MATERIAL

STRUCTURE &
INTERATOMIC
BONDING

PUAN SURNIZA BINTI MOHD HILMIN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FUNDAMENTAL OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE

❑All material things are made from atoms.

❑Every atom is made of a nucleus consisting of

protons and neutrons.
 The nucleus is surrounded by electrons.

 Protons and electrons are oppositely charged.

 Neutrons have no charge.

FUNDAMENTAL OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Particle Charge
Proton Positive
Neutron Neutral
Electron Negative
 FUNDAMENTAL OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
Atomic mass (A) = sum of masses of protons and neutrons
Atoms = nucleus (protons and neutron) + electrons
 Atom: An atom is the basic unit of an element formed for all
materials whether in solid, gas or liquid.

Element: A combination of two or more of one kind of atoms

bonding together. Elements are pure substances incapable of
further division and consisting of particles formed entirely from
TERMINOLOGY one type of atom

Mixtures: Various / different kinds of atoms combined

together but not chemically bond. Mixtures can be
heterogeneous or homogenous forms of matter. Its components
are easily separated. Example : Sea Water – water & salt ;
Steel – Iron & Carbon; Brass – Copper & Zinc

Compounds: Various kinds of atoms are combined chemically.

Example : Water (H2O), CO2, NaCl
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

MATTER

PURE
MIXTURES
SUBSTANCE

ELEMENTS COMPOUND HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS

Classification of matter
 ELEMENT PERIODIC TABLE
All the elements have been classified according to electron
configuration in the periodic table.
ELEMENT PERIODIC TABLE
Atomic Number & Atomic Mass

Atomic Number
Atomic numbers represent the number of
protons in one atom of the element.

Symbol of Element
Explains name of the element.

Atomic Weight
A sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus
Name of Element
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Electron shells
Electrons are arranged in shells or orbits around the nucleus.
Maximum number
There is a definite arrangement of the electrons in these shells and a maximum
number of electrons possible in each shell.
Shell or Orbit Number
1
Shell or Orbit Number 1 2 2 3 4 5
Maximum Number of Electron 2 8 8 18 18
2
3
4
5

The most electrons possible in the first shell are 2. After the first shell is filled, the second shell
starts filling up, according to the number of positive charges in the nucleus. The most allowed
in the second shell is 8 electrons. Then the third shell starts to fill.

Filling order complicated

After the second orbit or shell is filled, things start to get complicated. The third shell
fills until it gets to 8, and then the fourth shell starts adding electrons until it too has
8 electrons. Then the third shell fills until it gets to 18.
ELEMENT SEQUENCE IN ELEMENT PERIODIC
TABLE
Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table

The horizontal rows of elements

on the periodic table are called

PERIODS.
ELEMENT SEQUENCE IN ELEMENT
PERIODIC TABLE

Each PERIOD will contain the

same number of shell.

PERIODS.
ELEMENT SEQUENCE IN ELEMENT
PERIODIC TABLE

Example: Hydrogen (H) and Helium

(He) in the 1st PERIOD has one
shell.
Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table

Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) in

the 1st period has one shell.

SHELL
 Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table
The vertical
columns
are called

GROUPS
 Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table
The same electron valence will
grouped in a same GROUP
because contains the same
chemical characteristic.

GROUPS
 Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table

Example: Lithium (Li) and

Natrium (Na) in the 1st GROUP
has one electron valence

GROUPS
 Element Sequence in Element Periodic Table

Electron
valence:
One electron electron that
valence situated at the
outermost shell

*Natrium also
known as
Sodium
 ➢ Chemical properties of an atom depends on the number
of electrons in the outer shells of atoms, called atomic
valence.

➢ Electrons increases from 1 to 3, the properties of metallic

elements become less and less.

➢ The number of electrons will increase and it will be a

FEATURES OF non-metallic properties.
PERIODIC
TABLE ➢ The elements have the same number of electrons in the
outer shell will be included in the same group.

➢ The elements in the same group have similar chemical

properties.

➢ Elements in group 1 have 1 electron in outer shell, the

elements in group 2 have 2 electrons in the outer shell.

➢ Each column have the same number of shells.

 Classification any Give an information
of an element
elements (metal, non-
metal, noble gas). (arrangement, atomic THE IMPORTANT
number and weight)
OF
ELEMENT
PERIODIC
Expecting /predict a
TABLE
new element which still Analyze and
in research as well as understand the
its characteristic reaction between
(mechanical properties, elements (reactivity,
electrical and thermal corrode, etc.).
conductivity, etc.)
 ATOMIC BONDING

ATOMIC
BONDING

PRIMARY SECONDARY

IONIC COVALENT METALLIC HYDROGEN DIPOLE

 Covalent bonding
PRIMARY
BONDS Ionic bonding

Metallic bonding
PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
 PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
- the outer orbit of each atom possesses seven electrons (electron valence)

Cl

Chlorine electron configuration:

2:8:7
 PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
- the outer orbit of each atom possesses seven electrons (electron valence)

Cl 7 electron valence

Chlorine electron configuration:

2:8:7
 PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
- each chlorine atom would like to gain an electron and form a stable octet (8
electron valence)

Cl 7 electron valence

Chlorine electron configuration:

2:8:7
 PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
- this can be done by sharing two electrons between pairs of chlorine atoms

Cl Cl
 PRIMARY BONDS

a. Covalent Bonding
As an example is found in the chlorine (Cl) molecule
- each atom contributes one electron for the sharing process

Cl Cl
PRIMARY BONDS
• Covalent Bonding

• This bonding is very strong for

example is diamond which very
hard and high melting point.

• Is formed when electrons are

shared between atoms

• Covalent bonds are between

non-metals and non - metals or
hydrogen and non - metals
PRIMARY • b. Ionic Bonding

BONDS • Ionic bonding is the force of attraction

between the opposite charges of an ion.

