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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer system structure and operating systems. It discusses how a computer system is divided into four main components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It defines the operating system as a resource allocator and control program that manages system resources and execution of programs. The document also describes how computer systems are organized with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices connected via a common bus, and how interrupts allow concurrent execution of the CPU and devices competing for memory access.

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12 views12 pages

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer system structure and operating systems. It discusses how a computer system is divided into four main components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It defines the operating system as a resource allocator and control program that manages system resources and execution of programs. The document also describes how computer systems are organized with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices connected via a common bus, and how interrupts allow concurrent execution of the CPU and devices competing for memory access.

Uploaded by

Prabhu R
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CS8493-OPERATING SYSTEMS

UNIT-I

Lecture1:
Computer System Overview

Staff Incharge
Mr.R.Prabhu AP/CSE
Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four
components:
◦ Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
◦ Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
◦ Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
◦ Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use and good
performance
◦ Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or
minicomputer must keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have
dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources
from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
Operating System Definition

 OS is a resource allocator
◦ Manages all resources
◦ Decides between conflicting requests
for efficient and fair resource use
 OS is a control program
◦ Controls execution of programs to
prevent errors and improper use of the
computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
 No universally accepted definition
 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating
system” is a good approximation
◦ But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
 Everything else is either
◦ a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
◦ an application program.
Computer Startup

 bootstrap program is loaded at


power-up or reboot
◦ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM,
generally known as firmware
◦ Initializes all aspects of system
◦ Loads operating system kernel and
starts execution
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
◦ One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory
◦ Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles
Computer-System Operation
 I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently
 Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
service routine generally, through the interrupt
vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of
the interrupted instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated
interrupt caused either by an error or a user
request
 An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Handling
 The operating system preserves the state of
the CPU by storing registers and the program
counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has
occurred:
◦ polling
◦ vectored interrupt system
 Separate segments of code determine what
action should be taken for each type of
interrupt
Interrupt Timeline

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