CHAPTER 2 — Circuit Elements,
There are five ideal laaste elecuktr
elenents 2
+ Mollage Sources
> Curren Sources
+ Cesisters
+ inductors
. eapacites
InAs clepten, we discuss the
claractotstes af voltage Spurees y
Lie Subtesacl resistcs..
Valtage end Current Sources:
An electleal seurce is a device
Hhat ts cxpalole of cmnietingy
nan edeckle mregy to elecdte
2A3
An \daaal wllane Serce 1S a cloud
element flat Melatealas a presoiled
el He dansdicats: less
of dle current -fladwey in these tominals
ond view vesen.
AOOSS
Aa tdeal current sarce, \s a chcult
clement thebmelittalis a peserloed
cucrort Aheoughe tls temrals, repllus
of dhe vallace, across dese termirals ,
An \eHlepercest sarce esklitshes
a vollage. 26 current Wm clot
witlouk relylag, om Voltages or
curerts elseahwe ia the crew,
The value, of the vollage or current
Supplledh 's sped fed toy te vale
| oo weloe.
OA depedert suce establishes
o vollege oc current whose valve.
de pods on the velve ofa vellage
() eceament elseusbes tn the clecudt
Deperdent surces cre srattves
Called cantealled sources.
As opaVre Leu,
aniden! departed eaigdl j
vo) conirdlecl yg pe oe
wellege Sewce currest source
[4s diworionless oct ampere /valls
Vsefhx is-pirS
an ideal ap an ‘dea! d
Ging coatncllec! Cuccent aarcralled
vel SORE errant matics:
f volts Zempore Bs ampere ampoe
An actie elonert ts one that
Noclels a device capable of
Gereretmng, electric en » Passe.
clererts wocel physial deiices
fiat cornet genrale electric
enerayg »
eX 2.1 Jan slicles
ex 2.2 Aan shicles
Flectclen! Resistance (Obm!'s havo)
Resistance, Is the eapactly =f wa
fotals tolmpacle He fleus =¢ curr
ae Speci cally (tbe fleus of e -
leche € sThe circuit elovert
USedl te waclel tis bebeuter is the
Cesister.
2
—a~v
i i
— & ® oh
Ne lh ee
0 a = ~ ie Ter pupase s of crcult eralysisy £7
we must referee the current 19
dhe cestser the tomrnal selina
Se we
em ahens
Volts “onpoes
v9 @ik
*
due to passive sig7
caowentan.
o&ini’s Law \ Ohm's Laus Is the
ancl Curent far a cesisteo
“the reclpocad of the reastnce ts
cefered bas erducteace, is
We may calculate the powe- ot
tle terminals af a resister in seveal
voy s-
We were.
P= Vi when velih
Po-N4A when ve-42
P= GR4= FR power ns
ty 4 2 esisten
Pe - Cie) i= PR eet of
eucren
Recprdiese af valhga Petty ol
curcent director , the power at
the tomnals 2h = resist Is
gositive . There Bre, a cesisten
absrles purer fon the clreut.
olgelerate releMlosti pp lkehveen vollage
Symbabisecl tle lelle- Gr oel
Vs created An sleners Cs) Thus
Gr enill. s
mq
oes
pe ove Vb) 22 7in tems
@ wivallage
ee aT
+ in
Ou = ¢ ye Ufeas
@)
| inde
oe ae
rece c: 4e-ise a4 depedent
with a cocles,
In aang cheees
n-l \nckepencers curcert ecnetlers
en be deNedfron lirchhefes
current Aovs.
An
TPefrore rode &
The circu hes 5 essertal roe
Se we en verte | ‘ncepenclort
KCL equotlors %
Wawa AD —Ithiee >
Nace Ba —ty+igela-o
Nocle 63
Node D ?
Sum altaf then we eb¥n
Ag la whatige >
daa tgete mee
Sa tigt ieee wlichis:
MWe rode equation ob rocle €
encl 46s reclunclans -
Stochag ot on aclttcartly seleckd
pocle ) we trace a clsed podh
ta a cleat throug selectech
Lasic circu elonerts ond com
fusca dethe arighel nade without a Parone el Vel moellate
necle amore Hon once .
Kirchrof4's yalage Law wthe
algglrale sum of all the valte—
ges crand any claseck yok Na
we clrcult equals Zee,
To use Kiechoffts vellege lou
Y 7
tle must asden en algebral c
sign (re fooxe dvectles ) +>
Behe vnallagye \A the top. AS
we trace « claseel pails, = vellege
tle eS a cle er
wall 0
chop l. the drackeey dWrecton.
