& SK IRISTRIMILOIR SP VIN VILE TRESI TY) NOTES FOR VAC UNDERSTANDING INDIA I-11] RD SEMESTER UESHIL ING] (Y[O]U] [AJL ILL] (TILKILE) [BILEIS|[T F[RIO][M] [3K] [S][TU][p][y] (BA TI[s Sor further detai|s please feel free to contast OG88680000 HOS800 DONOSEMESTER 1* to 3" VALUE ADDED COURSE UIN022V UNDERSTANDING INDIA CREDITS: 02 Learning Objectives 1. To make student aware of the trajectories of cultural development of India and the making of unity in diversity. 2. Tounderstand the major forms and phases of freedom struggle. 3. To make student aware of the contributors to our struggle for independence. 4, To familiarize students with the process of constitutional developments and its emergence as one of the largest democratic states in the world. 5. Tomake student aware of the major contributions of India to world civilization in the field of science and technology. UNIT-I I. Bharatavarsha: concept and its evolution; Vedic, Epic and Puranic traditions and the making of Modern India. TI. State and Imperial formation: Rise of Janapadas, the Mauryas, the Kushanas, the Guptas, Pallava, Cholas and Vijaynagra Empire. TI, Origin and growth of major religious streams: Vedic, Jainism, Buddhism, Bhakti and Sufism, Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Religious philosophy of Sri Aurobindo. IV. Development of literary traditions: Panini, Kalidasa, Veda Vyasa, Valmiki. UNIT-I I. India’s struggle for freedom: 1857 as the First War of Independence. I Important heroes of Freedom struggle: Birsa Munda, Bhagat Singh, Chanderasheikher Azad, Subash Chandra Bose. II. Formation of Indian National Congress and contribution of Mahatama Gandhi; Making of Indian constitution and its salient features. IV. _ Re-emergence of Swadeshi Movement in India; Flagship Programmes: Jan Dhan Yojna; Skill India Mission; Make in India; Atam Nirbar Bharat. UNIT-I L India’s contribution to the world, Medical Scence: Charaka, Sushruta. I Mathematics and Astronomy: Aryabhata, Baudhyana, Brahmagupta, Ramanujam. ML, Physics: Kanad, P. C. Roy, RamanNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 1 UNIT I CONCEPT OF BHARATVARSHA. The term Bharatvarsha is derived from the Vedic Bharata which means the land of Bharata. The term that originated in Vedic period later evolved during the epic age and puranic era. Later the term for the same geographical area evolved into Hindustan and during the time of Britishers this geographical area came to be known as India. EVOLUTION OF BHARATVARSHA, In traditional and legendary Hindu literature, India is called Bharatakhanda (Akhand Bharat). It is known as Bharatvarsha or the land of Bharat, who was the famous king in the Pauranic traditions. The present name India is derived from "Sindhu" (the Indus), the great river in the North-West. The early Aryan settlers in India were amazed at the sight of the huge river and called it Sindhu’ meaning a huge sheet of water. The persians used to call ’ Hindu for the Sindu River ’ which was localised version of the word Sindhu. When Muslims invaded Bharatvarsha ( Ancient India was known as Bharatvarsha ) from the west , they started called the inhabitants of Bharat varsha ’ the Hindus ’. Accordingly, the country of the Hindus was called Hindustan by them which means the place of Hindus. The Greeks used to call’ Indu’ for’ Hindu ’ because there is no letter ’h’ in the Greek Alphabet. When English / British people emerged in the subcontinent , they altered the names of quite a few places and also some of the rivers. They called" * Indus’ for the ’ sindu river ’ and accordingly india for Hindustan or Bharatvarsha. However , the ancient Indian historians and scholars differ in their views regarding how the name Bharatvarsha had been derived. According to the Aitareya Brahmana "Bharata was a universal monarch who had built a vastNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. empire winning vast areas of land spread all over the four directions". According to the Vishnu purana "the country that lies north of the ocean and the south of the snowy mountains is called Bharat for there dwell the descendants of the Bharat", The large countries are named after its citizen and race. In this context, it could be said that the name Bharatvarsha had been derived from the Bharata race of the Vedic Aryans because this race is known to be in the forefront of the contemporary political power. Consequently under the influence of its culture the entire nation came to be known as Bharatvarsha. OR The concept of "Bharatvarsha" is deeply rooted in ancient Indian history and mythology. It refers to the ancient name for the Indian subcontinent, encompassing the present-day nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Nepal and Myanmar.In Hindu mythology, Bharatvarsha is believed to be named after King Bharata, a legendary emperor and ancestor of the Pandavas from the epic Mahabharata. It holds immense cultural and spiritual significance in Hinduism as it is often regarded as a sacred Jand where many important religious texts and practices originated. Throughout its history, Bharatvarsha has been a melting pot of diverse cultures, religions, and traditions. It has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous dynasties, empires, and civilizations, contributing to its rich and complex heritage. The concept of Bharatvarsha continues to be a symbol of unity in diversity and a source of pride for many in the Indian subcontinent. RISE OF JANAPADAS Janapadas were ancient territorial units or regions in the Indian subcontinent during the Vedic period (1500-600 BCE) and the subsequent period of early Indian history. Janapada, literally meaning the place where the people place their feet. In the Vedic society , it referred to the members of a clan. In the early Vedic society, the members of Jana were pastoral groups roaming in search of pastures. However , in the later Vedic phase the members of Jana took upNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. agriculture and began to settle down. These agricultural settlements were called Janapadas. With the development of iron in parts of Northern India, the Janapadas would become more powerful and evolve into the Mahajanapadas. The transition into Mahajanapadas marked a departure from semi-nomadic livelihood to a culture based on urbanization and permanent settlement. Thus , the emergence of Janapadas signified the birth of geography in Indian history. During the Vedic times people were not attached to any particular geographical region because they led a nomadic life wandering in search of food from one place to another. With the passage of time, people developed ways and means to earn a source of livelihood not only by depending on the forces of nature but by practicing agriculture and engaging themselves in the production of food. MAURYAN EMPIRE The Mauryan Empire was one of the most significant and influential empires in ancient Indian history. It thrived from approximately 322 BCE to 185 BCE, Here are some key points about the Mauryan Empire: 1, Founder: The empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who overthrew the Nanda dynasty and established the Mauryan dynasty in Magadha ( present - day eastern India ) marking the start of the Mauryan Empire. Under the leadership of Chandragupta and his grandson Ashoka the Great, the Mauryan Empire expanded to cover almost the entire Indian subcontinent, making it one of the largest empires in the world at the time. 3. Ashoka’s Rule: Ashoka is perhaps the most famous Mauryan emperor. His reign is notable for his conversion to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, leading to his adoption of non-violence and promotion of Buddhist principles throughout his empire. He erected inscriptions, known as Ashoka’s Edicts, which conveyed his moral and ethical teachings, 4, Administrative Innovations: The Mauryan Empire introduced efficient administrative systems, including a centralized bureaucracy, a network of officials, and a system of taxation. The empire was divided into provinces, each with its own administrative head.