CHAPTER. nature and how it affects us and _| scientific knowledge for the use of our environment. | (mankind. ‘Sclence is the systematic study of) (ene Be is the application of See Ee { In homes Many home appliances are created to make life easier and comfortable. I ‘Communication Internet, satellites and computers make communication easier ‘and faster. I Construction Buildings are built with stronger materials and by powerful machineries. Agriculture Medicine Transportation Machines, fertilizers, | | Discoveries of X-rays, | | Mass transit reduces insecticides and new} | vaccines and better | | congestion in cities. agricultural methods surgical techniques increase agricultural | | improve our health. Products. ey | SD) | [al | | fal | fea |x Meaning || Explosive || Flammable || Corrosive || Poisonous || Radioactive |} Irritant Hazard warming symbols on labels of containers that contain chemicals Scientific investigation is a series of steps done systematically to study a problem or event. The steps are as follows: : ‘Analysing and 7 interpreting data > 9 6 Identifying the problem ) @ Canying out experiment Q 8 p Forming a hypothesis Planning an experiment Writing a report Fone oneal 11 Scanned with CamScannerSul. unit Mass, Weight fr Length metre (m)_||The amount of The gravitational foreg hae ‘as kilogram matter in an object. | acting on the objec}, eee (kg) Remains constant at | Changes with places quantities | Time second (3) || all places. pine Temperature || Kelvin (Kk) _ || S.l unit: kilogram (kg) | S.1 unit: Newton (N) measured, | Electric ampere ||Measured with a|Measured with curent (a) lever balance. spring balance. Physical quantities and their units Differences between mass and wei Length (5.1. unit: m) Area (S.1. unit: m?) | Volume (5.1. Straight objects - A ruler or Regular shape — Liquid - A measuring measuring tape Using mathematical | cylinder or pipette or | Internal diameter - Internal | formulae burette 4 calipers Imegular shape - A | Solid - Water Extemal diameter - Extermal | Graph paper displacement method: caliper | Measuring tools CED what is Science? 1. Group the following phenomena accordingly. {/@ ‘Ice melting on a hot day. | @ Many customers lining up at a stall on a hot day. | © Wet clothes drying on a clothes line. | A aw egg changing fom laud to sold when placed in boing (© A small boy crying when his toy breaks, (Students singing patriotic songs at the school assembly on Mc Scientific phenomenon Not a scientific phenomenon | [EEE Grouping ang class 2 Pion Sec Scanned with CamScanner2. Match each of the following inventions to its contribution to explain the importance of science. Invention Contribution to mankind (a) Jet aircrafts Receive messages in several seconds (b) Electronic mail Produce larger harvest (© Laser surgery Have resulted in taller skyscrapers being built (@) Better strains of rice plants B 8 BB D_ Make travelling to distant countries safer and faster @ @ BB ofel]> (e) New medicines E Have increased human life spans and treatments for [ij a diseases (D New building F Can cure some sight defects tecinigues TED) Roraing 3. Match the following professionals to their fields of specialisation. | Meteorologist Ecologist Science teacher Engineer Geologist Physiologis (@) A person who studies rocks and minerals (b) A person who studies planets (© A person who studies the weather (@ A person who studies the composition of medicines (© A person who studies diseases and corrective surgical Cid techniques (® A person who studies plants @ A person who studies the interactions between living things and the environment (h) A person who explains concepts and experiments to C4) students @ A person who studies the functions of body parts @ A person who designs and builds tunnels through | mountain ranges TED) Atrbutng Fotcs Smartunwon TJS Scanned with CamScannerED Science Laboratory 1, Read the following statements. Tick those which are the rules in the sciencg laboratory. (a) Food and drinks are not allowed in the science laboratory. (b) Apparatus or chemicals can be taken out from the science laboratory anytime. (©) Materials in the science laboratory must be handled correctly. (@) Use the apparatus and chemicals without the teacher's permission. (e) Do not taste any chemicals unless instructed by the teacher to do so. © Report all accidents and injuries to the teacher immediately. 