Date ....
“HE Topuaduction:
> to she “anodenn world electalcal engineering fs. an
isc iplis inesnfo (f panntop —
@ wide yang of ~ fields facluclit computer
enginesrfoo powen engineering , co municatfoms ,@ ven
mi-jentats and mec her ical cfences-
@ Sumananise ele cfrical engineoing foto Ps mnaro
_Catesories + wt
— The! produc Hon pf electrical enerey:
> The __ransmlsion of elecspicod envehey-
= The applicatfen of electrice? enenty.
= The comnts) of electrical onenay!
(% Urhe} does fc electtcal cysfem COnsdituze of?
4 basic. electrical sy Stem has foun nons}ifer te pots:
y Tab Spunce? The _-firne-ion of fhe _sieunce fs _ to
vide the en: rt CctrPcok
SYS fern. Ex» bate ox a genensior ett.
b~,
ft) The load? The -functfon of qhe load fs -oab ‘orb
the n up plied by phe source.
&. lampc heaters ede.
42 nsmissi 2 fs co. s en
-from -[he_seunce to jhe (oad:
Ee. fosulate cotre
{v) the con-trol appari: Tis -furction fs 10 ¢ontrel-
the vol bage umeal or power
Ex: suot{ch-
Sparati> EPxibility ef voltage clep-up aad cted- devon
facili fating asiert! high vollese chansmisston.
Y
8. 1Shy i's Afgh he ten -fox transmission?
i= for" @ afte ed I paver ting fepping up of olpg
° nda
=> And low curnmen# fran emission = weducect Pow
and _thorefose (ov voldeze chsops +
‘osse
C > ro) uppl
> Battentes (Li-fon, (ead acl ete
—> Fuet cell
= Grenenayors (DC)
tf AC powen sources : = Pangrawnable Ac Supply
Ac “vollage. s babilizeng
mn Louency Corven tens
— Ge Dénadenrs [ACY
(3 Define the Standond heure hold power piflety cpect-
" Lication in dams of voldoge and fréoueney ra Jodie
and US4: Vg i ia
1> India = "220-9 g0v (Single phase), 5D Hz openafien
Sr) bsA =_O- 120v (Single phase) , Go Hz Opus tion
& Define the genenak wanemsion voldase levels
uxed in lia. Y
i> In Indie the generated voltage levels @ne |/kKv&
Saw . g g
Spiral=> Fox power srangmission, 220 kV, 400 kV.and Dee ky
ere tu piced(y mired:
= The thavtruys loge @) which AC peurex fs
avo jag 2} us 1——-f
x ed fn in, fs WES KV:
,
y
U
_ Date ...
L
,
}
r
ySitsheneven enengy is oegurred on lenge scale, Ft
y—— $s jentoaly mo ubfliced fn fy: ortatnal form rather
it Vio ic tool - Why ?
onvented fnto the eleciitcal ener
> volfate (PV) anna: lan [f
into Ole cyrfcitys
— Wind junbines converts rwoind fnto Qlectfci ty:
<> Thermo pewer plants converts Chemical enengy of
fossil fuel io}po le ctrtctty.
t ven+a: i electn, rn >
— “Can 6 fl a mM one place othi
fn _an_ efficfent yemner:
—_ Flow, an be conteolle rrecfest n:
e-fficfent*
— Can 2 conyenfed fo then forms pf energy
threugh utfable equipment.
Disadvi vin degen of energy 2p electrical eferrgs
Tp has I he alias denteved cfram some often
Seunce rz eneney as Vee i no} ave lable direct(y.
= T+ can't be “Gored on lange State » therefore
th mmust be ai nerated a8 ~ ne guivement+Date ....
»Vollage ounce ~> Battery,
Ac hive Cronena jor
7 Component Cunnent Sounce — BIT, Solan
Electafcal fa
Componenjs 2 Rests to
|J—______ Pacsfve _ << nduce
Cornponen}s Ca pacttor
Tra ns(ov mer
= BIT is a cunnent Operated device.
— Ve fe ane move Prominent fa nejure_
nanan jhan Ccument seurce «
=> Inductance & Capacifance one eneroy forage
Lleme ofs- N
| sé Chanee (8)
e fi pak TOPE e fc fe
of hich ma fier conshsts, measured 79 ceulombs (Cc).