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. After Ashoka’s death, the Mauryan Empire gradually declined due to a combination of intemal rebellions, external invasions, and economic factors. The empire fragmented into smaller kingdoms around 185 BCE. 6. Legacy: Despite its eventual decline, the Mauryan Empire left a lasting legacy. Ashoka’s promotion of Buddhism helped spread the religion within and beyond India's borders. The administrative systems and principles introduced during the Mauryan era influenced subsequent Indian dynasties. ‘The Mauryan Empire stands as a pivotal period in Indian history, marked by territorial expansion, cultural development, and the spread of Buddhism’s moral teachings. IMPORTANT RULERS OF MAURYAN EMPIRE. Chandragupta Maurya , Bindusara and Ashoka the Great were the remarkable rulers from the Maurya Dynasty. THE KUSHAN EMPIRE The Kushan Empire was a significant ancient civilization that thrived in Central Asia and Northern India from the Ist to the 3rd century CE. Here are some key points about the Kushan Empire: 1, Origin: The Kushan Empire is believed to have been founded by Kujula Kadphises, a Yuezhi chieftain who conquered Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) around the Ist century CE. 2, Geographic Extent: The empire’s territory spanned from the borders of China in the east to the ‘Persian Gulf in the west, covering parts of modern-day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. 3.Buddhism: The Kushan rulers, particularly Kanishka the Great, played a pivotal role in the spread and development of Buddhism. They convened the Fourth Buddhist Council, which led to the creation of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT Te ewe 5 4, Art and Coinage: The Kushans were renowned for their art, especially Gandhara art, which combined Hellenistic and Indian artistic elements. They also issued gold coins that were instrumental in trade along the Silk Road. ‘The Kushan Empire faced various challenges, including invasions by the Sassanian Empire and the Gupta Empire in India, By the 3rd century CE, the empire began to decline, and it eventually fragmented into smaller kingdoms. In summary, the Kushan Empire was a multicultural and influential civilization that played a crucial role in shaping the history of Central Asia and the spread of Buddhism in the ancient world. THE GUPTA EMPIRE ‘The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty that flourished from the 4th to the 6th century CE. Here are some key points about the Gupta Empire: 1. Founding: The Gupta Empire was founded by Sri Gupta around 320 CE in the northern region of India, starting as a small kingdom in Magadha. 2. Chandragupta I: The empire reached its zenith under the rule of Chandragupta I, who expanded its territories through strategic marriages and military conquests. His reign is often considered the beginning of the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire. 3. Golden Age: The Gupta Golden Age was marked by significant achievements in various fields, including science, mathematics, astronomy, art, literature, and philosophy. It is known as a period of remarkable cultural and intellectual advancement. 4. Chandragupta II: Also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, he was one of the most celebrated Gupta rulers. His reign saw the flourishing of arts and sciences, with scholars like Kalidasa producing timeless works of literature. 5. Religion and Philosophy: The Gupta period witnessed a resurgence of Hinduism, and it was during this time that many Hindu temples and religious institutions were constructed. However, Buddhism and Jainism also continued to thrive.NOTES COMPOSED | BY RASIK WANT. 6 6. Administrative Excellence: The Gupta rulers implemented efficient administrative systems that helped stabilize the empire. They promoted a decentralized system of governance, allowing local rulers a degree of autonomy. 7. Decline: The Gupta Empire gradually weakened due to external invasions, particularly by the Hunas (White Huns), and internal strife. By the mid-6th century, the empire had disintegrated into smaller regional kingdoms. 8. Legacy: The Gupta Empire’s legacy is significant in Indian history. Its contributions in the fields of mathematics, where Aryabhata made pioneering discoveries, and art, especially in the form of temple architecture, continue to influence Indian culture. THE PALLAVA DYNASTY ‘The Pallava Dynasty was a significant South Indian dynasty that thrived from the 4th to the 9th centuries CE. Here are some key highlights about the Pallava Dynasty: 1, Geographical Influence : The Pallavas primarily ruled over the region that comprises modern-day Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Their capital shifted between various cities, including Kanchipuram and Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram). 2.Art and Architecture : One of the most enduring legacies of the Pallava Dynasty is its contributions to art and architecture. They were renowned for their rock-cut temples and intricate sculptures , notably the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.. 3. Script and Literature : The Pallavas developed the Pallava script, which later evolved into the Grantha script. These scripts played a pivotal role in the development of writing systems in South India. Additionally, they made contributions to Tamil literature and poetry. 4, Dynastic Periods : The Pallava Dynasty can be divided into distinct periods, each marked by notable rulers. Some of the renowned Pallava monarchs include Simhavishnu, Mahendravarman I, Narasimhavarman I, and Rajasimha.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. a ere aes een 7 5, Conflicts and Decline : The Pallavas engaged in periodic conflicts with neighboring dynasties, particularly the Chalukyas and Cholas. These conflicts, along with internal challenges, eventually Jed to the decline of the Pallava Dynasty. THE CHOLA DYNASTY The Chola Dynasty, which thrived from the 9th to the 13th centuries CE in South India, holds a prominent place in Indian history. Here are some key points about the Chola Dynasty: 1. Origin : The Cholas were originally a Tamilian dynasty that emerged in the southem part of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in the region of Tamil Nadu. ion : Under notable rulers like Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola, the Cholas expanded their empire to encompass a vast territory, including most of South India, parts of Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. They were known for their maritime prowess, facilitating trade and conquests. The Cholas are renowned for their efficient administrative system. They established a well-structured bureaucracy and introduced a fair taxation system. The empire was divided into administrative units known as "Mandalams," each governed by local officials. 