 16. Mitigating Problems of
S. No FA (º) Power (Watts) X DX Ordinary TCSC with Split
Difference (Reactance = DX) TCSC
Reactance in ohms = X
1 59 345243897.19543 -10.060 -- Problem 1: The values of reactance less than that of bypass
mode region and blocked mode regions are not possible
2 60 345243894.33833 -10.050 0.010
in ordinary TCSC for inductive and capacitive outputs
3 61 345243085.62359 -10.010 0.040
respectively.
4 62 345079519.87448 -9.806 0.204 From Table 4, the bypass mode reactance and power
5 63 345090925.04916 -9.708 0.098 are 2.075 Ω and 338152677.14946 watts. The blocked mode
6 64 344978976.32634 -9.571 0.137 reactance and power flow are 8.676 Ω and 344445678.26225

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 Niharika Agrawal, Faheem Ahmed Khan and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda

watts. So, in the ordinary TCSC in inductive mode, the Table 10 continued...
reactance varies from 2.075 Ω to 11.770 Ω and in the capacitive 3 61 342332668.00946 -4.995
mode it varies from 8.676 Ω to 10.060 Ω as shown in Tables 4 62 342258981.68236 -4.902
5 and 6 above. The minimum inductive compensation by 5 63 342264496.69806 -4.853
ordinary TCSC is 2.075 Ω only and the minimum capacitive 6 64 342207732.10256 -4.783
reactance possible is 8.676 Ω. But by using split TCSC by
7 65 342149390.01501 -4.710
operating one TCSC in cut-off mode and another in either
8 66 342160065.73112 -4.674
inductive or capacitive mode values of reactance less than
bypass and blocked mode reactances are possible. Now the 9 67 342117521.67035 -4.631
minimum bypass mode reactance possible by split TCSC is 10 68 342082302.24857 -4.580
1.035 Ω and the minimum blocked mode reactance possible 11 69 342061389.02475 -4.542
is 4.435 Ω as shown in Tables 9 and 10 below. As the values 12 70 342052375.10911 -4.522
of reactances less than bypass and blocked mode are possible 13 71 342028428.26053 -4.488
using split TCSC there is a corresponding small power flow 14 75 341978092.53510 -4.403
possible which was not possible in ordinary TCSC.
15 80 341952983.94515 -4.359
Table 9. Half TCSC in Inductive mode 16 85 341942955.52887 -4.349
17 90 341934322.28448 -4.335
S. No Firing angle (º) Power (Watts) Reactance (Ω)
1 0 338774269.90096 1.035 Problem 2: Vernier and critical region reactances variation.
2 10 338649813.57033 1.249 In ordinary TCSC in both, the vernier inductive and vernier
3 20 338523975.71244 1.494 capacitive regions there is a small change of reactance but in
4 30 338341072.45952 1.841 the critical inductive and critical capacitive regions, there is a
5 40 337964706.00892 2.458 large change of reactance as can be seen from Tables 7 and 8.
6 41 337915208.07638 2.555 Due to this in ordinary TCSC small change in power flow is
possible in vernier inductive and vernier capacitive regions but
7 42 337825616.20441 2.645
not in critical inductive and critical capacitive working regions
8 43 337759907.84930 2.743
of ordinary TCSC. No fine-tuning of line reactance in critical
9 44 337725374.63529 2.856 regions of ordinary TCSC is possible. So, the use of split TCSC
10 45 337624403.58654 2.987 is done to solve this problem. In split TCSC one TCSC is made
11 46 337501454.36483 3.105 to work in inductive and the other in capacitive mode so there
12 47 337434630.73635 3.252 is the possibility of small variation of reactance and a small
13 48 337328002.99675 3.432 variation in power flow is possible. Both the TCSCs are made
14 49 337180465.78365 3.590 to work in either the inductive mode or the capacitive mode
which will give the same result as that of ordinary TCSCs then.
15 50 337067566.51959 3.784
In the ordinary TCSC, there is a difference of 0.770 Ω between
16 51 336941980.25188 4.004
firing angles 56º and 57º as shown in Table 4, which is a big
17 52 336713445.38272 4.251
number whereas in split TCSC there are many combinations
18 53 336516570.52597 4.496 possible. Considering the case of a row, no 2 and 3 in the split
19 54 336345763.43775 4.790 TCSC table no. 9 the difference now is 0.091 Ω which is less
20 55 336119097.82678 5.098 than 0.770 Ω so a small change in power demand can be now
21 56 335818832.77559 5.429 met. Other differences are also seen in Table 12 which are less
22 57 335548248.19951 5.808 than 0.770 e.g., 0.733, 0.311, 0.352.