2, Match each of the following laboratory apparatus to its purpose. (a) Stopwatch F > accurately. (6) Test tube holder I To contain gas. (© Filter funnel To heat chemicals. (d) Beaker (© Bunsen burner To hold hot objects. ‘To measure time. (© Tripod stand almlolo]» To filter mixtures of solids and liquids. (® Burette G To measure temperature. (h) Gas jar H_ To hold test tubes. (Crucible tongs Baa 8 HEE Boe 2 Bees ) Thermometer iy AY Fccicken 1 Sconce Scanned with CamScannerED. Steps in Scientific Investigations 1. Complete the flow chart below to show the sequence of steps in a scientific investigation. Step 1: } ¥ Step 2: Forming a hypothesis } ¥ Step 3: Planning the experiment } a2 Step 4: ] + Step 5: } ¥ Step 6: } e Step 7: Writing a report } 2. Figure 1 shows the set of apparatus used in an experiment to study the relationship between the time taken for a pendulum to oscillate and the length of the pendulum. EEDD sequencing Retort clamp Figure 1 (a) What hypothesis can you propose for the experiment? Feccs'Smartuowon lS Scanned with CamScanner(b) State the variables involved in this experiment. @_ Constant variable: SS _________ (i) Manipulated variable: ‘ | (ii) Responding variable: <2 __________ (© If the time taken for the pendulum to make 50 oscillations is 73 secon calculate the time taken for the pendulum to complete one oscillation. FED) Mating typothoses, ana 3. Table 1 shows the data collected from the experiment in question 2. Table 1 Time taken for 50 oscillations (seconds; | Length of pendulum (cm) 1 reading | 2" reading | 3" reading | Avera 20 50.0 49.8 49.9 49.9 30 55.6 55.8 55.1 BS 40 60.5 61.2 60.8 60.8 (@ Why were three readings taken instead of one for each length of t pendulum? (b) Can the hypothesis proposed in question 2(a) be accepted? ())TGnger Pendulum takes a Tonger time to complete one os | compared to a shorter pendulum, (© Is the above statement a conclusion of this experiment? [EDD Anaysing. making concas Octane Serco Scanned with CamScannerPhysical Quantities and Their Units 1. Complete the table below. Basic quantity _ ST unit Symbol for SI unit @ Length @ Gi) | @ Kilogram w ©}@ Second Gi) @ ‘Temperature @ Ww © Electric current | (i) wa [EDD hotating 2, State the prefixes and symbols of the prefixes for these values. Value Prefix Symbol 1,000,000,000 | (@) ©) 1,000,000 © ) 1,000 © oO 0.001 @® ch) 0.000 001 @ a 0,000 000 001 | (k) o TD anaring 3. Write each of the following values in the standard form. @) 7000 ©) 0.000005 A = (b) 0.09 m (@ 4000000K = ED Anayang 4, Convert each of the following to the given units. (@) 25.2 cm = (i) () 0.89 m = © 6.23 kg = @ @ 525g = @ mm = cm = cee mg = ai) Gd ww @ m km mg kg EDD Anaiysing Fee Stain 17 Scanned with CamScannerab The Concept of Mass 1, Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. (@) The weight of an object is the magnitude of the (@ tha, acts on the object in the direction towards the centre of the Earth. Therefore, the weight of an object does not remain (ji) ___. The SI unit for weight is (iii) (b) The mass of an object is the quantity of (i) —____ that the object contains. The mass of an object remains (ii) and is not affected by (i vy) . The SI unit for mass is [D> Aurintng 2. Figure 2 shows four instruments. A 8 Figure 2 (a) Name each of the instruments. @ A: Gi ¢: @B: (iv) D: (b) State the instruments that can be used to measure @ weight : Gi) mass : EE Attributing 3. The mass of a box on the Earth is 10 kg, (a) What is its weight on the Earth? (b) It is found that the weight of the box on the Moon is smaller than its weigh on the Earth. Why? (©) What is its weight in outer space? Give your reason. [ED Mrayzing, making interes 8 Frteton to Searee Scanned with CamScannerMeasuring Tools 1. Figure 3 shows a map and the measurement of the distance between Town X and Town Yon the map. N t Knot ‘Town X Tease = saa wea iar 9 10 _20km = pe 2) Figure 3 (a) The distance between Town X and Town Y on the map is measured using @ —_________ and (Gi) (b) The actual distance between Town X and Town Y is “ [ED Atrioutng, analysing 2. Figure 4 shows an outline of a leaf which has been traced on a graph paper. tem Ly |e Z Z Figure 4 (@) The total number of completed squares, half-completed squares and more-than- half-completed squares is (b) The area of each square is ——___. © The area of the leaf is (i) ____________. This method is (ii) (accurate, not accurate). The answer is only an (iii) EDD Atrsoutng, analysing Pence d 19 Scanned with CamScanner3. Figure 5 shows a way of measuring the internal diameter of a test tube. | Test tube | Figure § (@) The internal diameter of the test tube is measured using (i) and (ii) (b) The internal