4. Art and Architecture : The Chola Dynasty made significant contributions to art and “architecture. They constructed magnificent temples, such as the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur,known for its colossal Shiva lingam and stunning architecture. Chola art is characterized by intricate bronze sculptures and vibrant mural paintings. 5 Cultural Patronage : The Cholas were patrons of Tamil literature and culture. They played a Pivotal role in the development of the Tamil language and sponsored works of literature, poetry, and music. The Chola era is often referred to as the "Golden Age of Tamil Culture." 6. Religion : Hinduism was the predominant religion during the Chola Dynasty. They made substantial contributions to temple construction and were particularly dedicated to Shaivism, a sect devoted to Lord Shiva. However, they showed tolerance towards other religions, includingNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT Buddhism and Jainism. 7. Decline : The Chola Dynasty gradually declined due to a variety of factors, including invasions by rival dynasties, internal conflicts, and economic challenges. By the 13th century, their power diminished, and the Pandya Dynasty rose to prominence in South India. In summary, the Chola Dynasty left an indelible mark on South Indian history through its vast empire, administrative prowess, cultural patronage, architectural masterpieces, and enduring influence on art and culture. THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE ‘The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful and long-lasting empire in South India, which thrived from the 14th to the 17th centuries CE. Here are some key points about the Vijayanagara Empire: 1, Foundation : The empire was founded in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I. Its capital was initially in Hampi, present-day Karnataka. 2 Territorial Extent 3 including parts 3 of modern-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu. 3. Administration : The empire had a well-structured administrative system with efficient At its zenith, the Vijayanagara Empire covered a vast area of South India, governance, It was known for its military strength and ability to resist external invasions. 4, Religion and Culture : The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire were patrons of Hinduism, and they promoted the development of Hindu art, culture, and architecture. The empire witnessed a flourishing of Sanskrit and Telugu literature during its rule. 5. Architectural Marvels : The Vijayanagara Empire is famous for its impressive temples and monuments. The Virupaksha Temple and Vittala Temple in Hampi are outstanding examples of their architectural prowess. 6.Decline : The empire faced challenges from various quarters, including the Deccan Sultanates and Portuguese. The Battle of Talikota in 1565 marked a significant turning point, leading to the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire. In summary, the Vijayanagara Empire was a prominent and culturally rich dynasty in South India,OTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT ae a 9 known for its architectural heritage, patronage of Hinduism, and administrative strength. Its legacy continues to be an integral part of South Indian history and culture. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF VEDIC RELIGION The Vedic religion, also known as Vedism, is one of the oldest religions in India and has played a significant role in shaping the religious and philosophical traditions of the subcontinent, Here’s a brief overview of its origin and growth: 1.0 people who migrated into the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE. They brought with them a in : The Vedic religion finds its roots in the Indo-Aryans, a group of Indo - European collection of sacred texts known as the Vedas, which form the core of Vedic literature. 2. Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BCE) : During this period, the Indo-Aryans composed the Rigveda, the oldest and most important of the Vedas. The religion was centered around the worship of deities like Agni (the god of fire), Indra (the god of thunder and rain), Varuna (the god of cosmic order), and others through elaborate rituals and sacrifices. 3. Later Vedic Period (1000- )-600 BCE) : This period saw the development of the Yajurveda, Samaveda, and ‘Atharvaveda, alongside the continuation of ritualistic practices. Society became more stratified, with the emergence of a priestly class (Brahmins) and the codification of religious and social norms in texts like the Brahmanas and Aranyakas. 4. ‘Transformation i into Hinduism : : Around 600 BCE, the religious landscape began to evolve with the emergence of new philosophical ideas, such as Upanishadic thought. This marked the transition from Vedic religion to what we now know as Hinduism. The Upanishads explored concepts like Brahman (universal consciousness) and Atman (individual soul), which laid the foundation for key Hindu beliefs. ‘5, Spread and Influenci across the Indian subcontinent over the centuries. It absorbed and integrated various local beliefs Vedic traditions and later Hinduism continued to develop and spread and practices, leading to a diverse range of sects, traditions, and philosophies.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT ee 10 In summary, the Vedic religion had its origins in the Indo-Aryan migrations to India and evolved over time, eventually transforming into Hinduism. Its influence on Indian civilization has been profound, making it a cornerstone of the religious and cultural heritage of the subcontinent. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF JAINISM RELIGION Jainism, an ancient religion of India, traces its origin to the 6th century BCE. It was founded by Lord Mahavira, who emphasized principles like non-violence (ahimsa), truth, non-possessiveness, and self-discipline. Mahavira was not the first teacher of Jainism, but he is considered its 24th Tirthankara (spiritual teacher). Jainism spread primarily in India, with significant followings in regions like Bihar and Gujarat. Over time, it divided into two major sects, Digambara and Svctambara, cach with its own practices and beliefs. Jainism made notable contributions to Indian culture, ethics, philosophy, and literature. It influenced art and architecture, leading to the construction of ornate temples and intricate artwork. Despite periods of decline, Jainism has experienced revivals and remains a thriving religious tradition in India and among Jain communities worldwide. In summary, Jainism’s origins lic in Lord Mahavira’s teachings, and it has left a lasting impact on Indian culture while maintaining its distinct identity and principles. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF BUDDHISM RELIGION Buddhism, one of the major world religions, has a rich history that began in ancient India. Here’s a brief overview of its origin and growth: ORIGIN : 1) Life of of Siddhartha Gautama: Buddhism originated in the 6th century BCE with the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as Gautama Buddha. He was born inNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT present-day Nepal, and belonged to a princely family. 