ET3491 Embedded Systems and IOT Design Department of ECE 2023-2024

ET3491 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT DESIGN

OBJECTIVES:

• Learn the architecture and features of 8051.

• Study the design process of an embedded system.
• Understand the real – time processing in an embedded system.
• Learn the architecture and design flow of IoT.
• Build an IoT based system.

TEXTBOOKS:
1. Mohammed Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.McKinlay, the 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C, Second Edition, Pearson
Education, 2008.(Unit – I)
2. Marilyn Wolf, Computers as Components – Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design, Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2012.(Unit – II,III)
3. Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, Internet – of- Things – A Hands on Approach,
Universities Press, 2015.(Unit – IV,V)

REFERENCES:
1. Mayur Ramgir, Internet – of – Things, Architecture, Implementation and Security, First
Edition, Pearson Education, 2020.
2. Lyla B.Das, Embedded Systems: An Integrated Approach, Pearson Education 2013, Jane.W.
S Liu, Real – Time Systems, Pearson Education, 2003.

COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon Completion of the course, the students will be able too
C309.1 Explain the architecture and features of 8051.
C309.2 Develop a model of an embedded system.
C309.3 Understand the concepts of real time operating systems.
C309.4 Learn the architecture and protocols of IoT.
C309.5 Design an IoT based system for any application

MAPPING BETWEEN CO AND PO, PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

ET3491 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

C309.1 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 2 1

C309.2 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - 2 3 2 1

C309.3 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 1

C309.4 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 3 3 2
C309.5 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - - - 2 3 3 2

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UNIT- I 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

S. Knowledge Course Content Course
No. Level Outcomes
1 BL1/BL2 Microcontrollers for an Embedded System C309.1
2 BL1/BL2 8051 – Architecture C309.1
3 BL1/BL2 Addressing Modes C309.1
4 BL1/BL2 Instruction Set C309.1
5 BL1/BL2 Program and Data Memory C309.1
6 BL1/BL2 Stacks – Interrupts C309.1
7 BL1/BL2 Timers/Counters – Serial Ports C309.1
8 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Serial Ports – Programming. C309.1

UNIT – II EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

S. Knowledge Course Content Course
No. Level Outcomes

1 BL1/BL2 Embedded System Design Process C309.2

2 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Model Train Controller C309.2
3 BL1/BL2/BL3 ARM Processor C309.2
4 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Instruction Set Preliminaries C309.2
5 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 CPU – Programming Input and Output C309.2
6 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Supervisor Mode – Exceptions and Trap C309.2
7 BL2/BL3/BL4 Models for programs C309.2
8 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Assembly, Linking and Loading C309.2
9 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Compilation Techniques C309.2
10 BL1/BL2 Program Level Performance Analysis C309.2

UNIT-III PROCESSES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

S. Knowledge Course Content Course
No. Level Outcomes
1 BL1/BL2 Structure of a real – time system C309.3
2 BL1/BL2 Task Assignment and Scheduling C309.3
3 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Multiple Tasks and Multiple Processes C309.3
4 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Multirate Systems – Pre emptive real – time operating C309.3
systems
5 BL1/BL2 Priority based scheduling C309.3
6 BL1/BL2/BL4 Interprocess Communication Mechanisms C309.3
7 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Distributed Embedded Systems C309.3
8 BL1/BL2 MPSoCs and Shared Memory Multiprocessors C309.3
9 BL1/BL2 Design Example – Audio Player, C309.3
10 /BL2/BL3/BL4 Engine Control Unit and Video Accelerator. C309.3

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UNIT – IV IOT ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS

S. Knowledge Course Content Course
No. Level Outcomes
1 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Internet – of – Things C309.4
2 BL1/BL2/ BL3/BL4/BL5 Physical Design, C309.4
3 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Logical Design – IoT Enabling Technologies C309.4
4 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Domain Specific IoTs – IoT and M2M C309.4
5 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 IoT System Management with NETCONF C309.4
6 BL2/ BL3/BL4/BL5 YANG – IoT Platform Design – Methodology C309.4
7 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 IoT Reference Model – Domain Model C309.4
8 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Communication Model – IoT Reference Architecture C309.4
9 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 IoT Protocols - MQTT, XMPP, Modbus, CANBUS and C309.4
BACNet

UNIT-V IOT SYSTEM DESIGN

S. Knowledge Course Content Course
No. Level Outcomes
1 BL1/BL2 Basic building blocks of an IoT device C309.5
2 BL1/BL2 Raspberry Pi C309.5
3 BL1/BL2 Raspberry Pi Board C309.5
4 BL1/BL2/BL3/BL4 Linux on Raspberry Pi C309.5
5 BL1/BL2 Interfaces – Programming with Python C309.5
6 BL1/BL2 Case Studies: Home Automation C309.5
7 BL1/BL2 Smart Cities C309.5
8 BL1/BL2 Environment and Agriculture. C309.5
BL1 – Remember; BL2– Understand; BL3 – Apply; BL4- Analyze; BL5 - Evaluate; BL6– Create

UNIT - I 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers for an Embedded System – 8051 – Architecture – Addressing Modes – Instruction Set
– Program and Data Memory – Stacks – Interrupts – Timers/Counters – Serial Ports – Programming
PART A – C309.1
1. What is an embedded system?
An Embedded system is one that has computer-hardware with software embedded in it
as one of its most important components. It is a dedicated computer-based system for
BL1
an application or product. It may be either an independent system or a part of a larger
system. Ex: VCR’s, digital watches, elevators, automobile engines, thermostats &
instruments that are driven by microprocessors and their software.
2. Enumerate some embedded computers that are exists from the origin of the
embedded systems. (Dec 16)
BL1
Cell phones, calculators, printers, thermostats, video game consoles, CD players are
some of the embedded computers that exist from the origin of embedded systems.
3. What are the special function register?
The special function register are stack pointer, index pointer (DPL and DPH), I/O port BL1
addresses, status (PSW) and accumulator.

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4. What are the uses of accumulator register?