diameter of the test tube is ED atirbuting 4, Name each of the following instruments which are used to measure the volume of liquids. @ (b) oO ED) Atioutng 5 sting Figure 6 Figure 6 shows the apparatus for measuring the volume of a lump of plasticine. Underline the correct answers. (@) A lump of plasticine is (a regular-shaped, an irregular-shaped) object. (b) It is a solid which is (denser, less dense) than water. (© Its volume can be determined by (the water displacement method, using a burette). @ The volume of the lump of plasticine is (87.8, 27.8) cm’. EDD Atituing, eating 10) conte Seren Scanned with CamScanner6. Figure 7 shows the apparatus for measuring the volume of a cork. (a) The volume of the stone is —____________. (b) The volume of the cork is (© Why must a stone be used in the measurement? (@ Do you think the volume of the string used will affect the readings? [ED Anaysing, making inferences CAD The Importance of Standard Units 1. Group the following units accordingly. Foot Metre Inch Mile ‘Yard Kilogram Ounce Pound Units for length Units for weight [EDD Grouping and classifying 2. Read the statements below. Tick those that explain why standard units are important. @ 10 kg of rice is twice as heavy as 5 kg of salt. Este) (b) A one-metre length is not the same all over the world. jeu) (© Measurements using standard units are accurate. = (@) Using standard units will avoid confusion. | (© Standard unis make sharing and understanding of information © [") among people easier. FOES [11 Scanned with CamScannerEO Fill in the graphic organizer. means steps in scientific investigation Science physical quantities measuring tools Physical a quantity S.1. unit Length - Electric 10. jcurrent i. Second (s) Temperature |12. 13. Kilogram (kg) to measure ¥ 12] Shen to Seence ) (as. to measure ¥ Y t Y Meterruler} ( Ammeter | [Stopwatch | (Thermometer) | Measuring to measure cylinder — to measure J (18. ) Scanned with CamScannerSRE nrichment Exer 4. How does science help us? 1 It helps us to learn about natural phenomena. IL Ithelps us to solve most of our problems. Il It helps to prevent future volcanic eruptions. A Land Il only B land Ill only © Mand Il only D I, land it ED) Attnbuting In what ways are a crucible and a test tube similar? 1 Both can be used to measure the volume of liquids. Il Both can be used to contain chemicals. Ill Both can be used to heat chemicals. A Ilonly B Land Ill only ¢ Iland Ill only D |, Wand tt [EE comparing and contesting . Which of the following must be done when acquiring scientific knowledge? 1 Analyse and interpret the data. Il Modify the hypothesis to fit the analysis. IN| Report only the data that supports the hypothesis. A lonly B | and Il only C Il and Ill only D 1, land it ED Arouing }. What does an ecologist study? A The factors affecting the rate at which a plant carries out photosynthesis. B The relation of plants, animals and humans to each other and to their environment. © The functions of water in plant processes. D The composition of the Earth and water. ED? attributing Scanned with CamScanner 5. Which of the following is a contribution of science in the field of medicine? A Building more hospitals B Immunising babies and children against diseases Treating sick people at home D Operating more ambulance services TE) Atrbsting 6. Which of the following activities should not be done in the science laboratory? A Pour excess chemicals back into the reagent bottles. B Do not waste the chemicals. C Switch off the gas tap as soon as heating is over. D Use a burette to measure the volume of liquids accurately. ED evaluating 7. Figure 1 shows the oscillation of a simple pendulum passing through the points P, Q and R. Figure 4 Which of the following sequences of oscillation is considered one complete oscillation? AQ=>P=>R BQ-R-Q C Q>R-Q>P DQ+>R+Q>P+Q ED visuatising 8. What is the SI unit for temperature? A Kelvin B Celsius Centigrade D Fahrenheit ED Ateioutng saance woubook eer tine A $139. In an experiment to study the oscillation of a simple pendulum, the time taken for 25 oscillations is 60 seconds. Which of the following statements is true for a simple pendulum that is shorter? A The time taken for one oscillation is 2.4 seconds. B The time taken for one oscillation is more than 2.4 seconds. © The time taken for one oscillation is more than 60 seconds. D The time taken for one oscillation is less than 2.4 seconds. [ED Making inferences 10. Which physical quantity is matched correctly to its SI unit? Physical quantity Si unit 1 Weight Kilogram " Length Metre m Time Second W[__Electric current ‘Ampere A landitonly — Ill and IV only B llandill only Dl, Ill and IV only [DD roteng 11. Which of the following is converted correctly? ‘A 105 km = 1050 m B 10.5 cm = 0.105 m © 1,05 mm = 0.0105 km D 0.105 m= 1.05 km [EDD Araysing 12. Which of the following shows the value of the prefix correctly? A Milli = 10? C Deci = 10" B Kilo = 10° D Centi = 10? ED) aroutng 13. What are the differences between mass and weight? 