2) The Enlightenment: Siddhartha renounced his princely life and embarked on a spiritual quest. After years of meditation and reflection, he achieved enlightenment (bodhi) under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. He formulated the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the core principles of Buddhism. GROWTH: I ally, Buddhism spread across India, attracting followers during the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhist missionaries were dispatched to distant lands, facilitating its expansion into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Tibet, China, Japan, and Korea. Buddhism diversified into Theravada and Mahayana branches, each with unique interpretations.In India, Buddhism declined by the 12th century CE, partly due to the resurgence of Hinduism. The religion experienced a revival in India in recent times, while globally it continues to thrive, with millions of adherents worldwide. In summary, Buddhism originated with Gautama Buddha's teachings in ancient India and grew into a global faith with various schools of thought. Although it declined in India, it maintains a significant presence globally and is known for its emphasis on mindfulness, compassion, and the pursuit of enlightenment. What are the four truths of Buddhism ? Ans - Dukkha (Suffering) , Samudaya (Cause of Suffering) , Nirodha (Cessation of Suffering) & Magga (Path to the Cessation of Suffering).NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT 43 THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT The Bhakti movement was started by a group of Hindu saints, who wanted to bring reli reforms by using the method of devotion to achieve salvation. It was founded on the belief that the best way to connect with God is through love and worship, rather than through rituals or religious ceremonies. It emphasised the mutual intense emotional attachment and love of a devotee toward a personal god and of the god for the devotee. Bhakti Movement Saints like Shankaracharya, Madhavacharya, Ramanuja ,Nimbarka, Mira Bai, etc., were responsible for spreading the bhakti movement among the masses.This movement originated in South India in the 7th and 12th CE, mostly in the poems of Alvars and Nayanars. These poems were composed in Tamil; the poems were addressed to Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva respectively. After the 12th century CE, the Bhakti movement gained popularity in the northern portions of the country and peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries CE. Reasons behind the movement : ‘The movement started as a response to the evil practices that had crept into Hinduism. Some of the other reasons which fuelled the spread of the movement across the country were : 1. The spread of Islam. 2. Emergence of great reformers. 3. Influence of Sufi sects. 4, Influence of Vaishnavism and Shaivism ideologies. Some of the common teachings a associ ted v with this Movement are : I. It preached equality. 2, It preached universal brotherhood built on values such as love, care, and affection ete for everyone in the society. 3. It made a significant effort to eliminate the harmful customs that had infiltrated both religionNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 13 and society over time. THE SUFISM Sufism was a liberal reform movement within Islam. It had its origin in Persia and spread into India in the 11th century. Most of the Sufis (mystics) were persons of deep devotion who disliked the display of wealth and degeneration of morals following the establishment of the Islamic empire.They laid great emphasis on love as the bond between God and the individual soul. Love of God meant love of humanity and therefore, Sufis believed service to humanity was tantamount to service to God. In Sufism, self-discipline was considered an essential condition to gain knowledge of God by a sense of perception. Sufism also laid stress on meditation, good actions, and repentance for sins, prayers, pilgrimage, fasting,charity and controlling of passion by ascetic practices. By the 12th century, the Sufis were organised in 12 orders or Silsilas. A Silsila was generally led by a prominent mystic who lived in a Khangah or hospice along with his disciples. The link between the teacher or pir or murshid and his disciples or murids was a vital part of the Sufi system. Gradually, the Khanqahs emerged as important centres of learning and preaching. Many Sufis enjoyed the sama or musical congregation in their Khanqahs. The four most popular Silsilas were the Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadririyas and Naqshbandis. THE CHISTI SILSILA : ‘The Chisti order was established in India by Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chisti (also known as Gharib Nawaz) around c.1192 CE. Apart from Muin-ud din Chisti, the other important Chistis were : 1. Farid-ud-din Ganj-i-Shakar also known as Baba Farid. 2. Nizamuddin Auliya . 3. Nasiruddin Chiragh - i - Dehlavi. 4, Sheikh Burhanuddin Gharib 5, Muhammad Banda NawazNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 14 ‘THE SUHRAWARDI SILSILA : This Sisila was founded by Shihabuddin Suhrawardi in Baghdad and was established in India by Bahauddin Zakariya. "THE NAQSHBANDI SILSILA : “This Silsila was established in India by Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi. It was later propagated by his successors. Sheikh Abdul Qadir and his sons, Sheikh Niamatullah, Mukhdum Muhammad Jilani and Miyan Mir established the Qadri silsila during the Mughal rule and this order was popular in Punjab. Another famous saint of this order was Shah Badakhshani. BRAHMO SAMAJ Brahmo Samaj is one of the most powerful socio-religious movements in India, It was launched in Bengal in 1828. Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Sabha (later named Brahmo Samaj) in 1828. He was an Indian reformer known as the Father of modern India. Brahmo Samaj played an important role in stamping out the dowry and caste systems, aiming to encourage women’s empowerment. With its success in achieving its objectives, it became a pioneer contributor to Bengal Renaissance. Brahmo Samaj Overview : Founder of Brahmo Samaj : Raja Ram Mohan Roy Place of Origin : Calcutta, Bengal Date of Origin : 20 August 1828 Theology of Brahmo Samaj : Monotheism Divisions of Brahmo Samaj : Adi Brahmo Samaj and Sadharan Brahmo Samaj OBJECTIVES : 1, Brahmo Samaj preached the existence of only one supreme God.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT OI 15 2. It advocated the abolition of Sati 3. It advocated abolition of polygamy. 4, It discouraged caste distinctions and social inequality. 5. It condemned idolatry. 6. It fought for the emancipation of women. 