Table 11. Single TCSC

Table 10. Half TCSC in capacitive mode
S. Firing Power (Watts) Reactance Difference
S. No Firing angle(º) Power (Watts) Reactance(Ω) No angle (º) (Ω)
1 59 342345561.66633 -5.030 1 56 332176155.54252 11.000 0.670
2 60 342345432.17973 -5.022 2 57 331605501.44006 11.770 0.770

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 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

Table 12. Split TCSC Problem 3. Limited triggering choices in ordinary

Firing angle 1 = FA1, Firing angle 2 = FA2, Reactance 1 = TCSC.
X1, Reactance 2 = X2 Total Reactance = TX In Ordinary TCSC there is only one choice for getting
S. FA1 FA2 Power Flow X1 X2 TX the reactance and power flow but in split TCSC, there is a
No (º) (º) (Watts) combination of more triggering choices possible for getting
1 55 56 332506110.82426 5.057 5.398 10.455 the same reactance and power flow. Also, by using split
2 56 57 331954110.62003 5.404 5.784 11.188 TCSC both modules with the same firing angle the result of
power flow is the same as that of single TCSC power flow
3 55 58 331946038.74808 5.056 6.223 11.279
and reactance. The table of triggering choices possible is
4 56 58 331604650.92651 5.379 6.211 11.590
now an 11 by 11 matrix if there is a difference of 10ºs. If the
5 57 58 331376461.14068 5.741 6.201 11.942 difference of a minimum 1º is taken the matrix is 92 by 92
which gives a huge range of triggering choices possible by
S. FA1 FA2 Power Flow X1 X2 TXw split TCSC.
No (º) (º) (Watts) Problem 4: In ordinary TCSC the power flow change
1 55 56 332506110.82426 5.057 5.398 10.455 for variation of less than 1º of firing angle is not possible
2 56 57 331954110.62003 5.404 5.784 11.188 which is possible using split TCSC.
In ordinary TCSC we cannot have power flow possible
Difference D= row2 TX-row1TX = 0.733
between these two angles (49º and 50º) given below in
3 55 58 331946038.74808 5.056 6.223 11.279
the table. But on using split TCSC we can have power flow
Difference D= row3TX-row2TX=0.091 possible between these two values as shown in the table. This
4 56 58 331604650.92651 5.379 6.211 11.590 is possible by giving different firing angles to two TCSCs (or
Difference D=row4TX-row3TX=0.311 using a split TCSC).
5 57 58 331376461.14068 5.741 6.201 11.942
Difference D=row5TX-row4TX=0.352 Table 14. Ordinary TCSC
S. No Firing angle(º) Power (Watts) R
Now there are different possible reactances between
11.000Ω and 11.770Ω. The difference between the reactance Reactance in ohms =R
now possible as shown in the table are 0.733, 0.091, 0.311 and 1 49º 334989700.88616 7.222
0.352 which is less than 0.770 Ω in ordinary TCSC. So small
2 50º 334703244.84833 7.619
difference is possible between reactance using split TCSC.

Table 13. Matrix of triggering choices

All angles in (º), Cut OFF=CO
0,0 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 0, CO
10,0 10,10 10,20 10,30 10,40 10,50 10,60 10,70 10,80 10,90 10, CO
20,0 20,10 20,20 20,30 20,40 20,50 20,60 20,70 20,80 20,90 20, CO
30,0 30,10 30,20 30,30 30,40 30,50 30,60 30,70 30,80 30,90 30, CO
40,0 40,10 40,20 40,30 40,40 40,50 40,60 40,70 40,80 40,90 40, CO
50,0 50,10 50,20 50,30 50,40 50,50 50,60 50,70 50,80 50,90 50, CO
60,0 60,10 60,20 60,30 60,40 60,50 60,60 60,70 60,80 60,90 60, CO
70,0 70,10 70,20 70,30 70,40 70,50 70,60 70,70 70,80 70,90 70, CO
80,0 80,10 80,20 80,30 80,40 80,50 80,60 80,70 80,80 80,90 80, CO
90,0 90,10 90,20 90,30 90,40 90,50 90,60 90,70 90,80 90,90 90, CO
CO,0 CO,10 CO,20 CO,30 CO,40 CO,50 CO,60 CO,70 CO,80 CO,90 CO,CO