1 They are measured using different instruments. Ml They are measured in different units. Ill They are measured in different places. A land Il only € Mand Ill only B land illonly —D I, Il and Ill [ED comparing and contrasting Scanned with CamScanner 14. 15. 16. 47. Figure 2 In which position should your eyes be to get the correct readings using a spring balanog as shown in Figure 2? ED) Vivateing Which of the following statements is true? ‘A The mass of a person is greater at the equator than at the North Pole. B The mass of a person is greater at the North Pole than at the equator. © The weight of a person is greater at the equator than at the North Pole. D The weight of a person is greater at the North Pole than at the equator. EE) Rotating Which of the following units can be used to measure mass? 1 Newton MW Kilogram ML Milligram, A only © Mand Il only B llonly D I,lland it [EDD Attiouting Figure 3 shows how a pair of external calipers. is used to measure the thickness of 300 pages of a book. Lt Os Figure 3 What is the thickness of one page of the book? A. 0.006 mm B 0.06 mm © 0.08 cm D 0.6 cm EDD AnaiysingFigure 4 48. What is the area of the irregular shape as shown in Figure 4? A 29cm? B 58 cm? C 116 cm? D 160 cm? EBD) Analysing Eureka: can Sting Metal —| Figure 8 19. What is the volume of the piece of metal as shown in Figure 5? A 463 om? B 9.52 cm? © 46.3 cm? D 95.2 cm? ED) Atrioutng 20. Figure 6 shows a set of apparatus used to determine the volume of a cork. String. -—eureka ae can Sem [-Measuring Ee] cvinder |_weter Figure 6 Which of the following statements is true? 1 The volume of the string can be ignored. Il The volume of the water displaced is the ‘same as the volume of the cork and stone. Scanned with CamScanner 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. ll The cork and stone must be completely immersed in water. A land Il only B | and It only © land ill only D |, Mand i [EDD wokeng ntoronces Which of the following instruments is the most suitable for measuring 3.5 om? of a liquid accurately? A Pipette B Syringe © Beaker D Measuring cylinder ED) Rolatng ‘What was the unit of mass in the olden days? A Kilometre B Mile © Pound D Inch EBD) atibuting One inch is the same as 2.5 centimetres. There are 12 inches in one foot. How many centimetres are there in 4 feet? A 10 © 120 B 100 D 1200 ED) Anoiysing Why is it important to measure quantities using standard units? A The measurements will be easily taken, B The measurements will be misunderstood. © The measurements will be confused. D The measurements will be accurate. EBD) Attnbuting Which of the following statements is true about standard units? 1 Standard units can be converted to other units. The gram is the standard unit for mass. Ill Metric units are the standard units in use now. A Lonly B Ill only © | and Ill only D |, tland ill [ED Rotting PSS Serres 115:1. Figure 1 shows a common laboratory apparatus. Figure 1 (2) Name the apparatus. (b) What is it used for? (c) Describe the color of non-luminous flames produced by the apparatus. (d) Compare non-luminous flames with luminous flames from the following aspects. (i) Temperature (ii), Amount of soot (e) Suwat used the apparatus for an activity. The flame produced was yellow. Suggest one reason for this observation. Nn Figure 2 shows a measuring cylinder. Figure 2 16] ctor to Serer Scanned with CamScanner(a) What is the function of the measuring cylinder? (b) Wicha placed a piece of white paper behind the measuring cylinder when taking a reading during an experiment. Is this a correct thing to do? (©) Give one reason for your answer in (b).. (d) Can the measuring cylinder be used to measure the volume of mercury in a small beaker? (e) Explain your answer in (d). 3. Ake found a bottle of chemical in the laboratory with the symbol as shown in Figure 3. (a) What does the symbol mean? (b) What would happen if someone accidentally drinks its content? (c) Give an example of the chemical that might be kept in this bottle, Fodts'emortemeon Hl 117 Scanned with CamScanner