The accumulator registers (A and B at addresses OEOh and OFOh, respectively) are BL1
used to store temporary values and the results of arithmetic operations.
5. What is PSW?
Program status word (PSW) is the set of flags that contains the status information and BL1
is considered as one of the special function register.
6. What is stack pointer (sp)?
Stack pointer (SP) is a 8 bit wide register and is incremented before the data is stored
into the stack using PUSH or CALL instructions. It contains 8-bit stack top address. It
is defined anywhere in the on-chip 128-byte RAM. After reset, the SP register is BL2
initialized to 07. After each write to stack operation, the 8-bit contents of the operand
are stored onto the stack, after incrementing the SP register by one. It is not a top-down
data structure. It is allotted an address in the special function register bank.
7. What is data pointer (DTPR)?
It is a 16-bit register that contains a higher byte (DPH) and lower byte (DPL) of a 16-
bit external data RAM address. It is accessed as a 16-bit register or two 8-bit registers. BL1
It has been allotted two addresses in the special function register bank, for its two bytes
DPH and DPL.
8. What is the purpose of using instruction register?
Instruction register is used for the purpose of decoding the opcode of an instruction to
BL2
be executed and gives information to the timing and control unit generating necessary
signals for the execution of the instruction
9. Give the purpose of ALE/PROG signal.
ALE/PROG is an address latch enable output pulse and indicates that valid address bits
BL2
available on the respective pins. The ALE pulses are emitted at a rate of one-sixth of
the oscillator frequency. The signal is valid only for external memory accesses.
10. What are addressing modes? (Nov 2018)
BL2
The various ways of accessing data are called addressing modes. Immediate, Direct,
Register, Register indirect and Indexed addressing modes.
11. Give the addressing modes of 8051? (May 2016)
There are six addressing modes in 8051.They are
• Direct addressing
BL2
• Indirect addressing
• Register instruction
• Register specific (register implicit)
12. Differentiate between program memory and data memory.
Program Memory.
i It stores the programs to be executed.
ii. It stores only program code which is to be executed and thus it need not be written,
BL2
so it is implemented using EPROM It stores the data, line intermediate results, variables
and constants required for the execution of the program.
Data Memory:The data memory may be read from or written to and thus it is
implemented using RAM. Eg: Mov R0, 89H.
13. What is indirect addressing mode?
In this mode, the 8-bit address of an operand is stored in a register and the register,
instead of the 8-bitaddress, is specified in the instruction. The registers R0 and R1 of
BL1
the selected bank of registers or stack pointer can be used as address registers for
storing the 8-bit addresses. The address register for 16-bit addresses can only be „data
pointer‟ (DPTR). Eg: ADD A, @ R0.

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14. What is meant by register instructions addressing mode?

The operations are stored in the registers R0 – R7 of the selected register bank. One of
these eight registers(R0 – R7) is specified in the instruction using the 3-bit register
BL1
specification field of the opcode format. A register bank can be selected using the two
bank select bits of the PSN. This is called as register instruction addressing mode E.g.:
ADD A, R7.
15. What is immediate addressing mode?
An immediate data i.e., a constant is specified in the instruction, after the opcode byte.
E.g.: MOV A, #100 The immediate data 100 (decimal) is added to the contents of the BL2
accumulator. For specifying a hex number, it should be followed by H. These are
known as immediate addressing mode.
16. What are the Two Main Features of SFR Addresses?
The following two points should be noted SFR addresses.
• The special function registers have addresses between 80H and FFH. These addresses
are above 80H since the addresses 00 to 7FH are addresses of RAM memory inside the BL1
8051.
• Not all the address space of 80 to FH is used by the SFR. The unused locations 80Hto
FFH are reserved and must not use by the 8051 programmers.
17. List out some compare instructions.
The compare instructions are a. CJNE b. CLR c. CPL BL1
18. Write a program to see if bits 0 and 5 of register b r1. If they are not, make them
so and save it in r0.
JNB OFOH, NEXT – 1; JUMP if B.0 is low
SET BOFOH; Make bit B.0 high NEXT – 1:JNB OF5H, BL4
NEXT – 2; JUMP if B.5 is low
SETB OF5H; Make B.5 high
NEXT – 2: MOV R0, B; Save register B.
19. List the features of 8051 microcontroller?
• Single supply +5-volt operation using HMOS technology.
• 4096 bytes program memory on chip(not on 8031)
• 128 data memory on chip.
• Four register banks. BL1
• Two multiple modes, 16-bit timer/counter.
• Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.
• 64 KB external RAM size 32 bidirectional individually addressable I/O lines.
• 8-bit CPU optimized for control applications
20. List the 8051 instructions that affect the overflow flag.
BL1
ADD, ADDC, DIV, MUL, SUBB
21. List the 8051 instructions that affect all the flags.
BL1
ADD, ADDC and SUBB
22. What are the different modes in which timer 2 can operate?
The two different modes in which Timer 2 operates are.
1. Capture mode: Timer 2 operates as free running clocks, which saves the timers value
on each high to low transition. It can be used for recording bit lengths when receiving BL1
Manchester-encoded data.
2. Auto-reload mode: When the timer overflows, value is written into TH2/TL2 registers
from RCA P2H/RCA P21 registers. It is used to implement a system watch dog timer.

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23. Define interrupt.

Interrupt is defined as request that can be refused. If not refused and when an interrupt
BL2
request is acknowledged, a special set of routine or events are followed to handle the
interrupt.
24. How is the 8051 serial port different from other micro controllers?
The 8051 serial port is a very complex peripheral and able to send data synchronously BL2
and asynchronously in a variety of different transmission modes.
25. Give the priority level of the interrupt sources. .(May 2017)(May 2018)
• Interrupt source Priority within a level
• IE0 (External INT0)
BL1
• TF0 (Timer 0) 40 IE 1 (External INT 1)
• TF 1 (Timer 1)
• RI = TI (Serial port) Highest
26. Explain the operating mode2 of 8051 serial ports.
In this mode 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD)or received(through RXD):a start BL2
bit(0), 8 data bits(LSB first),a programmable 9th data bit ,& a stop bit(1).
27. Define baud rate. (May 2016)
Baud rate is used to indicate the rate at which data is being transferred. BL2
Baud rate = 1/Time for a bit cell.
28. Mention the features of serial port in mode 0. (Nov 2015) (April 2021)
In this mode serial enters and exits through RXD, TXD outputs the shift clock. 8 bits
BL1
are transmitted /received 8 data bits first (LSB first).The baudrate is fixed at 1/12 the
oscillator frequency.
29. Compare polling and interrupt. (May 2016)
The 8051 microcontroller can do only one task at a time. In polling, the microcontroller
continuously checks each port one by one according to the priority assigned to the
ports, and if any device requires service, then it provides it. In interrupt, when the
BL1
device requires service, it sends the request to microcontroller and the controller then
provides service to it. So essentially, the difference is that in polling, microcontroller
has to check continuously whether any device is asking for request, while in interrupt
the device itself sends the request and the controller satisfies it.
30. Which port used as multifunction port? List the signals.
Port 3 has multifunction port. Each pin of port 3 has i/o or as of one of the alternate BL1
functions. Signals are: P3.0–RXD P3.1–TXD P3.4–T0 P3.5-T1
31. Define Stack and stack pointer? (May 2016, May 2017, May 2018)
BL1
Stack is the Sequence of RAM memory locations defined by the programmer.