7. Iencouraged remarriage of widows. ARYA SAMAJ Arya Samaj is a reformist Hindu religious and social organization founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875. Its primary aim was to purify and reform Hinduism by emphasizing the authority of the Vedas (ancient Hindu scriptures) and advocating for monotheism and the rejection of idol worship. According to the Arya Samaj, Vedas arc the ultimate source of knowledge, and every Hindu must read and recite Vedas. Arya Samaj promotes principles such as truth, righteousness, and the eradication of social evils like caste discrimination, untouchability, and child marriage. It supported spreading the Sanskrit and Hindi languages among the masses by providing good education. It worked phenomenally for educating people, especially women. It also promotes social equality and the idea that all humans are equal. Arya Samaj continues to have a presence in India and other parts of the world, upholding its principles of religious and social reform. Formation of Arya Samaj: 10 April 1875, Bombay Founder of Arya Samaj : Swami Dayananda Saraswati Purpose of Arya Samaj : Educational, Spirituality, Religious studies, and Social ReformsNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT 16 RELIGIOUS PHILOSPHY OF SRI AUROBINDO_ Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 - 5 December 1950) was an Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, and Indian nationalist who propounded a philosophy of divine life on carth through spiritual evolution. He was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as ‘Vande Mataram. He joined the Indian movement for independence from British colonial rule, until 1910 was one of its influential leaders, and then became a spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on human progress and spiritual evolution. He dedicatedly contributed to India’s freedom from the British Rule during the early part of his life. In his later years, his political ideology changed to a spiritual one. His later life was laced with the learning and teachings about subjects concerning philosophy and spirituality. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was also incredibly involved in Yoga and Yogic teachings. The central theme of his vision was the evolution of human life into a divine life in divine body. Sri Aurobindo worked toward a greater spiritual realization for humanity, highlighting that man is a transitional being in the evolutionary process, and human destiny is to grow to a higher state of consciousness. In Pondich”ry he founded’ a community of spiritual seekers , which took shape as the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926. His main literary works are The Life Divine, which deals with the philosophical aspect of Integral Yoga; Synthesis of Yoga, which deals with the principles and methods of Integral Yoga; and Savitri : A Legend and a Symbol, an epic poem. PANINI Panini was an ancient Indian scholar and grammarian who made significant contributions to the study of language and grammar. He is best known for his magnum opus, the ’Ashtadhyayi,’ which is considered one of the most important works in the history of linguistics and grammar. Panin’s contribution to the development of literary traditions in Panin and the broader Indian subcontinent is immeasurable. His grammar laid the linguistic foundation for some of the mostNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. significant literary works in Sanskrit, shaping the cultural and intellectual landscape of the region for centuries. KALIDASA Kalidasa is one of the most celebrated and revered poets and playwrights in ancient Indian literature. He is often regarded as the "Shakespeare of India’ for his extraordinary contributions to Sanskrit literature. Kalidasa’s works are characterized by their lyrical beauty, rich imagery, and profound emotions. Kalidasa is renowned for his poetic and dramatic masterpieces, which have left an indelible mark on Indian literature. Some of his most famous works include : 1) Shakuntala 2) Meghaduta 3) Kumarasambhava 4) Raghuvamsha VEDA VYASA Veda Vyasa, often simply referred to as Vyasa, is an iconic sage and scholar in Hinduism who is traditionally credited with compiling and categorizing the Vedas, the ancient sacred texts of India. He is also recognized as the author of the epic Mahabharata, which includes the Bhagavad Gita. ‘Vyasa’s contributions to preserving and transmitting ancient knowledge have made him a revered figure in Indian culture and spirituality. VALMIKI Valmiki is a revered ancient sage and poet in Indian mythology and literature. He is best known as the author of the epic poem, the Ramayana, Valmiki’s Ramayana narrates the life andNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 18 adventures of Lord Rama, a revered deity in Hinduism. His poetic masterpiece has had a profound and lasting impact on Indian culture, and Valmiki is regarded as one of the foremost poets and sages in Hindu tradition. SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER 1) Write a short note on Bharatvarsha Concept ? 2) Explain the rise of Janapadas. 3) Write a short note on Mauryan Empire ? 4) Write a short note on Gupta Empire ? 5) Briefly write about Brahmo Samaj and it’s social reform activities. 6) Write in detail about the emergence and teachings of Buddhism ? 7) Write a detailed note on Sufism ? 8) Introduce Arya Samaj as a social reform movement . 9) Write a short note on Bhakti Movement. 10) Give a historical account of Birsa Munda. 11) Introduce Kalidac> and his contribution to literature ? 12) Write a detailed note on Religious Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo ? 13) Write a short note on Valmiki.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT aaa ee 19 UNIT I THE REVOLT OF 1857 a The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. It began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, and spread to various parts of India including ; Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and parts of Bihar and Bengal. It was the first expression of organised resistance against the British East India Company. It began as a revolt of the sepoys of the British East India Company ’ s army but eventually secured the participation of the masses. CAUSES OF REVOLT 1) Immediate Cause : The immediate cause of the revolt was the discontent among Indian sepoys (Soldiers) in the British East India Company’s army. They were upset about several issues, including the use of animal fat in the new Enfield rifle cartridges, which required biting off the cartridge paper, a practice offensive to both Hindus and Muslims. n of various princely states by the British, under the Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance policies. The British interference in the internal affairs of Indian states angered many. 3) Economic Exploitation: The British East India Company’s monopolistic economic policies, high taxation, and explo ation of Indian resources had a detrimental impact on the Indian economy, leading to widespread poverty and resentment. 4) Social and religious causes : i) The British had abandoned its policy of non-interference in the socio-religious life of the Indians. Abolition of Sati (1929), Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856) were such as direct in dereference of colonial power into Hindu religious beliefs. ii) Christian missionaries were allowed to enter India and carry on with their mission by an act in- NOTES COMPOSED BYRASIK WANT ng 1850. iii) The Religious Disabilities Act of 1850 modified the traditional Hindu law. According to it, the change in religion would not debar a son from inheriting the property of his father. 5) Military Cause : There was great inequality in treatment between the Indian and the British troops in terms of salary and other benefits. The Indian soldiers were considered inferior and were illtreated by high officers. CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLT 1. End of company rule: As a result of revolt of 1857, the company rule ended in India. Now India came under the direct control of British government. 