204 Vol. 19(2) | December 2023 www.cprjournal.in

 Niharika Agrawal, Faheem Ahmed Khan and Mamatha Mahesh Gowda

Table 15. Split TCSC Figure 11 shows the variation of firing angle with TCSC
reactance. There is a vertical line in Figure 4 showing
S. No Firing angle 1(º) Firing angle 2 (º) Power (Watts)
the change from inductive to capacitive mode around
1 56 17 334939446.08776 the resonance angle. At 90º the TCSC works in bypass
2 56 18 334921394.55612 mode and at 180º it works in capacitive mode. Multiple
3 56 19 334905868.36271 resonant points should be limited/avoided because they
reduce the working operating range of the TCSC. Hence
4 56 20 334903199.03381
the parameters of TCSC which are L and C (inductor and
5 56 21 334893343.19723 capacitor should be selected carefully. Figure 5 shows
6 56 25 334823942.78742 multiple curves due to the use of split TCSC where there
7 56 28 334752548.20387 are more triggering choices. Due to using two TCSCs with
half the ratings of the original ordinary TCSC. These curves
8 56 29 334662797.45351
are generated as now there is a matrix of triggering choices
9 56 30 334668235.44348 whose dimensions can be 92x92.
10 56 35 334512396.04965
11 57 58 331376461.14068 16.3 Plot of Firing Angle, Power, and
Reactance in Ordinary TCSC
16.1 Plot of Variation of Reactance with
Firing Angle in Ordinary TCSC

Figure 13. Firing angle, power, and reactance in ordinary

TCSC

Figure 11. Reactance curve of ordinary TCSC.

16.4 Scatter Plot of Firing Angle, Power,
and Reactance in Ordinary TCSC
16.2 Plot of Variation of Reactance with
Firing Angle in Split TCSC

Figure 14. Firing angle, power, and reactance in ordinary

TCSC.

Figure 12. Reactance curve with Split TCSC.

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 Meeting Power Challenges with TCSC and Next Generation TCSC: SPLIT TCSC

16.5 Plot of Firing Angle, Power, and 17. Conclusion

Reactance (With Half the Ratings of L
In the present work, the TCSC is used to improve the
and C) of Ordinary TCSC power flow in the system without the need for new lines
which saves investment costs. The TCSC also meets the
challenges of power quality and power system oscillations.
There are certain limitations with ordinary TCSC such
as bypass and blocked mode reactance limitations,
critical inductive and critical capacitive regions elapse
of reactance problems, limited triggering choices, and
problems with small changes in power demand. In the
proposed work the challenges of meeting rising power
demand as well as the challenge of providing smooth
uninterrupted power with all types of variation (large as
well as small too) in power demand is met successfully
by the next-generation device Split TCSC device. Smooth
Figure 15. Firing angle, power, reactance. power flow is now possible without any interruption
between critical and vernier regions. Various plots of
16.6 Scatter Plot of Firing Angle, Power firing angle, power, and reactance for ordinary TCSC and
and Reactance (with Half the Ratings split TCSC are also shown in the tables. Many reactance
Of L and C) of Ordinary TCSC characteristic curves are now possible using split TCSC
which increases meeting the small power demand
capability. The present challenge of the power industry
which is to provide smooth and uninterrupted power
to all at low cost is accomplished using TCSC and Split
TCSC devices. The other benefits of TCSC like enhancing
the power quality, improving the efficiency of the system,
and minimising losses are also obtained using split TCSC.
There will be significant savings in energy generation cost
and transmission line erection cost, the environment will
be protected, and the quality of life along with health and
safety will be improved using TCSC and next generation
Figure 16. Firing angle, power, reactance with half ratings TCSC, split TCSC.
TCSC.

16.7 Compass Plot of Firing Angle and 18. References

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206 Vol. 19(2) | December 2023 www.cprjournal.in

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