© the mos} baste _quangtiy in an elec frie cixcul}
electsfe change.
Lcoulomh = 6.24 %10'® gleetrons
The law of consesvation of change clajes phat
hange Can nelthen he created nov destroyed,
only trans fenned>
H Cunne ot (7) ‘
£ Flectric Cumen| Is the time naje of change of
change Measured (nN arnperes (A)+
Tp Sia Fran ime
£ > {tral foe
Spural
as = (tat
bo
1 Ampue = J Coulomb /Secord
€
asDate ..
Floctste cunnent due
-fo flour elec bron fe
fy Chappe fO_@ conductor
© Current flow -fuom posf{tve fo nega} fve but {he
2lec Fong mpve fn jhe opposie divectfon-
Te wey
iy Divect} Cumen} + 4. dec} Cunnent (Dc) flows ply 70
s One dfyecHon and can he Cons leat
4 Ox _-l?me _vauny?ng «
ud
_>
t
i) Alieonaling Cuments An_alfeme ting cument (Ae) fs a
e Nl Cumnent that changes dfrectPen
uotth respect o™ time.
ot Vol-toge’ The voltage Van betwoeen fo pots a
fn _an ele frcute f. 2 ene '
meeded --o rove @ unit change fiom b tog.
lay = GS dvolt = 1 jeule [coulomb
oT = _J newton- meter /esulombe
Strat8 28 - poe
‘Yab Mer = = Vina | av |_=av
a0 ac
<=ob eres Lees
| Polanfty of vol fag, F.00 eeutiva lent Tepresenjations of tre
Yvan 9 ame VOliege Van!
lo) Point a fs GV above point b:
Wb) Pofot_b fs -QV above potnte
x Malisge lox _pojential diffrence) fs jhe _eneroy neautred
+o
move A inte chor from a nefertnce paint
(-)_ fo another point (*) , measuned fn Obs (W)-
2 Rowen (P)
1® Power fs the Hime mafe of expending ov @bsox hing
Pnenay Meoswned in (watts (U9).
Pz dO - dodge - Vie
ot ae St 4
® the mower P is a +ime- Vanying quantity and ts
Called the fn danjenpus pew er
tt Energy lw)
s. Eneniy fs the Capacity -to do werk , measured to jes Ee
@ The enengy ahsor hed or upplied by ap element
fiom fine in to +
<
Cran = (Vide
te
—_—t
1Wh = 360072 fe seul.
= feeut} fe nderconnec tt fe
Clements for pansfeving electrical sfenad ‘or power
from one _poin}, 40 oho). NV
=> The foderconnection pf {x00 ps xmore _cfmple_cfreuft
Clements forms lan elecdaie circutts
Tf _4he nejmrk conjeins 2} least one ¢loced
Petri (6 alco an electric chreuits
x Every Cixcuit fs @ melwork, but not abl
Detonrks ane circulte.
Foscut en
Electitcal Circuit Elements
[ f
Linea Non- Linea | Unilateral Bilapenal
Active [Passive
Linean Elements Alon=Linean Elements
© An electric element with |*® All element ohRh gene
A_lfnean nelatinnshipe not linear.
be fuer Cunnent and voltage tO _______
© Does wot obeys tho pritet,
e Oheys the principle of the| Of the homngenelty property
home genctiy_propentyand “and jhe cadttally prope Livt £4
dh
add ifirity property.
@¢.9 Diode , Transistor, ofc
Staal
wang Restor, Copedonindstatw) 5 | Gnear —— Yu
Clements
THEN
kXW) 5 | Linear Crreeit s y
Elements | Kv tes
eo stivf.