PART B C309.1
1. With the necessary diagram of control word format, explain the various operating modes
of timer in 8051microcontroller (May/June2014)
2. With the help of neat diagram explain the memory organization of 8051 microcontroller BL1
(April/May2011)
3. With neat sketch explain the architecture/ functional block diagram of 8051 BL2
microcontroller. (Nov/Dec2010), (April/May2010) (Apr/May 2015) (Nov/Dec2014)
4. Explain the Data transfer instructions and Program control instructions of 8051 BL1
microcontroller. (April/May2011), (Nov 2020, April 2021)
5. Explain the TMOD function register and its timer modes of operations. BL3
6. Explain the different addressing modes of 8051.(Nov 2015, May 2017, 2018, 2019, Nov BL2
2020, April 2021)

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7. Give PSW of 8051 and describe the use of each bit in PSW. (Nov/Dec 15) BL4
8. Explain in detail the modes of operation of Timer unit in 8051 microcontrollers. BL2
9. Using 8051 timer/Counter write a program for generating square wave of 100 ms and BL3
50% duty cycle. (April/May2011)(Nov/Dec2014)(Nov/Dec2010)
10. Explain 8051 serial port programming with examples.(Nov 2018) BL1
11. Explain in detail about the Interrupts of 8051. BL1

UNIT II EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded System Design Process – Model Train Controller – ARM Processor – Instruction Set
Preliminaries – CPU – Programming Input and Output – Supervisor Mode – Exceptions and Trap –
Models for programs – Assembly, Linking and Loading – Compilation Techniques – Program Level
Performance Analysis.
PART A – C309.2
1. What is an embedded system?
An Embedded system is one that has computer-hardware with software embedded in it
as one of its most important components. It is a dedicated computer-based system for an
BL1
application or product. It may be either an independent system or a part of a larger
system. Ex: VCR’s, digital watches, elevators, automobile engines, thermostats
&instruments that are driven by microprocessors and their software.
2. Enumerate some embedded computers that exists from the origin of the embedded
systems. (Dec 16)
BL1
Cell phones, calculators, printers, thermostats, video game consoles, CD players are
some of the embedded computers that exist from the origin of embedded systems.
3. In what way interrupts differ from exceptions? (Dec 16)
Interrupts are used to handle external events (serial ports, keyboard). The processor
handles interrupts after finishing the current instruction. Exceptions are used to handle BL1
instruction faults, (division by zero, undefined opcode). Exceptions are used as a
variation of interrupt, which requires both prioritization and vectoring.
4. Mention the challenges in embedded computing system design. (Nov 19) (May 21)
How much hardware do we need, how do we meet deadlines, how do we minimize BL2
power consumption, how do we design for upgradability.
5. Mention the need of microprocessor in embedded system. (May 21)
For an embedded system designer, it is necessary to have the knowledge of both
microprocessors and microcontrollers. Processor is the heart of an embedded system. It BL1
is the basic unit that takes inputs and produces an output after processing the data.
6. What is design flow? (Nov 17)(Dec 21)
BL1
The sequence of design methodology for fully and partially automated system.
7. Mention the nonfunctional requirements.
Performance, Cost, Physical Size and weight, Power Consumption. BL1
8. Define glue logic circuit.
The glue logic circuit of an embedded system is a circuit for interconnecting the
processor to external memories so that the appropriate chip-select signals, according to
BL1
the system memory, map each of the memory chips. The glue logic circuit also includes
a circuit to interconnect the parallel ports to the peripherals. This circuit is designed by
programming and configuring PAL, GAL, CPLD, and PLD.
9. What is a bus protocol? (May 17)(Dec 21)
Bus protocol is nothing but to transfer the information from one system into BL1
another system there are two different set of bus protocol.

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10. State the importance of design methodology.

It allows us to keep a scoreboard on a design, it allows us to develop computer aided BL1
design tools, it makes it much easier for members of a design team to communicate.
11. What is top-down design?(Nov 2020)
In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying but not
detailing anyfirst-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greaterdetail, BL1
sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced
to base elements.
12. What are the 2 different approaches for designing an embedded system?
Software development life cycle ends a life cycle for process of integrating the software
BL2
into hardware. It begins at the time when a system is designed. Both cycles concurrently
proceed when co-designing a time critical sophisticated system.
13. Why is microprocessor used in embedded system? (Nov 17)
Microprocessors provide a very efficient way to implement an embedded system they
BL1
also make it easier to design families of products that can be built to provide various
feature sets at different price points.
14. What do you mean by quality and quality assurance related to embedded systems?
(Dec 16)
BL1
Quality of a product or service is how well it satisfies the intended function. Quality
assurance process is vital for the delivery of a satisfactory system.
15. List the issues in hardware and software design for an embedded system.
• Choosing the right platform.
• Memory and processor sensitive software
BL2
• Allocation of addresses to memory, program segments and devices. Porting the issues
of OS in an embedded platform.
• Performance and Performance Accelerators.
16. List out the major challenges in designing an embedded system.
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting
BL1
requirements for decades: small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable
performance without maintenance.
17. Why embedded systems are suitable for real time systems?
Real-time systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an external
environment. This environment is connected to the computer system through sensors, BL2
actuators, and other input-output interfaces. It may consist of physical or biological
objects of any form and structure.
18. List out some of the verifications requirements and specification related to the
design flow (May 17)
Choosing the right platform, Memory and processor sensitive software, Allocation of BL2
addresses to memory, program segments and devices. Porting the issues of OS in anembedded
platform, Performance and Performance Accelerators.
19. What is good requirement analysis? (May 18)
BL2
Correctness, unambiguousness, completeness, verify ability, modifiability, traceability.
20. What are the CRC Card methodology identifiers? (Nov 18,Nov19)
BL1
Classes, responsibilities, collaborators.
21. Define Embedded Programming. (May 19)
Embedded Programming is the process of developing the software for an embedded
BL2
system to automate the system by getting the inputs and producing the corresponding
outputs to actuators.

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22. How embedded systems are different from conventional PC?

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is BL2
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Embedded systems control many devices in commonly used today.
23. Compare and contrast top-down and bottom-up design. (DEC 21)
TOP-DOWN APPROACH BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
In this approach, it is mainly focus on In bottom-up approach, we solve smaller BL1
breaking up the problem into smaller problems and integrate it as whole and
parts. complete the solution.

