Goals for Chapter 6
• To understand and calculate the work done by
a force
Chapter 6
• To understand the meaning of kinetic energy
Work and Kinetic • To learn how work changes the kinetic energy
of a body and how to use this principle
Energy
• To relate work and kinetic energy when the
forces are not constant or the body follows a
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition curved path
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson • To solve problems involving power
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Introduction Work
• The simple methods we’ve learned using Newton’s • A force on a body does work if the body undergoes a
laws are inadequate when the forces are not displacement.
constant. • Figures 6.1 and 6.2 illustrate forces doing work.
• In this chapter, the introduction of the new concepts
of work, energy, and the conservation of energy will
allow us to deal with such problems.
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Work done by a constant force Positive, negative, and zero work
• The work done by a constant force acting at an angle to • A force can do positive, negative, or zero work depending on
the displacement is W = Fs cos . Figure 6.3 illustrates this the angle between the force and the displacement. Refer to
point. Figure 6.4.
• Follow Example 6.1.
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Work done by several forces Kinetic energy
• Example 6.2 shows two • The kinetic energy of a particle is K = 1/2 mv2.
ways to find the total • The net work on a body changes its speed and therefore its kinetic
energy, as shown in Figure 6.8 below.
work done by several
forces.
• Follow Example 6.2.
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HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 2
The work-energy theorem Using work and energy to calculate speed
• The work-energy theorem: The work done by the net • Revisit the sled from Example 6.2.
force on a particle equals the change in the particle’s
kinetic energy. • Follow Example 6.3 using Figure 6.11 below and
Problem-Solving Strategy 6.1.
• Mathematically, the work-energy theorem is
expressed as Wtot = K2 – K1 = K.
• Follow Problem-Solving Strategy 6.1.
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Forces on a hammerhead Comparing kinetic energies
• The hammerhead of a pile driver is used to drive a beam into the • In Conceptual Example 6.5, two iceboats have
ground.
different masses.
• Follow Example 6.4 and see Figure 6.12 below.
• Follow Conceptual Example 6.5.
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Work and energy with varying forces—Figure 6.16 Stretching a spring
• The force required to stretch a
• Many forces, such as the
spring a distance x is
force to stretch a spring, proportional to x: Fx = kx.
are not constant.
• k is the force constant (or
spring constant) of the spring.
• In Figure 6.16, we
approximate the work by • The area under the graph
dividing the total represents the work done on
the spring to stretch it a
displacement into many
distance X: W = 1/2 kX2.
small segments.
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Work done on a spring scale Motion with a varying force
• A woman steps on a bathroom scale. • An air-track glider is attached to a spring, so the force on
the glider is varying.
• Follow Example 6.6.
• Follow Example 6.7 using Figure 6.22.
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Motion on a curved path—Example 6.8 Power
• A child on a swing moves along a curved path. • Power is the rate at which work
is done.
• Follow Example 6.8 using Figure 6.24. • Average power is Pav = W/t
and instantaneous power is P =
dW/dt.
• The SI unit of power is the watt
(1 W = 1 J/s), but other familiar
units are the horsepower and the
kilowatt-hour.
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Force and power A “power climb”
• In Example 6.9, jet engines develop power to fly • A person runs up stairs. Refer to Figure 6.28 while
the plane. following Example 6.10.
• Follow Example 6.9.
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