TE - ~ tANDIE
X(t) 3 |Linean Cheuit/]—4 Yidd x ey 3 [Uncen Crore]
Terments v Elemente pO
THEN
2) +X) —3 [nen Crea Yed# Yo
[Elements |
va v
Nec hanactentiffcs
—— —= € ? OF (Frean Flemeny
Vv
pa: 5 = N-T_ chanac lent s4ic
7 | of Non-linear
Element.I Ae slope AA Stope= Storer
. Nat Sat
V-1_chanac teristics MI chonactustin _‘V-T_chenacleeaies
——Sf_Betetor Of Inductor Of Capochjex
Pye Elemen:
*Acths—clements ane capable pf cupplying averse —
Power 40 the mest of the cfr cuf}-
e fg Voltave eunce , Cument counce, Trancistox , eter
ssh lem
oe SS Ve le IS ane ble Lyf
fo the mes} of -the circuit+
© _@s9 > Rechfos , Inductor, Capacitor, Transformer ebco
tt Zilatera! Flements
© Brlalenal elements offers th ame impedance fwesisjan
? Precdy 0D re. ov for of
Palantty of vi applied @cr P4e
Tt
i f29_Res. brdu ctor, Cor pac? tor, efe
Unilasme’ Ele ments
@ Unilateral ele ments offers different Pmpedance [neristone
fth a fo_direc4h 20:
Pt ox Rolonfty of vole eae applied eccoss pe
© 0.9 Diode, Transis}ot ete:
d
en
¥X__Deode allows cumen} {0 __-fle® tn _one_directinonty.
Spuatot Rests Jonce (8)
= “fhe nesisdance R of an element denoles ts abfitiy
Jo mesic} the flew of electric curment; tt te
“measured in ohms bod.
> 4 isjarte Of @ sample
of ma} fal depends Upon -fhvee factors
e lenath out
© ~ Section sea (CSA) = pi\y
© The actual mafertal used
es Creal yr tal for
= The esis jance of a wmasertal also
defends on fs Jempenajure-
=> ‘The merisoce of alt pune meals \ aa
fncweares with fnevease of femposnete cent
=> the sesisfance of Canbon, fnculadors
Semi onductprs and 0 lectrolypes etcas
th increase of Jomperane |
° Oly
eae fs Jan, J jor 2 1
4eMpeatue as,
r= Ry (l+XO)
Lshene , & lempenrafure Coefficrent of sieslslonce Ko is the.
nesisfane a) OC and 6, *s the femprrafure at rohtch
resisfonce fS to he deteanined:
— TE a_maleias having Q_pesisfane R, at 8"C acd 2
_ x ts m e ffirient of 0%
“then
Rs OFX,
'
LR
41 Colowt Coding of Resistonce
p> Used 40 d&fine the
falue of srecisjance
> Dikferer} munber of. cole: band ane used -fov he
i nesisjance value:
= ={he_num, (bands, cach colow _
baods Res specif value [fn -jhe Core.
In _orden +0 90) he value of sesicfence » we need
+o decode the cole hend-
,
= the _-firse.
indicate {he nesfedane
sf a color code
econd and fhisd bands ane used to
Qf -the sresistor by means
TgTt] Corous
= Tolerence f¢ the ventation fn phe 0 | Black
Ac tuck Of a Swesistoy from Pts 1 | Brown
i AactHiel sesfsteance- 2 | Red
3 | orange
= _ From the left, the IS* colow hand onjhe| 4 | Yelle
neststos Frditcapes the St cfonificont S | Gren
value, 24 coloy hard frdtdates 274 | 6 | Blue
fani€tcant Value and so en- a | violet
v RB | Givey
=> Each colour hand is decoded os @ 3 | white
Tolerance | Colews
dight. @-9 Ked means Yelp yroans Fe
g J
$4 | Crold ‘|
Agiek 10% | SPlvex
aaWaor ¢ Briletn hea Very [207 |Mo colow bend
Coad eDFfeBA nesit}or ic menked as follows: 15! bend roan 2" bong
fs
black »9%4 hand orange, Ne ofhen hand . hed f:
existance and _beJwern what value 406s FY Ife ?