24. How are traps Handled in ARM Processor? (Nov 17, Nov19)
Trap is also known as software interrupt. It is an instruction that explicitly generates an
exception condition. The processor immediately switches on to the supervisor mode to BL2
handle the trap when encountered. The ARM processor provides SWI
interrupt for software interrupts.
25. State the basic principles of basic compilation techniques.
1.Compilation combines translation and optimization 2.The high-level language
BL2
program is translated into lower-level form of instructions; optimizations try to generate
better instruction sequences 3.Compilation = Translation+ optimization.
26. How are traps Handled in ARM Processor? (Nov 17, Nov19)
Trap is also known as software interrupt. It is an instruction that explicitly generates an
exception condition. The processor immediately switches on to the supervisor mode to BL1
handle the trap when encountered. The ARM processor provides SWI
interrupt for software interrupts.
27. List the functions of ARM processor in supervisor mode.(May 18)(Nov 18)
BL1
Exception, Prioritization, Vectoring, Traps.
28. Differentiate big and little -endian byte ordering modes.
In big endian mode the lowest order byte is stored in the highest bit of the word whereas BL1
in little endian mode the lowest order byte is stored in the lowest bit of the word.
29. List the three different profiles of ARM cortex Processor? (May 21)
The ARM Cortex family includes processors based on the three distinct profiles of the
ARMv7 architecture; the A profile for sophisticated, high-end applications running open BL1
and complex operating systems; the R profile for real-time systems; and the M profile
optimized for cost-sensitive and microcontroller applications.
30. How power can be optimized at the program level? (Nov 17)
Power optimization is done at the program level by many ways. Some of the ways can
be given as avoiding power down mode, predictive shutdown. By avoiding power down BL2
mode much power gets saved. In predictive shutdown the power conservation is
achieved by turning down the blocks when not used.
31. List the types of Co-verification techniques. (May 17)
Co-Verification phase is about white box testing. Techniques include statement
coverage, condition coverage, and decision coverage. BL1
Demonstration: It is about black box testing. Techniques include error guessing,
boundary-value analysis, and equivalence partitioning.
32. Define compilation.
Compilation combines translation and optimization. The high-level language programis
BL1
translated into the lower-level form of instructions; optimizations try to generate better
instruction sequences.

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33. Write note on assembler / interpreters for embedded systems. (May 19)
Assemblers translate high level language into machine language one by one
BL1
translation. Interpreter constantly runs and interprets source code as a set of
directives.
34. What is meant by testing?
Testing is the process of finding the errors and correcting error. Testing ensures that
BL2
whether the system will work based on constraints of design. Types: block box testing
and clear box testing.
35. What is meant by linking and loading? (May 19)
Linking is the process of stitching several smaller pieces of the program together
BL1
compiled by assembler to introduce modularity. Loading is the process of getting the
starting address of the compiled small portions of the program to run consecutively.
36. Define Program Execution Time
Program execution time is the time spent by the CPU in executing the program including
BL1
the time needed for getting the inputs, the pre-emption time and the time needed for
giving the output.
37. What are the four types of data transfer in USB?
Control transfer, Interrupt transfer, Bulk transfer, Isochronous transfer (sequence of BL1
data).
38. Mention the two ways used for performing input and output operations.
BL1
Using input and output, instructions, Memory mapped I/O

PART B – C309.2
1. Discuss in detail about the network based embedded system design. (Dec 16) BL3
2. How are the conceptual specifications and detailed specifications written in UML BL3
language to design the model train controller? (May 18) (Nov 17,18) (May 21)
3. Explain in detail about the quality assurance process taken place in the embedded BL2
computing system design .(May 17,18)(Nov 17)
4. Explain the various components and programing models used for developingembedded BL3
systems with an example in consumer electronics, explain the embedded system design
withcomputing platform. (Nov 17)
5. Illustrate how an embedded system design is done using IDE?(May 19) BL3
6. Assuming the design of model train controller, draw a state diagram for a behavior that BL3
sends the command bits on the track. The machine should generate the address, generate
the correct message type, include the parameters and generate the error correcting code
(ECC).(DEC 21)
7. How are the conceptual specification and detailed specification written in UML language BL3
to design the model train controller? (May 18) (Nov 17,18) (May 21)
8. Explain the function of ARM processor instructions. (Nov 17) (May 21) BL3
9. Analyze the preference of ARM processor instruction set over CISC process (May 19) BL1
10. With neat block diagram explain the architecture of the ARM9 CPU. (DEC 21) BL3
11. With neat block diagram explain the architecture of the ARM Cortex M3 CPU. BL4
12. (i)Explain in detail the testing process involved in developing an embedded system. BL4
(ii)Describe how embedded system is useful in competing with computing platform.
(Dec 16)
13. (i)Explain in detail about the compilation process in high level languages.(May 17) BL1
(Nov 17) (May 21)
(ii)What are the program level performance analysis of embedded computing system
design. (May 21)

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14. (i)Explain in detail the testing process involved in developing an embedded system. BL2
(ii)Describe how embedded system is useful in competing with computing platform.
(Dec 16)
15. With a suitable example, explain how debugging is carried out using debuggers & BL1
compliers? (May ’13)
16. (i)Discuss in detail about the optimization of program size of an embedded BL2
system.(May17)
(ii)Discuss in detail various programming model? (May 17,May18)
17. Discuss briefly about Assembly and Linking.(May 18,Nov 19) BL1
Explain in brief about program Validation and testing? (May 19,Nov 19)
18. Describe about Basic compilation techniques (DEC 21) BL1
Explain the debugging process (Nov 18)
19. Discuss in detail about the various techniques used in “black box testing”. (DEC 21) BL2

UNIT III PROCESSES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

0B0 B

Structure of a real – time system – Task Assignment and Scheduling – Multiple Tasks and Multiple
Processes – Multirate Systems – Pre emptive real – time Operating systems – Priority based scheduling –
Interprocess Communication Mechanisms – Distributed Embedded Systems – MPSoCs and Shared Memory
Multiprocessors – Design Example – Audio Player, Engine Control Unit and Video Accelerator.

PART A – C309.3
1. What are real-time systems?
Real-time systems are systems that are bounded to give the response within a predefined
BL1
period which is called as deadline. The deadline for the system is fixed considering the
responsivity and the constraints of the system.
2. What is Hard Real-Time?
Hard Real-time is applied in systems, where missing a deadline causes failure of the BL1
system. It is mainly followed in critical systems.
3. What is Soft Real-Time?
Soft Real-time is applied in systems, where missing a deadline causes degraded BL1
performance of the system. It is mainly followed in critical systems.
4. Define Sampling Period.
The length T of time between any two consecutive instants where samples are collected
from the incoming signals namely sensor data or any other electrical signal is called as BL2
sampling period. The sampling period plays a key role in the effective
functionality of the system
5. Define
5 Multirate Systems
Multi Rate systems are systems that have more than one degree of freedom. Its stateis
BL1
defined by multiple state variables. In multi rate systems multiple processes run at different
rates having different instantiation times and different deadlines.
6. What
6 is Dead-beat control? (May 17)
A discrete-time control scheme that has no continuous-time equivalence is deadbeat
BL1
control. In response to a step change in the reference input, a dead-beat controller brings
the system to desired state by exerting on the system a fixed number of control commands.
7. What
7 is a Deadline?
A deadline for a process is given as the time instant at which the process needs to be
BL1
completed with its execution. The deadline is fixed based on the execution time of the
process.