2. The policy of divide and rule: After the revolt of 1857, British gave up the policy of annexing the Indians instead adopted the policy of divide and rule. 3. New policy towards the Indian rulers: The Britishers gave up the policy of annexation. Indians were now allowed to adopt sons. 4. Increase in number of European soldiers: The number of Indian soldiers got decreased and the number of English soldiers got increased after the war. 5. The economic loss:There was huge loss of economy due to the revolt of 1857. The government charged more taxes from the people to make up for the losses. 6. Legacy of Resistance: The Revolt of 1857 served as a symbol of resistance against colonial rule. It inspired subsequent movements for independence, such as the Indian National Congress and the struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi. Although the revolt was suppressed by the British, it marked a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for independence. It led to changes in British policies, the end of the East India Company's rule, and the beginning of direct British administration over India, which would last until India gained independence in 1947. The Revolt of 1857 remains a significant event in India’s history.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT = Here are some key leaders of the revolt and the places where it took place: i) Bahadur Shah I (Bahadur Shah Zafar). ii) Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. iii) Kunwar Singh. iv) Mangal Pandey. v) Tantia Tope (Tatya Tope). vi) Begum Hazrat Mahal. vii) Kunwar Singh. BIRSA MUNDA Birsa Munda was a prominent tribal freedom fighter and rel ious leader in India during the late 19th century. He belonged to the Munda tribe and played a significant role in the tribal movement against British colonial rule and the exploitation of indigenous communities. Here are some key points about Birsa Munda and his contributions: 1, Tribal Rights Advocate: Birsa Munda dedicated his life to fighting for the rights of tribal communities who were often oppressed and exploited by British colonial authorities and local landlords. 2. Millenarian Movement: He led a religious and socio-political movement known as the "Ulgulan” or "The Great Rebellion” in the Chotanagpur plateau, which aimed to end the oppressive practices of the colonial rulers and the moneylenders. 3. Bhagwan Birsa: Birsa Munda’s followers regarded him as a deity and called him "Bhagwan Birsa." His religious teachings emphasized the worship of a single god, "Dharti Aba" (Earth Father), and the rejection of the British and their customs. 4. Advocacy for Land and Forest Rights: Birsa advocated for the rights of tribals to their ancestral lands and forests, which were often taken over by colonial authorities and non-tribal settlers. HisNOTES COMPOSED BYRASIK WANT = 99 movement sought to restore these lands to the tribal people. 5, Cultural Revival: He encouraged the revival of tribal culture, language, and traditions, fostering a sense of pride and identity among his followers. 6. Legacy: Birsa Munda’s legacy as a tribal hero and freedom fighter remains influential in modem India. His contributions laid the foundation for the tribal rights movement in the country, and his efforts paved the way for future leaders to continue the struggle for justice and equality for indigenous communities. BHAGAT SINGH Bhagat Singh was a fearless Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter who played a crucial role in the struggle for India’s independence from British colonial rule during the early 20th century. Here are some key points about Bhagat Singh and his contributions: 1, Patri Indi 2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, where British troops ism and Sacrifice: Bhagat Singh was deeply patriotic and committed to the cause of independence, He was willing to make the ultimate sacrifice for the country’s freedom. killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians, deeply influenced Bhagat Singh’s political awakening and motivated him to join the freedom struggle. 3. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA): Bhagat Singh became a prominent member of the HSRA, a revolutionary organization dedicated to achieving India’s independence through armed struggle. He believed in a more radical approach to fighting colonial rule. 4. Assembly Bombing: Bhagat Singh and his associates threw non-lethal smoke bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1929 to protest repressive laws. They wanted to use the trial as a platform to raise awareness about India’s struggle for independence. 5. Hunger Strike: While in prison, Bhagat Singh and his fellow inmates undertook a hunger strike to protest against the inhumane treatment of political prisoners. Their sacrifice drew widespread attention to the cause of independence.. NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 28 6. Legacy: Bhagat Singh’s courage, sacrifice, and commitment to the cause of independence inspired countless Indians to join the struggle against colonial rule. He remains an enduring symbol of youth activism and patriotism in India. CHANDRASEKHAR AZAD. Chandrasekhar Azad, whose real name was Chandrasekhar Tiwari, was a prominent Indian revolutionary who played a significant role in the struggle for India’s independence from British colonial rule during the early 20th century. Here are some key points about Chandrasekhar Azad and his contributions: 1. Early Life: Chandrasekhar Azad was born on July 23, 1906, in Bhavra, a small village in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. He adopted the name "Azad," which means "free," as a symbol of his commitment to India’s freedom. 2. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA): Azad was a member of the HSRA, a revolutionary organization dedicated to achieving India’s independence through armed struggle. He believed in direct action and taking on the British authorities. 3. Mentorship by Ram Prasad Bismil: Azad was greatly influenced by the revolutionary ideals of Ram Prasad Bismil and became his close associate. Together, they carried out several actions against the British colonial administration. 4, Commitment to the Cause: Chandrasekhar Azad’s unwavering commitment to the cause of Indian independence and his refusal to compromise with the British authorities made him a symbol of courage and determination. Chandrasekhar Azad’s life was tragically cut short when he died in a gun battle with the police on February 27, 1931, in Alfred Park, Allahabad. His martyrdom and indomitable spirit in the face of adversity serve as a source of inspiration for those who continue to strive for a just and free India.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT eB ire UN oA SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji, was a prominent Indian nationalist leader and freedom fighter who made significant contributions to the struggle for India’s independence from British colonial rule. Here’s a note summarizing his life and contributions: 1) Early life and Education : Born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Odisha, Subhas Chandra Bose was a brilliant and determined individual from an early age. He pursued higher education in England, graduating from Cambridge University, but his growing passion for India’s freedom led him back to his homeland. 