Rasigning = positive sien b= elle
clse requires asigivg, * veep tive,
san be a wellage bop od
vice Verso.
Ip we apy KML Er Rg.
a Sstoplog, * pasiive sigeirelic
dan & voltage drops, Shtos
ats
deap ACEA2 —Nae *Nae + VE = 2 bad
Leap ABcAL Vag *VBC-MKe= >
secp Brcé: Veo -VeSeVie= >
deap cree! Veo WE Wee mo
Sum of oll :
Ine = VAG+ Vn < VDE =>
rad ade Pe chumclere Crem
pebnital .
2 B essatal laanches
- (B-4) e|sserttel rocles
> Vollage equatlers \nde-
a
Saies ond Ryallel ConrecMonsy
Tse oc rote elements are
gi dde we comectect\n Sates
\g Hes, Ph the save currett,
Tse ar ore clevewts ee solct
ja be erenied to goraltel Ef
me eee SS
vollone.
a fo the.
SH rece d leads to {he expesslas cx 22eylse Kicchhof{'s laws ond
Ve -VerVy Vs =O
uallch repesorts the 7% {ndeperlert
equedion neecec! to fire the sever
an rowr clrculd voleltes renters.
| erlor- te epee
bex: Zins. 318 gp
x
+
Meo
Nae 5 _
Ohm's law te Bad do in the
Arcurk Sheer la Fig 2ae
joo
a
Wo is foo GA
b) Test the sebiter be te by
Verlfyine, thatthe delal power
goroated equals the lotol
pouer dssshpatect De yg \ecul = 129)
Arebysis afta Cicost nian = 9a
Qa 4
onl Ci FEED a ba Stee
iE oO SH be
toa?
‘® °
KECl atrodebe Ligaly- 620 fo
ins?
LV CG at beep cakes — (aa Hot, +501 -9
ee
Nag the ao
nami aa erat by ig wales 2
6 © pasihve Sign is vwolbee drops ° 1
8 Aa P: ine 4A, bya 2G
Yn the cleckulse clirectan
Tue unkeons: five equates € Ve Dotoz 4ROV
Jor-34 ect He 3A a ae Shs
b) strategy he fore. ecg) net, Ae cele
“The pawor ctstladecl tthe 50 2 eqpotions. Not aioy cle ele
proviks: er appr by te vadde,
ausefal equetior osed 27 Vacchbeft's
wollage Jaws. Net every rocte pos
resist As
Peo. = (fx so sou
The pouser chssipatech (4 the to
tone As in for a useful apictn af Lcchhelf's
Pisa. =(-OUs) = S90 owrent #8"
Clreasingy & geock appeanchs ond the
appepte Ladle wih usH0
Roay Water oxtAeBOOW ye munnleer nd Smniplanty,
aquatins + be salleect:
“The power delroed Ja the WV sare,
“he pert delluercel Jo We GASwre af
Pers -V, (6) 2 046 =-BOOW ex 2.19:
a ikse Kirchhe(f's haves ancl Olm's
; X ek
The 6m seurce ts deliverte, SPW LT ack te usllagye Vo
Lend Wey Sve, ‘s aloarihp eo
b) Slow Het gpor solutes Is en—
mre telel pousor absotreh 5 aolont with the rslealnd Mach tbe
GForsbor8a= SOOw, toll purce developed ‘nts, Gtlioat
als te tlt c ipssteck
Tlerefre, Ibe saluter vetfles et eae ah :
Ala the pawer delivered equals e
Ae qouer wibterlsod. tev I qQ ba.
be WNL LL? -lo+6ises a)
WL L2% =Bist 2g4d4o— 5
2 scl QA ba tA
Vp = Bly = 3V
) The power delvered 46 the ldepor~
lent vellage. Seerce 1s
P =U4, = lo C-6F) = lew
The Pawer celuerecl te the depended
voltage seurce is
P= (345) (Ada benh cen
SD Pol steel?
bsth sources ave devebplog pre
2 To empute the power deltvece!
to the resisters 2
Pe all OY 6 = 16 3Ww
fat= 4% 9 ~ 2W
Ppa - 1%73 = BW
The resishes olf dissipate Paso
end He tetel poor disslaateel
WS OMA oss
ext —ia Tie.
Vs 2NiNy
: > s-XS 040
Weiser ee,
Va = isha
DV = Oa |
ithe