181 Bron = 1 frsp_uolt
gm Black = @ second unit
ge orange = 00 mumber of zens 08 cmult plien
So the valye > 10000 = 10
Since mo further hbarcl is given the +olename fs 207
The nerisfame (1'e4 befoerh legv0 +2060 and
jou — 2000 | Foe. 12 KL and 8kJr-
SE Obm'< law"
<= To _areny ronductors, voltage Ic proportional jo the
Cumenk flowing bepween thern y provided that
dempenajune re miaPned Constants
AT ST
! Z
4 Foro mesistonceafncgentesDate oo.
+# Coody jane
Conductance ts {he ability of en element -}o conduct
——Glectric cument, fy ¢ measured fn mhos(=V) oF
Stamens (s+
lo= 2 -
} R
X Power clisctpaest
[ig 2 rats tay |
Tt doe nol depend on 9 ov v. Tt ov depends
Qn phe physical climenstons of jhe capacitors
[c= €4
Oe a
Spnrat© Factors dejeaminins the yalue Gf the Coperte
b> fhe sunfece Qnea of the plajs — th Locgen the ane
Li> The ir joeen the plajes ~ the emailer ~he spacie
th greater the Cape ¢ tance
the + fen the Ca pacifance. oe
ti = higher -fhe
middivi ry act ce
N=T_ ne lationship -fox 2 Capacttor
Q = => dt_= div) = ¢ dv
* dt ay at
C is frdepen+ of pime
=> |e = f=
dv
at dt
ws) Cilayde + Ve)
cay
te
Vite) = WU 0 the voltage ocross caper tor 91
fire to:
= Above eAuatien chows thet Copacitoy vol axe
depends On phe Pasy hictory Of the apartk
J
pC ene np
— Herce, the Codecidoy has mermory
TF
oe.Date ....
Hf Eneray foredt -by a Capacitor
— The fredenjeneus po.ver deliverea =}o =Jhe_capactoy ts
pe ve Cvdy
ae
> The neney sjoved in the Capacitoy is
+t 4
w= Cpwrdr =c vdvaz
Bs Dae
t rs)
Tehva = eT EY
oO Lt ~ eek
Considering Capacttos oes unchene, d_ at $:-00 3 vb~)2
loz t eve] w= 2 |
2¢ |
x* Tm rr O Perf a fox
eo 4 a pacHoy is_an open cTxcukt +0 De fn sleady sia;
© 7h voltage on @ capacktor cannet chen abu 1
fe. ft Sut bo conti ousus. a /
© Cunnend thoy eh @_ Cape cMor can change Abrupt!
The fdeal caparttor does no dissipate energy:
x A seed , non ideal capacttor has a ponalieh- mad ef
“leakage sertsance .pohfch # ver be and
en pe Vnegleckd for most prac ticar applicabtn
a nee Rage neitidon ce
|
ap -O
Capac fonee Stadt
Coee Date ...
clfor tn senfe
a ee as eee
Cee cr Coumics Co
*~ For mn capactor fn penalie?
Ceg = Cpe + Cy +. wr + Cog
vetoes (L
© (mductance fs dhe Propaty Urherd by aM Poductoy
exhthis cppost#ien jo dhe change of wie nt
flossing bbsceugh BLL mreasurec| inl henays (HY.
lyad? » vapar [up a a9
- es “ St fio g * aie Bier
vet SST
L= Na “y
c ae l ti P rontove Sravable
=> An inductor fs a passhe element destghecl to
fore energy fn 4s magne pic fe Ide Ain fnduc for
consists of!” a cofl' of conductihe sire:
NeT ne lotionship of lnduc-}ov
Ni bd? » d?= tygpy
dt C
On InFemarn g
fe) Cvnde ov f= 1 (anes +t le)
cS Ty
Ete) 18 Josef currents -for - co et to ancl [2)=O
Stinar The power delivered -lo jhe fnducyor
Pez vrez C/gi\é
The eneny stored
£
i 12 = Cpede = L (dt tde
t = de
,
t
: =i Ctd = Li litw- Peo
‘ -%
f > o= Ler
ot Properties of an Inductor
e@ Pxom v-¢ selationchip, voltage acwoss an (nductors fs
i Zero shen the cunpene fs Cont op » Thus, Ao nductor
ack [tke a short circut{ to De. *
© The cunen} fhveugh an jnducfor Canno} chenge
ins Lanteneaus! ts discon tinuous change ta
Cuwent would s7e9uPre fnfinife vol tage
°
L i
>
> +
1 t t
Comeny {hrgh an Paductorle) alleoed (bh) met all owed 5 an abrupt
Change fs not pocsibre
Stnat2 The fdeat Inductor does no dissipate neagy
n= Ped due: bf Poon t neste fre Com poner
duc dn acfnding of conducting marzater fe Rio and
d t
if appean Yn sertes uatih the fndyclanre of Pnducionr-
2 _Non -fdeal inductor also has 2 pofnaling Capactance Cy
é Ro Sy
Civcuf{- model -for @ practical fnducter
HK Fort D fndue-lov fn serfes
Ley = 4,4 Oot lg +----- tly
X for n foductor Pr Povaltel
sist .