2) Contributions : i) Leadership in the Indian National Congress: Bose joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and quickly rose through the ranks, becoming the president of the INC in 1938. He advocated for amore militant approach to achieving independence, which put him at odds with other Congress Jeaders who favored non-violence. ii) Formation of the Forward Bloc: Dissatisfied with the Congress’ approach, Bose formed the Forward Bloc in 1939, an organization dedicated to immediate and complete independence from British rule. iii) Azad Hind Fanj (Indian National Army - INA): One of his most significant contributions was the formation of the Azad Hind Fauj (INA) during World War I. With support from Axis powers, Bose led the INA to fight against the British in Southeast Asia, aiming to liberate India from colonial rule. iv) Inspirational Leadership: Bose’s fiery speeches and charismatic leadership inspired thousands of Indians to join the INA and contribute to the freedom struggle. His famous slogan, "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom," stirred the masses to action. 3) Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose’s legacy as a passionate and unwavering freedom fighter continues to inspire generations of Indians. He is celebrated as a national hero, and hisNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT I 25 contributions to the struggle for independence are a source of immense pride for the country. CONTRIBUTION OF MAHATMA GANDHI TOWARDS FREEDOM STRUGGLE Mahatma Gandhi made significant contributions to the Indian struggle for independence through nonviolent civil disobedience and his principles of Satyagraha (truth-force). His leadership and actions had a profound impact on the movement: stan a) Nonviolent Ri : Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence inspired millions to resist British colonial rule without resorting to violence. This approach helped maintain the moral high ground and gained international sympathy. b) Civil Disobedience: Gandhi led various civil disobedience campaigns, such as the Salt March “and Quit India Movement, which mobilized masses and challenged British authority. c) Promotion of Self-Reliance: He advocated for economic self-reliance and encouraged the spinning of khadi (homespun cloth) to reduce dependence on British goods. 4) Non-cooperation: Non-cooperation was another strategy that Gandhi used to challenge British authority in India. He called on Indians to boycott British goods, institutions, and laws, and to refuse to pay taxes or participate in British-run elections. The non-cooperation movement aimed to make India ungovernable and to force the British to negotiate for Indian independence, 2) ) Unity among Diverse ( Grou : Gandhi worked to unite people of different religions, castes, and backgrounds under a common cause, fostering a sense of national unity. Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution to the Indian freedom struggle was immense. His philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience, his tactics of non - cooperation and civil disobedience, and his leadership united the Indian masses and forced the British to confront the demands of the Indian people. Gandhi's legacy continues to inspire people all over the world to fight for justice and freedom.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT FORMATION OF INC Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by A.O Hume, a retired British Indian Civil Service employee in the year 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. His idea was to build a platform by which dialogue could be initiated and sustained between the British government and educated Indians. It was originally known as the Indian Nation Union. The name ’ Indian National Congress ’ was given by Dadabhai Naoroji. Initially, it was decided to hold a conference in the name of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona, but the venue was shifted to Bombay duc to the cholera outbreak in Poona. The first session of INC was presided by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee and attended by 72 delegates from all over the country. A.O Hume assumed the office of General Secretary. The session was started on 28 December 1885 and continued till 3] December 1885. Hereafter , INC decided to meet every year in a different part of the country. A.O. Hume played an important role in the formation of INC, therefore , known as the father of Indian National Congress. The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was not a coincidental occurrence. Jt was the culmination of a process of political awakening that began in the 1860s and 1870s and reached a tipping point in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The year 1885 was a watershed moment in this process. The INC was India’s first national political movement, with the initial goal of involving more Indians in the country's governance. Its purpose was later upgraded to complete independence. After independence, it grew into a major political party in the country.NOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. MAKING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Constitution is the foundational law for a country that defines the fundamental rights and directive principles on which the governance of the country is based. In 1934, M.N.Roy put forward the idea of Constituent Assembly for India for the first time. He was a pioncer of the communist movement in India. The Indian National Congress in 1935 officially demanded the Constituent Assembly to frame the Indian Constitution. On behalf of INC in the Year 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru declared that the constitution of free India must be framed. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India, It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into force on 26 January 1950. The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble. It contains the ideals, objectives and basic principles of the Constitution. There are 105 Amendments in the Indian Constitution till now. Presently, the Constitution consists of a preamble, about 470 Articles ( divided into 25 parts ) and 12 Schedules. Preamble : The term preamble refers to the introduction or preface to the constitution. It contains the summary or essence of the constitution. The preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on * Objectives Resolution ’ , drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION. ‘The salient features of the Indian Constitution, as it stands today , are as follows : a) LENGHIEST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION : Constitutions are classified into written, like the American Constitution, or unwritten, like the British Constitution. The Constitution of India is the lenghiest of all written constitutions of the world. It is very comprehensive, elaborate and detailed document. b) DRAWN FROM VARIOUS SOURCES : The Constitution of India has borrowed most of itsNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT. 28 provisions from the constitutions of various other countries as well as from the Government of India Act of 1935. Dr B R Ambedkar proudly acclaimed that the Constitution of India has been framed after " ransacking all the known Constitutions of the world." c) BLEND OF RIGIDITY AND FLEXIBILITY : One of the key features of Indian Constitution is that it is neither rigid nor flexible but a synthesis of both. This is depicted through article 368 where different types of majority are required for amendment in the constitution. d) PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM : India follows the parliamentary system of government, with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. Further, the Indian state has an elected head ( republic) while the British State has a hereditary head ( monarchy ). e) INTEGRATED AND INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY : The Indian Constitution establishes a judicial system that is integrated as well as independent. Indian Judiciary is free to function without any influence or interruption of any of the bodies either it’s Executive or Legislative. The ‘Supreme court stands at the top of the integrated judicial system in the country . f) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS : One of the most important salient features of Indian constitution is our constitution grants and guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens. Part II of the Indian constitution guarantees 6 fundamental rights to all the citizens. These rights arc justiciable i.c, they are enforceable by the courts for their violation. However, these fundamental rights are not absolute and subject to reasonable restrictions. g) DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY : A unique aspect of the Constitution is that it comprises of a chapter in the Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles are in the nature of directives to the government to implement them to maintain social and economic democracy in the country. They seek to establish a welfare state in India. They are enumerated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. h) FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES : This is the most important feature among the salient features of I Citizens, These were added during the operation of internal emergency ( 1975 - 77) by the 42nd Constitution. The original Constitution did not provide for the Fundamental Duties of the constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of Swaran Singh Committee. There is a total of 11 Fundamental duties altogether.NOTES" COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT 29 i) A SECULAR STATE : The Constitution of India stands for a secular state. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. j) UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE : This feature of the Constitution of India provides that any person who is not Jess than 18 years of age has the right to vote irrespective of their caste, religion, sex, financial condition, literacy, ctc. k) SINGLE CITIZENSHIP : Through the Indian Constitution is federal and envisages a dual polity ( center and states ) , it provides for only a single citizenship, that is the Indian Citizenship. It means that every Indian is a citizen of India, irrespective of the place of his/her residence or place of birth. 1) EMERGENCY PROVISIONS : Another feature among the salient features of Indian Constitution is the provision of emergency provided by the Constitution of India. When the government is incapable of handling the unforeseen situation, Emergency provisions are implemented accordingly. j) INDEPENDENT BODIES : The Indian Constitution not only provides for the legislative, executive and judicial organs of the government (Central and state) but also establishes certain independent bodies. They are envisaged by the Constitution as the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India. These are : Election Commission, State Public Service Commission, Union Public Service Commission etc. k) THREE-TIER GOVERNMENT: The Indian Constitution originally called for a dual polity and included clauses describing the structure and authority of the Centre and the States. Later, a third Jevel of governance (local government), which is absent from all other international constitutions, was added by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992 ). : SWADESHI MOVEMENT The Swadeshi movement in India emerged during the carly 20th century as a response to British colonial rule. It was a call for Indians to boycott British-made goods and instead promote and use indigenous products. The movement was sparked by the partition of Bengal in 1905, which led toNOTES COMPOSED BY RASIK WANT 30 widespread protests and the promotion of Swadeshi goods as a symbol of national pride and self-reliance. Prominent leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal played key roles in advocating Swadeshi principles. This movement extended beyond economics and became a significant aspect of the larger struggle for India’s independence, fostering a sense of unity and patriotism among Indians. . FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES Flagship programs are government jatives or projects that are considered to be of paramount importance and often serve as the central focus of a government’s policy agenda. These programs are typically high-impact and have a significant budget allocation. They are designed to address. critical issues, achieve specific objectives, and bring about substantial changes in society or the economy. JAN DHAN YOGANA| The Jan Dhan Yojana scheme, officially known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMIDY), is a financial inclusion program launched by the Indian government in August 2014. It was launched by Narendra Modi on 28th August 2014. Its primary aim is to provide access to financial services to all households in India, particularly those in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. It is a national mission with an aim to provide access to various financial services including Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension, Banking Savings and Deposit Accounts in an affordable manner. Benefits under PMJDY a) One basic savings bank account is opened for unbanked person.NOES COMPOSTVSVENT b) There is no requirement to maintain any minimum balance in PMJDY accounts. ) Interest is earned on the deposit in PMIDY accounts, 4) Rupay Debit card is provided to PMIDY account holder. e) Accident Insurance Cover of Rs.1 lakh (enhanced to Rs, 2 lakh to new PMJDY accounts opened after 28.8.2018) is available with RuPay card issued to the PMJDY account holders. SKILL INDIA MISSION. Skill India Mission is a government scheme Jaunched in 2015. It is an umbrella scheme that has many skilling schemes and programmes under it. The chief objective is to empower the youth of the country with adequate skill sets that will enable their employment in relevant sectors and also improve productivity. OBJECTIVE: 1.The mission intends to create opportunities and space for the development of talents in Indian youth. 2. It aims to develop those sectors which have been put under skill development for the last many years, and also to recognize new sectors for skill development. 3. Reducing poverty in the country. 4, Increasing the competitiveness of Indian businesses. 5. Ensuring that skill training imparted is relevant and of quality. 6. Preparing Indians to take on the world manpower/resources market. . MAKE IN INDIA Makc in India initiative was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi in September 2014 as part of a wider set of nation-building initiatives. It was devised to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. The mission seeks to promote