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8. Define
8 Release Time.(Nov 16)
Release time of a process is given as the time instant at which the process becomes ready
BL1
for execution. The process can only be taken for execution when the release time is met.
Based on data dependencies further delay in execution of the process can happen.
9. What
9 is meant by response time for real time systems? (May 21)
The response time of a process is given as the length of time from the release time ofthe BL1
process to the instant when it gets completed.
10. Define
1 Relative Deadline.
The
0 maximum allowable response time of the process can be given as the relative deadline BL2
of the process. Relative deadline of a process is considered when multiple process
executions are happening simultaneously.
11. What is meant by tardiness of a job?
The tardiness of a job measures how late it completes respective to its deadline. Its BL1
tardiness is zero if the job completes 0at or before its deadline.
12. What are sporadic or aperiodic jobs?
The jobs which are triggered on the occurrence of external event are called assporadic or
BL2
aperiodic jobs. The release times of these jobs are not known until the
triggering event occurs.
13. Define Periodic Task Model
A periodic task model can be defined as the workload model whose occurrence is
BL1
deterministic in nature. The scheduling algorithms for these models have better
performance and well understood behavior.
14. Define criticality of jobs.
Criticality of jobs or importance of jobs can be given as the positive number that indicates
BL1
how critical the job is with respect to other jobs. More critical the job is the bigger the
criticality number of the job becomes.
15. What is called as a scheduler?
The model which executes the scheduling algorithms and resource access controls ofthe BL1
jobs is called as a scheduler.
16. Define miss rate & loss rate.
The miss rate of a system is given as the percentage of jobs executed but completed too
BL1
late. The loss rate of a system is given as the percentage of jobs that are discarded without
execution.
17. What is meant by Laxity?
Laxity can be given as the classification of the deadline of the job, whether it fallsinto BL1
a hard deadline system or a soft deadline system.
18. What is Priority driven Scheduling?
Priority driven scheduling is a method of scheduling the process based on the priority levels
BL1
assigned to each process. The priority maybe assigned to the process in static or dynamic
manner.
19. Difference between rate monotonic and Deadline monotonic scheduling.
Rate Monotonic Scheduling Deadline Monotonic Scheduling
• It is a Static or fixed priority based • It is a Static or fixed priority based
scheduling policy. scheduling policy.
BL2
• The priority to the process is assigned • The priority to the process is assigned
based on the periods of theprocess. based on the deadlines of the process.
• Process with short period gets the • Process with short deadline gets the
highest priority. highest priority.

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20. Define schedulable utilization of a scheduling algorithm.

The schedulable utilization of a scheduling algorithm is defined as follows: A scheduling
BL1
algorithm can feasibly schedule any set of periodic tasks on a processor if the total
utilization of the tasks is equal to or less than the schedulable utilization of the algorithm.
21. Define tasks and processes. (Dec 16)
Tasks are part of system functionality whose application-level organization is reflected in
BL1
the structure of the program. Process is a single execution of a program having its own state
that includes not only its registers but also its memory.
22. Write about scheduling states present in the embedded system design./ Define the
various process states. (Dec 16)
1) A process can be in any one of these three scheduling states. They are: Waiting state- A
BL1
process waiting for data from an I/O device or another process.
2) Ready state- Any process that could execute
3)Executing- a process having all its data and ready to run and is selected by the scheduler.
23. What are the strategies used for power optimization in multi-processing? (June16)
Multiprocessing for low power embedded computing requires Several processorsrunning
BL1
at slower clock rates consuming less power than a single large processor. Performance
scales linearly with power supply voltage but power scales with V2
24. Define kernel.
The kernel is the part of OS that determines processing time, activated by timer. Thelength BL1
of timer is called time quantum.
25. Define CPU utilization. (Nov 19)
It is a measure of the efficiency of the CPU. It is the ratio of the CPU time that isbeing BL1
used for useful computations to the total available CPU time.
26. Define context switching. (May 18)
The set of registers that define a process are known as its context and switching fromone BL1
process register set to another is known as context switching.
27. Define rate monolithic scheduling. (Nov 18)
It is a static scheduling policy which defines those fixed priorities are sufficient to BL1
efficiently schedule the processes in many situations.
28. Define priority inversion. (May 17,19) (May 21)
It is a situation in which the low priority process blocks the execution of a higher BL1
priority process by keeping hold of its resources.
29. State the major functions of POSIX RTOS. (Nov 17)
It is a Linux based OS. It has dual kernel-b as ed OS Core. It uses concepts like the BL1
Semaphores, Message Queue etc.
30. Define semaphore. (May 17)
It is a technique used for interring process communication. It is analogous to an interrupt, BL1
which is generated by a process and transmitted to another process by the operating system.
31. Define Multitasking. (Nov 18) (Nov 19)
The capability of the processor to execute multiple tasks simultaneously withhindering BL1
the outcome of each task with respect to time can be given as multitasking
32. Define multi-processing systems. (Nov 19)
System in which there is more than one CPU is called as multiprocessing system. The
BL1
simultaneous processing of a number of different processes by different processors at the
same time is termed as multiprocessing.

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33. What does a distributed embedded architecture give the block diagram? (Nov
17)(May 18)
In a distributed embedded system several processing elements are connected by a network
that allows them to communicate. More than one computer or group of computer and PEs
are connected via network that forms distributed embedded systems.

BL1

34. State the advantages of network-based design.

Distributed arrangement of devices provides very less chances for failure of the system. BL1
The data also is distributed by nature so at any point loss of data does not appear completely.
35. What are the merits of embedded distributed architecture?
Error identification is easier, it has more cost-effective performance, and deadlines for BL1
processing the data is short.
36. Distinguish multistage network from direct network. (Nov 18)
Multistage network: Multistage network transmits messages from source to destination via
some intermediate routing nodes to guide the data packets. BL1
Direct network: In direct network message go from source to destination without
going through any memory element or intermediate nodes.
37. Distinguish single hop network from multi hop network. (Nov 19)
In single hop network a message is received at its destination directly from the source
BL1
without going through any other network node. In multi hop network messages are routed
through network nodes to get to their destinations.
38. What is the advantage of video accelerator? (May 17)
Video Accelerator makes your videos stream faster and play smoother and Powerful.Video BL1
acceleration that works automatically.
39. List out the major components of audio player. (May 19)
The major components of audio player are Interface (CD Drive), Digital Signal Processor, BL1
I/O, Memory Controller, DAC etc.
40. What are the inputs upon which the engine controller will work upon to generatea
proper control signal? (Nov 19)
The inputs given to an engine controller for generation of control signal can be given as BL1
throttle, RPM (revolutions per Minute), Air Volume, In-take air temp, Exhaust Oxygen
and Battery Voltage.
41. What is macro block?
Macro block is a subunit of image or sequence of frames. It consists of a fixed size of16x16
BL1
samples. This block is further sub divided into prediction blocks which the motion
estimation gives as output based on the estimated motion vector.
42. Define initiation time and completion time.
The time at which a process actually starts executing on the CPU is called initiationtime BL1
and the time at which the process finishes its work is called completion time.