• It occurs between nonmetallic and metallic

elements by transferring the electrons from
atom that have positive charge to the atom
that have negative charge
• One element in an ionic bond loses
electrons.
• Another element must gain the electrons.
 Primary Bonds

b. Ionic Bonding

Some atoms lose electrons to make the outside energy levels become more
stable. Example: Natrium Chloride (NaCl)

Natrium electron Chlorine electron

configuration: configuration:
2:8:1 2:8:7
Na Cl
1 electron 7 electron
valence valence
 Primary Bonds

b. Ionic Bonding

Example: Natrium Chloride (NaCl)

Na donate / transfer it’s one electron valence to Cl so they both could have stable octet

Natrium electron Chlorine electron

configuration: configuration:
2:8:1 2:8:7
Na Cl
1 electron 7 electron
valence valence
 Primary Bonds

b. Ionic Bonding

Example: Natrium Chloride (NaCl)

Na donate / transfer it’s one electron valence to Cl so they both could have stable octet

Natrium electron Chlorine electron

configuration: configuration:
2:8 2:8:8
Na Cl
8 electron 8 electron
valence valence
PRIMARY • Ionic Bonding

BONDS
• Have much higher melting and boiling
points than covalent compounds.
• Materials bonded this way are usually
brittle with poor electrical conductivity.
 • c. Metallic Bonding

• Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic

interaction between delocalized electrons,
called conduction electrons and gathered in an
"electron sea", and the metallic nuclei within
metals .
PRIMARY BONDS
• The metal atoms lose their outer electrons to
form metal cations. (pronounced as “cat-ions”)

• A metallic bond is non-directional (bonds form

in any direction) – atoms pack closely
 Metallic Bonding

• The electrons from all the metal atoms form a

"sea" of electrons that can flow around these
metal cations.

• These electrons-described as delocalised

electrons.

• Delocalised means "not fixed in one place" or

PRIMARY BONDS "free to move".

• Metal have low ionization energies, thus they

do not have a tight hold on their valance
electron.
METALLIC BONDS
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METALLIC Crystalline: atoms are situated in a
repeating or periodic array over large
CRYSTAL atomic distance, upon solidification the
atoms will position themselves in a
STRUCTURE repetitive three-dimensional pattern.
a solid composed of atoms, ions or
molecules arranged in a pattern that is
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS repeated in three dimensions.
 Solid material are formed in to two types of crystal
structure which are:

METALLIC a. Crystalline structure

Atoms are arranged in a regular manner in the form of a 3-

CRYSTAL D pattern obtained by repetition of certain pattern unit.

All metals are crystalline structure in room temperature

STRUCTURE b. Non-crystalline structure (Amorphous structure)

Non-crystalline structure also called amorphous
structure have neither reticular nor granular structure.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
It shows short range orderness in their structure.
For example glass and plastic.

Physical Classification
of Materials

Non Crystalline
Crystalline
(Amorphous)
 • UNIT CELL: a unit cell is the
METALLIC smallest basic portion of the crystal

CRYSTAL lattice that, repeatedly stacked

together in three dimensions, can
STRUCTURE generate the entire crystal structure.

• LATTICE : a 3-D of point in space. Each

point must have identical surrounding
Space
lattice
 • A crystalline material is arrangement of atom repeated
in a large periodic distance. It is a small group of

METALLIC
pattern and repeating entities which called unit cells.
The properties of these type of materials depend on the

CRYSTAL crystal structure. The common crystal structure found in

STRUCTURE metals are:

Simple cubic

Body centered cubic

Face centered cubic

Hexagonal close-packed
 METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Simple Cubic (SC)

There is an atom at each of the

eight corners of a cube

Simple Cube
Number of atom: 8 atoms from the corner x 1/8 = 1 atom
METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

There is an atom at each corner and

at center of cubic unit cell
Example:-
Chromium, Cr
Alpha Ferrite, -Fe
Molybdenum, Mo

Body- Centered Cubic (BCC)

8 atoms from corner X 1/8 = 1 atom
1 atom in the center = 1 atom
TOTAL number of atom = 2 atoms
METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Atoms are located at each of the corners and

on the centers of all the faces of cubic unit cell.
Example:-
Copper, Cu
Aluminium, Al
Silver, Ag
Gold, Au

Face Centered Cubic (FCC) Structure

8 atoms from the corner X 1/8 = 1 atom
6 atoms of the face X½ = 3 atoms
TOTAL number of atom = 4 atoms
 METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

HCP is one more common structure of metallic

crystals
Example:-
Cadmium, Cd
Magnesium, Mg
Zink, Zn
Titanium, Ti

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) structure

12 atoms from the corner X 1/6 = 2 atoms
2 atoms of the face X ½ = 1 atom
3 atoms in the middle = 3 atoms
TOTAL number of atom = 6 atoms
 METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Such as
cromium,
Such as salt molibdenum,
Na Cl titanium,
tungsten
Simple Cube Body Centered Cube (BCC)
8 atoms at unit cell x 1/8 = 1 atom
8 atoms at unit cell x 1/8 = 1 atom
1 atom center = 1 atom
Total 2 atom

Such as Such as
aluminum, beryllium,
copper, magnesium,
gold, nickel zinc

Face Centered Cube (FCC) Hexagonal closed packed (HCP)

8 atoms at unit cellx 1/8= 1 atom 12 atoms at unit cell x 1/6 = 2 atoms
6 atoms at face x ½ = 3 atoms 2 atoms at face x 1/2 = 1 atom
Total 4 atoms 6 atoms at side x 1/2 = 3 atoms
Total 6 atoms