Operating System Concepts
Course Code: CSC 2209 Course Title: Operating Systems
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 01 Week No: 01 Semester: Spring 22-23
Lecturer: Shakila Rahman;
[email protected] Lecture Outline
1. Computer System
2. Abstract View of Computer Components
3. What Operating Systems Do
4. Defining Operating Systems
5. Computer System Organization
6. Computer-System Operation
7. Interrupt
8. Computer Startup
9. Interrupt Handling
10. Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Computer System
❑ Computer system can be divided into four components:
❑ Hardware – provides basic computing resources
❑ CPU, memory, I/O devices
❑ Operating system
❑ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
❑ Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources
are used to solve the computing problems of the users
❑ Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
❑ Users
❑ People, machines, other computers
Abstract View of Computer Components
What Operating Systems Do
❑ Depends on the point of view
❑ Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
❑ Don’t care about resource utilization
❑ But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep
all users happy
❑ Operating system is a resource allocator and control program making
efficient use of Hardware and managing execution of user programs
❑ Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
What Operating Systems Do (cont’d)
❑ Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,
optimized for usability and battery life
❑ Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition
❑ Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
❑ Run primarily without user intervention
Defining Operating Systems
❑ Term OS covers many roles
❑ Because of myriad designs and uses of OSes
❑ Present in toasters through ships, spacecraft, game
machines, TVs and industrial control systems
❑ Born when fixed use computers for military became
more general purpose and needed resource
management and program control
Operating System Definition (cont’d)
❑ No universally accepted definition
❑ “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good
approximation
❑ But varies wildly
❑ “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part of the
operating system
❑ Everything else is either
❑ a system program (ships with the operating system, but not part of the kernel) , or
❑ an application program, all programs not associated with the operating system
❑ Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also include middleware – a set
of software frameworks that provide addition services to application developers such as
databases, multimedia, graphics
Computer System Organization
❑ Computer-system operation
❑ One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
❑ Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
Computer-System Operation
❑ I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
❑ Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
❑ Each device controller has a local buffer
❑ Each device controller type has an operating system device driver
to manage it
❑ CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
❑ I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
❑ Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
❑ Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
❑ Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
instruction
❑ A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused
either by an error or a user request
❑ An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Timeline
Computer Startup
❑ bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
❑ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware
❑ Initializes all aspects of system
❑ Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Interrupt Handling
❑ The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing
registers and the program counter
❑ Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
❑ Polling interrupt (CPU keeps polling at regular intervals if a device
is ready)
❑ vectored interrupt (I/O device requests for attention)
❑ Separate segments of code determine what action should be
taken (for each type of interrupt)
Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Books
❑ Operating Systems Concept
❑ Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
❑ Edition: 9th
References
❑ Operating Systems Concept
❑ Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
❑ Edition: 9th