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43. Compare the major functionalities of POSIX RTOS and Windows CE. (DEC 21)
The main difference between RTOS and OS is that RTOS stands for Real- Time Operating
BL3
System whereas OS stands for Operating System. RTOS are operating systems that are
used for highly specialized projects that involve as near-to-true-time responses as feasible.
44. What is the difference between the ready and waiting states of process
scheduling? (DEC 21) BL1
Ready: Process can continue. Wait: Process should wait some events and then continue.

PART B – C309.3
1. Explain with relevant diagrams the model of real-time systems. BL1
Explain in detail about Least Slack Time or Minimum Laxity First Algorithm, also with BL1
example give the scheduling of processes done by the algorithm.(May17,18)
2. Explain with a neat diagram inter process communication. (May 16,17,19)(Nov 17, 18) BL1
Explain the real time operating system called Windows CE and POSIX in detail. (Nov BL1
17, Nov18, Nov19)
3. Explain in detail earliest deadline first scheduling. (May 17) BL1
4. Discuss in detail multi-tasking and multi-processing. (Dec 16), (May 18) BL1
5. Discuss the various scheduling policies with example. (May 18), (June 16) BL1
6. Explain priority-based scheduling in detail. BL1
7. Explain how multiple processes are handled by Preemptive Realtime operating system. BL1
(Nov 17) (May 19)(Nov 19)
8. Write in detail about the embedded concepts in the design of video accelerator. (Dec16) BL1
(Nov 18,19) (May 19)
9. Explain the hardware and software design of engine control unit.(May 17,19)(Nov17,18) BL1
Expl
10. Explain the operation of the Audio Player in detail (Nov 17) (May 18) BL1
11. Discuss in detail about the network based embedded system design. (Dec 16) BL1
12. Write notes on internet enabled systems. (Nov 16),( May 16) BL1
13. Discuss in detail about several interconnected networks especially used for distributed BL1
embedded computing. (May 16,18)(Nov 18,19) (May 21)
14. Explain how the concepts of MPSoC and shared memory multiprocessors are used in BL1
embedded applications. (Nov 17,19) (May 19) (May 21)

UNIT IV- IOT ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS

Internet – of – Things – Physical Design, Logical Design – IoT Enabling Technologies – Domain Specific IoTs – IoT
and M2M – IoT System Management with NETCONF – YANG – IoT Platform Design – Methodology – IoT
Reference Model – Domain Model – Communication Model – IoT Reference Architecture – IoT Protocols - MQTT,
XMPP, Modbus, CANBUS and BACNet
PART A – C309.4
1. List and explain the features of IoT?
BL1
IoT has ten major features, and they are- scalability, connectivity, Architecture, intelligence,
security, Dynamic or Self-Adapting nature, management, integration, analyzing, and compact
nature of devices.
2. What are the applications of IoT?
IoT has a wide range of applications across various industries, including smart homes, BL1
healthcare, agriculture, transportation, and industrial automation.
3. Define IoT and how it works?
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to connecting everyday physical objects and gadgets to the
BL2
Internet. These objects, sometimes called "things," might vary from domestic appliances and
wearable devices to industrial gear and infrastructural components.

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4. Explain the physical design of IoT.

Physical design knowledge is crucial for selecting suitable devices and sensors, ensuring
seamless integration, and optimizing connectivity options in IoT systems. It enables power
BL1
efficient strategies, facilitates edge computing, and enhances reliability and resilience through
redundancy and failover mechanisms. This knowledge ensures robust, efficient, and reliable
IoT ecosystems.
5. Explain the logical design of IoT.
The logical Design of IoT is the framework or the imaginary ideal design in which the
components including software and the hardware components will be laid out. It doesn’t go BL1
into the depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming
specifics.
6. Differentiate Physical and Logical Design of IoT.
Physical Design Logical Design
• Logical design is a high-level design
• Physical design is highly detailed.
and doesn’t provide any detail.
• Physical design is more graphical
• Logical design can be textual, graphic, BL1
than textual; however, it can comprise
or both.
both.
• A logical design focuses on satisfying
• A physical design focuses on specific
the design factors, including risks,
solutions explaining how they are
requirements, constraints, and
assembled or configured.
assumptions.
7. List out various IoT Protocol.
• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) BL1
• NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)
• MQTT-SN (MQTT for Sensor Networks)
• XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
8. What is the role of NETCONF server?
A NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol) server plays a crucial role in network
management and automation, particularly in the context of network devices and infrastructure. BL1
Its primary function is to facilitate the remote configuration and management of network
devices using the NETCONF protocol.
9. Describe the role of YANG and TransAPI modules in device management?
YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) and TransAPI (Translation API) modules are key
components in the context of device management, primarily in the realm of network BL1
management and configuration. They play important roles in enabling the standardization and
automation of network device management, making it more efficient and interoperable.
10. What is the function of data model manager?
A Data Model Manager plays a central role in the management and organization of data
BL1
models, particularly in the context of network management and software-defined networking
(SDN). Its primary function is to facilitate the use of data models in network configuration,
monitoring, and automation.
11. Which limitation makes SNMP unsuitable for IOT systems?
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) has several limitations that can make it
unsuitable for IoT (Internet of Things) systems in certain scenarios. Some of these limitations BL1
include:

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Scalability: SNMP is designed for managing network devices, and it may not scale well for
large numbers of IoT devices. IoT systems can involve thousands or even millions of devices,
and SNMP's management overhead can become impractical.
Resource Intensive: SNMP can be resource-intensive, both in terms of network bandwidth and
processing power. IoT devices often have limited resources, and SNMP can strain these
resources, affecting the device's performance and battery life.
12. How IoT communications APIs are classified?
BL1
There are four common types of APIs: Public, Partner, Internal and Composite.
13. Tabulate the different levels of Machine-to-Machine communication.
• Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication
• Device-to-Gateway Communication
• Device-to-Platform Communication BL1
• Device-to-Device-to-Cloud Communication
• Machine-to-Data Center Communication
• Inter-Enterprise and Ecosystem Communication
14. Define XMPP
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) was originally designed for real-
time human-to-human communication including instant messaging. This protocol has been BL1
adapted for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to implement lightweight middleware
and for routing XML data. XMPP is primarily used with smart appliances.
15. Bring out the IOT enabling technologies.
The major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth,
low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, and LTE-A. These technologies support the BL1
specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform
network of common systems.
16. Summarize the difference between IOT and M2M
Internet of Things Machine to Machine
• Devices have objects that are • Some degree of intelligence is observed in
responsible for decision making this.
• The connection is via Network and • The connection is a point to point
using various communication types. BL1
• Internet protocols are used such as • Traditional protocols and communication
HTTP, FTP, and Telnet. technology techniques are used
• Data is shared between other • Data is shared with only the
applications that are used to improve communicating parties.
the end-user experience.
17. Define MQTT.
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a publish/subscribe-based messaging
BL1
protocol that was designed for use in low bandwidth situations, particularly for sensors and
mobile devices on unreliable networks.
18. What is the role of Modbus protocol?
Modbus and its variants are industrial protocols used to monitor and program remote devices
BL1
via a master/slave relationship. Modbus is also found in building management, transportation,
and energy applications.
19. Explain State of the art in Reference Architecture
Several Reference Architectures and Models exist both for M2M and IoT systems. The four
BL1
most popular ones from which the specific Reference Architecture and Model of this book
have borrowed concepts and functions.