leg a 2 Ca in
Satna,TrdePenden?t
Sear ce
f= Sst Seprce
F Connery Seuree
Depenckeag Seance
PCurene condreled yo lier
Sources (ec vs)
Borate confroficd volar
‘Securces (CC YS)
P Cumend congrelicd ceuvent
Sounces (CCCs)
os Voliace Conpelled Ccwren{
Seances (€ CCS)
L Tndependen} Seurces Dependen} unees
> Thene ane elements io eshich |> Cpecial Kinds of eueves for
the voltage is completely fonds which olfnen the Secerce vol tage
ndeot 0. Wr 2. he wv n spon
Cuanent fi com pletely indepen: |Crument or vo lie else ahere fr
denp of the Volbate- the ciycui}:
> Ar Prndenentent voltare sat
fe Chane teri ed by 2 fain
vol. ehich
inde pendeny? of the current
cLivoush He
= Fox independent Cumen} source
> VU; ful fn modelling elanengs
uch as francisfors, memtonal
ampifflers, and ingegya ted chrcudts
> sally destpnated by
diamond shaped sym bvts:
the cre nd hr eugn dhe ¢lemeg|
fs compledety rade g
the voldage across Fe
pendsnp Of
SpuratDate oe
De penden) Seunces
x Cument- controlled Cunrent sources (Coes)
> A Cece fs QA Cunren} seunce Uushene the cuvrent
I te ondxolled by some ojhe? Cunnenb Cleeushane Pn
@ _civeutp. “Yo z :
=
2 Bat f= xe
oOo -O B fs Current gato
(diwenstonleny
%_Noltege - conpolled “ Curend sources(Vocs)
= A Wes ts a
Ps
Curent
Con polled by
o=—.
punce Lohene the Cumen?
ry voltase eles wher n_@ CPreul.
— rr ;
¥, 0% ba Go AN
=. Lo 9m is deans londueJance
LG ov whos y
Xe Maltege- Conpaolled voltage A Vevs fk a voltage Vepunce ushere the vol taye
iS Conprojled by a” voltage else ushere fro a circus,
— Coa
N, HT = KY
= =) tk. Ts voltage goin
' Cdimensient ens >
%* Cunment = Controlled cunrent seunces(Cc VS)
are cys ol e here the vo}
fs Conolled by a Cunnen? elseushere (na cred
Chacuty. > _
c rn
\ Vp Va bmx CO,
| al mks transsesis
Spiral‘Hr I Istoy e
r
t i
j I 7
- RQ
€
{
,
i Cs te Re Ge tnx Ri
Rit Ra RrRa
Branch > A branch nepresent a sipele element such
Bk A vollaze ox cumen} cbunce oy a sreristor
fn_@ chrcur{:
2. le F iro nnectr eon,
wo oy More . branches-
% Loop: A loop ts any closed Path in a cfacutt +
Meshi—> A mesh fs @ closed love in _shfch yhene
£
fc m0 other [00 p Within ft *
Spat°
me: Chi nD d
Fadepe ng + (oo fh Odamen
dhe ovem Of nefoork $0 po/ogy >
t VT
b= £+9-T]
w nsformatfonkvb a Jn ony
TITISISIIISIIIVIISIT
mst ET =D rae bn eary
Kel 2 The al pebarai :
necting ode a pala or eee
[ep co |" Conseovaliim of Charge
Kun Mest, onalysis Method)
© fmatie Setosed poh
e J =
J L dy
| get pee ~ Types
Wik VR a vier &
Cuyied Sure Dano baa,
oie hI in Ouler Lap = 7
i |
7 =
£
a
coos
SUCCUCUCIINT
AUGUSTMAN
Calculate the Curb ia brumebr AB of
I Apply KVL tame
| at, = 4(Z,-Z) tip =O _
I (2 OT, +44 + 0f, — -1o | -@
Abbly kay in aueh - 97
| -sp - of %-3) ~ 4(m-g)ze
| [+ 4n, = 87, +2 s0 |
Apply kev iq—_-mesh = Di se
t Lan, =20 — 215, -b) aps
i fol te — 6g ee} ln)=6G ¢ & > ie
Gi) + @x4
Ut, ~_ 3%, 42G 20
at, +L -2u% =o
iy = et = BO
2h- 2% = 4a -@
ve
|
AUCTETTEDye dy me
| Gy. = bow
| To. = 34d He
OF Ps (ah A
OOOO VUE E CV VVANAVYA,
_ SS
So “TReme Gore tn reo midhesh in the givtes
Che cut
tee
l oo
| qe
[it Gb conn a
mesh T_, Maoh 7 data ech Vely
| ee sds nee fdr of al Lenfs ere
tockuwine — civecHin..