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The M2M system architectures are naturally more communication-oriented, while the IoT-
related reference architectures and models are more holistic in their scope.
20. Explain IoT domain model.
The domain model captures the basic attributes of the main concepts and the relationship
between these concepts. A domain model also serves as a tool for human communication BL1
between people working in the domain in question and between people who work across
different domains.
21. State Communication model.
The communication model for an IoT Reference Model consists of the identification of the
BL1
endpoints of interactions, traffic patterns (e.g., unicast vs. multicast), and general properties of
the underlying technologies used for enabling such interactions.
22. Define Reference model.
A reference model describes the domain using a number of sub-models. The domain model of BL1
an architecture model captures the main concepts or entities in the domain in application.
23. Explain IOT reference Architecture
IoT Reference Architecture is a starting point for generating concrete architectures and actual
systems. A concrete architecture addresses the concerns of multiple stakeholders of the actual
system. IoT reference architecture is typically presented as a series of views that address
different stakeholder concerns.
The stakeholders for a concrete IoT system are the people who use the system (Human Users); BL1
the people who design, build, and test the Resources, Services, Active Digital Artifacts, and
Applications; the people who deploy Devices and attach them to Physical Entities; the people
who integrate IoT capabilities of functions with an existing ICT system (e.g. of an enterprise);
the people who operate, maintain, and troubleshoot the Physical and Virtual Infrastructure; and
the people who buy and own an IoT system or parts (e.g. city authorities).
24. What are the applications of Smart Cities?
IoT applications for smart cities:
a). Smart Parking
b) Smart Lighting for Road
BL1
c). Smart Road
d). Structural Health Monitoring
e). Surveillance
f). Emergency Response
25. What are the applications of Smart Energy systems?
IoT applications for smart energy systems:
a)Smart Grid BL1
b)Renewable Energy Systems
c)Prognostics.

PART B – C309.4
1. (i)Explain physical design in detail with an example. BL1
(ii)Explain the IoT protocols with block diagram.
2. Write about the IoT enabling technologies. BL1
Explain the Categories of enabling technologies in detail.
3. Explain in Logical design of IOT? Illustrate with diagram. BL1
4. Explain Domain specific IoT with an example. BL1
5. Explain in detail about M2M. BL1
6. (i)Explain the application of M2M.(ii)Differentiate M2M and IOT. BL1

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7. Explain with neat diagram of IoT Systems Management with NETCONF-YANG. BL1
8. What are the roles of big Data analysis, communication protocols and Embedded Systems BL1
9. What is the use of SDN and NFV for IOT? BL1
10. Describe how smart Irrigation IoT System with NETCONF- YANG BL2
11. Write detailed note on Managing Home Intrusion Detection IoT with NETCONF-YANG BL1
12. Explain about CANBUS AND BAC NET PROTOCOL BL1

UNIT V IOT SYSTEM DESIGN

Basic building blocks of an IoT device – Raspberry Pi – Board – Linux on Raspberry Pi – Interfaces –
Programming with Python – Case Studies: Home Automation, Smart Cities, Environment and
Agriculture.
PART A – C309.5

1. State the features of Raspberry PI.

Raspberry Pi is a series of small, affordable, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) that have
gained immense popularity in the fields of education, hobbyist projects, and even some BL1
commercial applications. These devices are known for their versatility and wide range of
features.
2. Explain about Raspberry PI.
Raspberry Pi is a series of small, affordable, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) developed by
the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-based nonprofit organization. These credit card-sized
computers are designed to provide a low-cost platform for learning about computing, BL1
programming, and electronics. Raspberry Pi boards are equipped with a Central Processing
Unit (CPU), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), memory, input/output ports, and various other
features that enable a wide range of applications.
3. Explain about system on chip.
A System on a Chip (SoC), often pronounced as "sock," is an integrated circuit that combines
various components of a computer or electronic system onto a single chip. SoCs are BL2
commonly used in a wide range of devices, including smartphones, tablets, IoT (Internet of
Things) devices, and other embedded systems.
4. Summarize the benefits of SoC.
• Power Efficiency
• Low Cost
• Reduced Latency
• Enhanced Security
• Simplified Design and Development BL1
• Scalability
• Easier Software Integration.
• Miniaturization
• Reliability
• Improved Battery Life
5. List out the steps used in internet gateway device.
• Implement only authenticated IoT gateways
• Perform a security assessment before implementation
BL1
• Update gateway software
• Regularly review access to the gateway
• Include gateways in security audits.

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6. Define Logical design using python.

A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its components (computers,
sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn't go into BL1
the depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming
specifications.
7. Analyze how complex is the logical design with Python for an application?
The logical design of using Python in IoT is easy enough to develop from the standpoint of
an IoT system architecture. By using modern IoT frameworks and protocols for transferring BL4
data from devices, you can effectively build high-performing IoT systems. This form of
architecture scales well for a large number of connected IoT devices .
8. How is Raspberry -Pi used in IoT?
Raspberry Pi can be used as a platform to develop many Internets of Things project. It is
simple to use Raspberry Pi because it uses Linux OS in a small card like a computer. It is BL2
also available in low cost. IoT, on the other hand, refers to a network of devices and software
that help us to connect and exchange data.
9. What are the different components of a Raspberry pi board?
The Raspberry- Pi board contains a 700 or 900 MHz processor with a minimum memory
provision of 128 MB. It has an additional slot for memory card too. There is a graphics set
BL1
up, USB port for connecting keyboard or mouse. Raspberry Pi comes along with an audio or
video output option to connect your monitor. There is an HDMI port too for connecting with
TV.
10. Explain about NOOBS Software.
NOOBS or New Out of The Box Software is used for initializing Raspberry Pi for the first
time. This is the easiest way possible to install Raspberry Pi anywhere. It requires no BL1
additional access for network or any imaging software. To set up Raspberry Pi, we need the
NOOBS zip file which is to be downloaded. After that we can insert an SD card, connect
Monitor, keyboard or mouse and start using Raspberry Pi.
11. What are GPIO pins used in Raspberry -pi boards?
GPIO is the acronym for General Purpose Input Output Pin. They are more like switches on
the board that gives an output voltage when high and give no voltage when turned to low.
BL1
This is used in the Raspberry Pi boards to make an interface between the Raspberry Pi and
all the components of the board. This enables multiple interactions and makes internal
properties of devices easily available on board.
12. What is the language used by Raspberry Pi?
Raspberry Pi uses Python as its official programming language. Python is one of the most
user-friendly programming languages used. It is also preferred by many companies for BL1
system development. Raspberry Pi helps us to quickly release our projects with Python.
Raspberry Pi is preloaded with Python which has comprehensive syntax.
13. What are the generations of Raspberry Pi available?
Starting from Raspberry Pi Zero, there have been many improvements in the versions. BL2
Raspberry Pi 1, Pi 2, Pi 3 are available and A, A+, B indicate the power consumption.
14. How would you ensure the security of a Raspberry Pi system in a corporate
environment?
To secure a Raspberry Pi system in a corporate environment, start by changing the default
username and password. This prevents unauthorized access using known credentials. Enable
two-factor authentication for added security. Regularly update the operating system and BL3
installed software to patch vulnerabilities. Disable unnecessary services running on the
device to minimize potential attack vectors.Implement firewall rules to control inbound and
outbound traffic. Encrypt sensitive data stored on the device to protect it even if physical
access is gained.