Asbply kvi jh min D
I -1oT = jo Ye) #2070
COCCOCEEE.[-200, + lof + Oh = -30
oat tg 2 oh = JO)
Aflaly, Kve mM meh -
-52, - S(-%) - wl b-h)-90
Wei eh +o se
far, =~4, 4% =0G [_-f).
|
: +
ronal) 0%, -4T, = +2 _=(ii)
— obi £Gi)
<2 +7, to = -2
Z.
~4T, tot = th
—
ca
er aa
roe
Se A
Go af
Cuseint Ham
Ap Tan = To = ~
aFay
AI = Lin gt
= Using kev —
d . 2 iv ea
; TE — 1H «=
| in gt a aa
I ) Asa D an 2. _e
hh —
a | —
4a ‘gv iv 7 aw fom
—
i Su permesh = _ —
H om
Ta-he sA | ~O - —
i 2 oi lye
I td ae n ‘Sema
E — Comet
| in? ) £) $40 | .
“The point _silatse te,
|
1 I Gd actify the principle. Norley 07 juschore Poe
Lin the neha
Ee ee
funthba wor Hae addled axe
dg
ut chin haa Vili e> ov os
3B Agsurvy AY Currency 17 ud: ching —direchies ey
| i Caich—functina firm C1 egurechaas key
4 1 the. ¥g" ta calculate. She vol ew
fu tho Potentials «
hy indiviclaal junciiior potential find
tas & of ag uived edectuial gusty.
\
EE
fal fiod dhe Current in 30 read tee uw 4 keu:
| é te
j aid te gua [
tb [
Ng 70
|
|
COFFE COCR“There. 2 _principl
ML jucchinn 1 A 3
Lp Asiag Kk rd _fuuncdin A=
LE + ts
Mp-= Vo = 6 Va =O; “Va-Ve4 5S 0.
as 2
é 3
Va 6 + 2a + 3% -3 Ve 4!Sz 0
[6v_ = 36 ig
- 7 tee >
| Applying keto June @ es aesseeree
i, + ist 20
Wig =O0-I0 | ves0 6
SS a
=e ANp-2V~_ -190 + Va-!o 1 Ve =
_ | pa, bY Va = zo} Li
2220
fH avg 2-35
+ 12¥ 60
66 i
Parn(iA Wp = 286 2o ze
Vp = 2-64 =20 $y BB
1aM
ca
i
(A
Lo
FFE
At unto A
Ty) tin + i220
Va- 20-0 4 Va-o 4 Va=¥8 0
8 4 s
pon - Yoo + 15Vn + 12VA- 2¥g 5
1 60
| Elta eva 210] -€)O #£4@
W1Vn —J27R = 4
esa _6¥a = 80 —
4 = 10
— +
Np-- BIS - 9-orv
TT
& Vpgz 2-012 V
C, ty Va 9 9-0 2 -1ar4.
thy eo ae
QUUUPUSURC CC IUIT TIENT II IIITNode analuas > ma tly profit, Kkce
JL: raldid > - Meat l ” ky
a
COCO OCOPOOP POP ERRVERRDDVUR AANACUR CCU CICLO DI III III IIII I
{ My mle
Kt] f
\ e | | s
! SEAL Lf F 5
: “) |g
d
a f [
S y | lel
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