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15. What are the differences between Raspberry Pi models, and how do they affect
application development?
Raspberry -Pi models differ in processing power, memory capacity, connectivity options, and
physical size. The Raspberry- Pi 1 has a single-core processor and less RAM than later
models, limiting its ability to run complex applications. The Raspberry-Pi 2 introduced a
quad-core processor for improved multitasking. The Raspberry Pi 3 added built-in Wi-Fi and
BL2
Bluetooth, enabling IoT development without additional hardware. The Raspberry Pi 4
further increased performance with a faster processor, up to 8GB of RAM, and dual monitor
support. The Zero series is smaller and cheaper but lacks certain features like Ethernet ports.
These differences affect application development by determining the complexity of software
that can be run, the types of peripherals that can be connected, and the environments where
the device can be deployed.
16. Name any four services offered by Raspberry-Pi.
• Wireless print server.
• Media Usage.
BL1
• Game Servers
• Retro Gaming Machine.
• Robot Controller
17. Justify how a Linux OS is useful in IoT.
OpenWrt is a Linux distribution primarily used for routers and networking devices. It is also
BL2
popular in IoT gateways due to its lightweight nature, package management system,
extensive network protocols, and wireless communication support.
18. Differentiate Raspberry with Arduino.
Arduino Raspberry Pi
• In the year 2005, the classrooms of the • In the year 2012, Eben Upton first
Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy, introduced the Raspberry Pi device in
first introduced the Arduino board. February.
• Control unit of the Arduino is from the • The control unit of Raspberry Pi is from
Atmega family. the ARM family.
• Arduino is based on a microcontroller. • While Raspberry Pi is based on a
microprocessor.
• It is designed to control the electrical • While Raspberry Pi computes data and
components connected to the circuit board produces valuable outputs, and controls
in a system. components in a system based on the
outcome of its computation. BL2
19. What are the interfaces in Raspberry?
1. Camera — enable the Raspberry Pi Camera Module.
2. SSH — allow remote access to your Raspberry Pi from another computer using SSH.
3. VNC — allow remote access to the Raspberry Pi Desktop from another computer using VNC. BL1
4. SPI — enable the SPI GPIO pins.
5. I2C — enable the I2C GPIO pins.

20. Analyze how programming raspberry pi works.

A Raspberry Pi has everything a computer needs to function – just in a tiny package. The
GPU and CPU are in a single, integrated circuit. Other components, including a USB port, BL4
RAM, and an SD card slot are soldered on. The SD card is typically used to hold the operating
system, and potentially some more files.

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St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology
 ET3491 Embedded Systems and IOT Design Department of ECE 2023-2024

21. Define Arduino and the feature of Arduino.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing BL1
something online. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button.
22. Demonstrate Event –driven industrial IoT systems?
Event-driven industrial IoT (Internet of Things) systems are designed to monitor and respond
to various events and data inputs in industrial settings. These systems use sensors, data
processing, and automation to improve efficiency, reduce downtime, and enhance decision- BL3
making.

23. How would you set up a Raspberry Pi for remote access?

To set up a Raspberry Pi for remote access, start by installing the Raspbian OS on your
device. Enable SSH (Secure Shell) in the configuration settings to allow secure remote
BL2
control from another computer. To do this, open Terminal and type ‘sudo raspi-config’.
Navigate to ‘Interfacing Options’, then select ‘SSH’ and enable it.

24. Why is Raspberry Pi often used for IoT projects, and what makes it suitable for this
purpose?
Raspberry Pi is frequently used in IoT projects due to its affordability, versatility, and
accessibility. Its low cost makes it an attractive option for prototyping and deploying multiple BL2
devices. The Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems and programming languages,
making it adaptable to different project requirements. It also has a robust community
providing extensive resources and support.
25. How would you go about optimizing power consumption for a Raspberry Pi device in
an IoT context?
To optimize power consumption for a Raspberry Pi in an IoT context, consider these
strategies. Firstly, disable unnecessary components and services. For instance, if you’re not
using HDMI or audio jack, turn them off to save power. Secondly, use the ‘sleep’ mode when BL3
idle. This reduces power usage significantly as it puts the device into a low-power state.
Thirdly, choose peripherals wisely. Some peripherals consume more power than others, so
opt for energy-efficient ones. Fourthly, adjust CPU frequency. Lowering the CPU speed can
reduce power consumption. Lastly, use lightweight software.

PART B – C309.5
1. Describe the procedure of Building IoT with Raspberry-Pi. What are the physical devices and BL1
end points?
2. i)List the features in IoT systems BL1
ii)Describe Logical design using python in detail.
3. Explain the concepts involved in Raspberry-Pi. BL1
4. Evaluate the Raspberry -Pi board in detail with neat sketch. BL1
5. (i)Generalize the Linux on Raspberry-Pi. BL1
(ii)Design the functional building blocks in Raspberry- Pi Interfaces.
6. Discuss contrast scripting and compiled programming languages and their applications to the BL1
raspberry -Pi.
7. Classify the various types of programming languages for Raspberry-pi. Show how will it is BL1
used in IoT.

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St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology
 ET3491 Embedded Systems and IOT Design Department of ECE 2023-2024

8. Illustrate Programming Raspberry -Pi with Python with examples. BL1

9. Discuss in detail about Arduino with neat sketch. BL1
10. Give a detailed note on Advantage of Arduino in building the IoT systems. BL1
11. Evaluate the performance of Raspberry Pi with suitable illustrations. Illustrate the design
issues for Raspberry- Pi interfaces. BL2

12. Enumerate the significant use of Raspberry -Pi in, BL3

A)Smart cities.
B)Industrial appliances.
13. Choose any one IoT Platforms and List its benefits with example. BL3
14. Construct the Design of Smart home with Raspberry Pi and other hardware devices with neat
sketch. BL4

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St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology