INTRODUCTION
• The design of a machine foundation is more complex than that of a foundation
which supports only static loads. In machine foundations, the designer must
consider, in addition to the static loads, the dynamic forces caused by the
working of the machine. The designer should, therefore, be well conversant
with the method of load transmission from the machine as well as with the
problems concerning the dynamic behaviour of the foundation and the soil
underneath the foundation.
• Depending on the nature of the dynamic loads imposed, machine may be
divided into two groups
1) Those with periodic disturbing forces that produce forced vibration in the
foundation. This includes machine with parts that exhibit uniform rotation
(turbine and electric motors) or a reciprocating motion (piston compressors
and pumps)
2) Those with percussive action that cause free vibration in the system. This
includes machine having impact type working members (pile drivers,
moulding machines) or components that exhibit nonuniform motion (rolling
mills and forging rolls)
• Machine foundations are classified as monolithic, walled, or frame type,
depending on the structural design.
• The materials chosen for machine foundations are mostly concrete and
reinforced concrete. Precast foundation including pile foundations with a
high grillage are also common in industrial construction practise. Precast
structures are suitable mainly for mounting machines having well balanced
moving parts, such as turbines. Small machines, machine tools, and other
equipment are often mounted directly on a concrete floor, with no special
foundation; in such cases the floor structure is strengthened with
reinforcements.
• In order to reduce the harmful effect of vibrations, elastic shock absorbers
and dampers may be built into the foundation structure.
• Design calculations for machine foundations must take into account the
elastic properties of the ground, the magnitude of the static and dynamic
loads from the machine, the design features of the machine, and other
factors.
TYPES OF MACHINES
Machines may be grouped as follows :
1) Machines producing impact forces, e.g. Forge hammers, presses.
2) Machines producing periodic unbalanced forces, e.g. Reciprocating
engines, compressors.
3) High speed machines, e.g. Turbines, rotary compressors.
4) Other miscellaneous machines.
Based on the operating frequency, the machines may be grouped as follows:
1) Low speed : frequency, 0-300 rpm
2) Medium speed : frequency, 300-1000 rpm
3) High speed : frequency, greater than 1000 rpm
TERMINOLOGY
1) AMPLITUDE
The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its mean position or
position of static equilibrium.
2) PERIOD
The time period in which the motion repeat itself.
3) CYCLE
The motion completed in one period is the cycle of motion.
4) VIBRATION
Time dependent repeating motion of translational or rotational type of any
body possessing mass and elasticity is termed as vibration.
5) FREE VIBRATION
Vibration of a system, when it is displaced from its equilibrium position
and left free to vibrate.
6) FORCED VIBRATION
Vibration of a system, when an external force, generally periodic , is
impressed on the system.
7) FREQUENCY
The rate at which a motion is repeated in a vibrating system, expressed in
radians/seconds, cycles/second or revolutions/min or Hz.
a) NATURAL FREQUENCY
The frequency at which a system vibrates under the effect of forces
inherent in the system.
b) OPERATING FREQUENCY
The frequency at which a machine is operating.
c) RESONANT FREQUENCY
The frequency at which the maximum response occurs in a system
subjected to steady state, forced vibrations.
d) FREQUENCY RATIO
The ratio of the operating frequency to the natural frequency of a system.
8) MODE OF VIBRATION
A characteristic pattern assumed by a system in which the motion of
every particle is simple, harmonic, with the same frequency.
9) PERIODIC
When the system in motion crosses the equilibrium position at definite
intervals of time.
10) APERIODIC
When there is non-regularity of the system in crossing its equilibrium
position during motion.
11) STEADY STATE
When a system is under a sinusoidal forced vibration and the response of
the system is also sinusoidal.
12) TRANSIENT
When a system is subjected to a sudden velocity.
13) RESONANCE
When the frequency of the exciting force equals the natural frequency of
the foundation- soil system, the condition of resonance is reached. At
resonance, the amplitude of a vibrating system is the maximum.
14) Degree of freedom: Number of independent coordinates required to
define a vibratory system.
15)Damping: Damping is associated with energy dissipation and is the internal
resistance offered by a foundation system to the vibration of machine.
a) Viscous damping: When force of damping is directly proportional to the
instantaneous velocity of the oscillating system, it is called viscous
damping. It may also function of displacement or stress.
b) Coulomb or dry friction damping: This type of damping force occurs in the
sliding of dry surfaces. The damping force is constant during motion and
opposite to the motion. ( )
c) Internal damping: This kind of damping is due to the internal friction of
materials. This is also referred to as material or solid or hysteretic
damping
d) Non viscous damping: It is due to the fluid resistance.
Damping constant (c): Constant of proportionality relating force of damping
with instantaneous velocity of motion.
Critical damping (cc ): The magnitude of damping at which the motion of the
system changes from periodic to aperiodic for single degree of freedom
system.
Damping factor: The ratio c/cc of the system is known as damping factor.
CASES OF VIBRATION
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF M/C
FOUNDATION
1) There should be adequate factor of safety against shear failure.
2) Settlements should be within permissible limits.
3) The combined centre of gravity of machine and foundation should as far as
possible be in the same vertical line as the C.G of the base plane.
4) There should be no resonance, hence the natural frequency of foundation soil
system should be either too large or too small compared to the operating
frequency of machine. For low speed machine, the natural frequency should be
high & vice-versa.
5) The amplitude under service condition should be within permissible limits.
Vibration amplitude should not damage to machinery which is specified by
manifacturer. To avoid damage to neighbouring bldg max. amplitude for
reciprocating machine should be less than 200µm at operating frequency below
20 Hz. For impact type machine permissible amplitude for foundation is 1 to 2
mm.
6) Machine foundation should be taken to a level lower than the level of the
foundation of adjoining building.
7) Ground water table should be as low as possible because it is good conduction of
vibration waves.
8) Machine foundation should be separate from adjacent building components by
expansion joints.
9) Foundation should be protected from machine oil.
10) Whenever possible the natural frequency of foundation soil system shall be higher
than the highest disturbing frequency but f/fo should not be less than 0.4. If this is not
possible than fn of foundation soil system is kept lower than the lowest disturbing
frequency & f/fn should not be less than 1.5. The above criteria are for reciprocating
machines.
Modeling and Analysis
Every foundation designer is dealing with machines weighing several tonnes and is required to
design the foundation having dimensions of several meters but amplitudes restricted to only few
microns. The designer therefore must clearly understand the assumptions, approximation and
simplifications made during the modeling and must recognise their influence on the responce.
Undamped free vibration
Damped free vibration
Undamped forced vibration
Damped forced vibration
FORCED VIBRATION WITH DAMPING
Response of a single degree damped system under
constant force excitation
Response of single degree damped system under
rotating mass type excitation
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
The various parameters influencing the design of machine foundation are
1) Centre of gravity
2) moment of inertia
3) mass moment of inertia
4) effective stiffness of base support
5) damping
The effective stiffness of base support includes stiffness of soil and that of
other elastic supports provided under the foundation like rubber pad, cork
sheets, spring coils etc.
For soil principally based on which the effective stiffness of soil under a
machine foundation can be evaluated. According to elastic half space
theory requires shear modulus (G) and poission ratio (µ) which are related
with stiffness of soil in various mode of vibration. The theory based on
undamped linear spring analogy proposed by Barken requires following soil
parameters.
6) Mass: When a machine vibrates, some portion of the supporting soil mass
is also vibrates. The vibrating soil is known as the participating mass or in-
phase soil mass. Therefore, the total mass of the system is equal to the
mass of the foundation block and machine (mf) and the mass of the
participating soil (ms). Thus,
m= mf + ms
ms is usually related to the mass of the soil in pressure bulb and varies from 0
to mf.
7) Spring stiffness (k):
(a) Laboratory method: From triaxial test, the slope of stress-strain curve is
E. Alternatively, the shear modulus (G) is determined conducting
torsional shear test and then
Then the stiffness of the supporting soil,
(b) Barken’s method
Also kz = CuA
(C) From modulus of subgrade reaction
kz = kvA, Kv = vertical modulus of subgrade reaction
8) Determination of natural frequency of foundation soil system and max.
Amplitude (Barken’s method)
Where fn = natural frequency
f1 = operating frequency
DETERMINATION OF SOIL-SPRING
CONSTANTS
Soil spring constants can be estimated from several in situ and laboratory
tests. The following methods are used for in situ determination of the
dynamic properties of the soil.
(a) Cyclic plate load test
(b) Plate vibration test
(c) Free vibration test
(d) Wave propagation test
(a) Coefficient of elastic uniform compression ( ): It is the ratio of external
uniform pressure to the elastic part of the settlement.
(b) Coefficient of elastic uniform shear ( ) : It is the ratio of average shear
stress at the foundation contact area to the elastic part of the
displacement in sliding.
(c) Coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear ( ) : It is the ratio of the
external moment applied to the vertical axis to the product of polar
moment of inertia of contact area of base of foundation and the angle of
rotation of the foundation.
(d) Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression ( ) : It is the ratio of
compressive stress and elastic non uniform compressive deformation
for a given under dynamic loading conditions .
BLOCK VIBRATION TEST
Test Pit : A test pit of suitable size depending upon size of block should be
made. The size of pit may be 3 m * 6 m at the bottom and a depth
preferably equal to proposed depth of foundations. The test should be
conducted above the ground water table.
Test Block : A plain cement concrete block of M-15 concrete should be
constructed in the test pit. The size of the block should be selected
depending upon the sub-soil conditions. In ordinary soils it may be
1m×1m×1.5m and in dense soils it may be 0.75m×0.75m×1m. The block
size should be so adjusted that the mass ratio
is more than unity. The concrete block should be cured for at least 15 days
before testing. Foundation bolts should be embedded into the concrete
block at the time of testing for fixing the oscillator assembly.
Test Set-up : Vibrator exciter should be fixed on the concrete block and
suitable connection between power supply, speed control unit, should be
made as shown in fig. Any suitable electronic instrumentation may be
used to measure the frequency and amplitude of vibrations
CYCLIC PLATE LOAD TEST
In the cyclic plate load test, the magnitude of load is maintained constant
till the settlement of the test plate is complete. The load is then released
to zero and the plate allowed to rebound. The reading of final settlement
is taken. The load is then increased to next higher magnitude of loading
and maintained constant till the settlement is complete, which again is
recorded. The load is then reduced to zero and the settlement reading
taken. The next increment of load is then applied. The cycles of loading,
unloading and reloading are continued till the required final load is
reached. From the load-settlement data, a graph is plotted between load
intensity p and elastic settlement Se. The slope of the load intensity –
settlement data is the coefficient of elastic uniform compression.
where, P = load intensity in KN/ m^2
= elastic rebound corresponding to P, in m or cm
is expressed in KN/ m^3
DESIGN METHODS
The methods available for design of machine foundations are:
1) Empirical methods
2) Methods considering soil as a spring
3) Methods considering soil as a semi-infinite elastic solid and its equivalent
lumped parameter system
APPARENT SOIL MASS METHOD : The method is based on the assumption that a
certain mass of soil vibrates along with the foundation. This mass is called
mass ‘m’ of the soil and in all equations of motion the mass m of the
foundation is replaced by m + m’. For example, the equation for natural
freq. For one degree of freedom becomes:
The method has however, declined in acceptability because the concept of
apparent mass and quantitative evaluation is not well established yet.
BARKAN METHOD: This method ignores the effects of ‘damping ‘ and
considers the soil as a linear weightless spring.
For vertical translatory mode, the coefficient of elastic uniform compression may
be defined as the compressive stress which causes a unit elastic uniform
compression for a given area:
Where, = elastic settlement under stress p
P = total load
A = loaded area
Thus
The equation of motion for vertical vibration, neglecting damping, can be written
as:
The circular natural frequency along the vertical z – axis is given by:
The vertical max. Amplitude is obtained by substituting c = 0
And
Where, = circular operating frequency
The coefficient of elastic uniform compression is calculated from
The coefficient for actual base area of the machine foundation ( ) is
calculated from
ELASTIC HALF SPACE METHOD : The elastic half space method is based on
the wave propagation nature of vibration and is the only known technique
for including spatial damping. The soil is considered to be a semi – infinite,
homogeneous, isotropic elastic solid, and also called the ‘elastic half space’.
For analysis, the foundation is assumed to be circular with radius ro resting on
the surface of the soil mass. If the foundation is equidimensional but not
circular, the radius of an equivalent circular area, i.e. Is used.
The analysis is carried out by introducing the following dimensionless
parameters:
1) Frequency factor where,
2) Mass ratio
3) Amplitude factors (a1 ,a2)
, for constant force FO excitation
, for rotating mass (m1eω12) excitation
LUMPED PARAMETER METHOD : In this approach, the soil is assumed to
be homogeneous, isotropic and elastic material, but to take into account the
effect of the variables, all the inertia present in the actual system is
represented by a single ‘equivalent mass’ m, while ‘equivalent damping
constant’ c and ‘equivalent spring constant’ k, respectively, represent all of
the damping and flexibility present in the actual system. The system is called
a “lumped” system, because these quantities are lumped together in each
category in order to simplify the basic equations of dynamic equilibrium.
The equation of motion for such a system described by:
Where m, c, and k are equivalent lumped parameters of mass, damping and
spring constant respectively.
The equation of motion for the vertical motion of the rigid circular footing is
expressed as,
The computation for obtaining the basic design data of resonant frequency and
amplitude of vibration for vertical mode are made in the following order:
1) Combined mass of machine and foundation:
2) Equivalent radius
3) Spring constant
4) Undamped natural frequency
5) Mass ratio
6) Damping ratio
7) Resonant frequency
for constant force excitation;
for rotating mass excitation
8) Amplitude of unbalanced force at resonance: Fo or
9) Static foundation displacement
or
10) Resonant amplitude:
Criteria for the design of machine
foundation
Methods of analysis
VERTICAL VIBRATIONS OF A BLOCK
FOUNDATION
Consider a foundation block of base contact area A embedded upto a
depth Df below the ground level. The block is acted upon by a vertical
unbalanced force Pz given by
For simplicity, it is assumed that the block is located at the ground level such
that there is no embedment, that is Df = 0. Further the subsoil is assumed
to be replaced by an equivalent spring with spring constant kz . Thus the
machine foundation soil system is analogous to the spring mass system.
Assuming that an unbalanced force acts through the centre of gravity of the
block and by neglecting damping, the equation of motion of the system is
= P0 sinωt
The natural frequency of the system is
The amplitude of motion is given by
The max. amplitude of motion is given by
FOUNDATION FOR RECIPROCATING
TYPE MACHINES
DESIGN CRITERIA
1) The foundation structure of machine shall be isolated at all levels from the
main building and from other foundations as far as possible.
2) Overhanging cantilevers where unavoidable shall be designed to ensure
rigidity against vibration.
3) All machine foundations shall satisfy two fundamental criteria; that
resonance does not occur between the frequencies of the pulsating loads and
natural frequency of foundation/soil system and also the amplitude of
vibration does not exceed safe limits.
4) Frequency Ratio — Wherever possible the natural frequency of the
foundation soil-system shall be higher than the highest disturbing frequency
and the frequency ratios shall not be normally less than 0.4.
Concrete Foundation Design
Normally concrete block foundations are designed for reciprocating machines.
Both the foundations and machines are usually taken as a single body resting on
an elastic bedding. (Subsoil or resilient mounting). The foundation is subject to
oscillations at determinable frequencies in six degrees of freedom.
• Pile foundations may be used in cases where the soil conditions are unsuitable to
support block foundation or when natural frequency of the block foundations
needs to be raised in cases where it is impossible to alter dimensions or when
amplitudes or settlement or both need to be reduced.
• Cellular foundations may be used in special cases where it is necessary to
maintain the rigidity of a block foundation but with mass saving of concrete.
Wherever possible provision shall be made in cellular foundations to add mass by
filling the voids to adjust the natural frequency of foundation block provided this
does not result in additional settlement
FOUNDATION FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
(HAMMER FOUNDATION)
DESIGN CRITERIA
General Considerations — The hammer foundation shall satisfy the following
requirements :
a) The design of the entire foundation system shall be such that the centres of
gravity of the anvil and of the foundation block, as well as the resultants of
the forces in the elastic pad and the foundation support, act as far as
practicable so as to coincide with the line of fall of the hammer tup. While
determining the centre of gravity of the foundation block the weight of the
frame and of the tup shall also be considered.
b) The foundation shall be so designed that the induced vibrations in the
structures nearby are within the safe limits fixed for them.
c) In case any important structure exists near the foundation, the amplitude
of the foundation should be adjusted so that the velocity of the vibrations
at the structure does not exceed 0.3 cm/s
d) The mass of the anvil is generally 20 times the mass of the tup. The mass of
the foundation block ( Wb ) shall be at least 3 times that of the anvil.
FOUNDATION FOR ROTARY TYPE MACHINE
(MEDIUM & HIGH FREQUENCY)
The following classification shall apply to machines based on their operating speeds:
Medium frequency 25 Hz < fm < 50 Hz
High frequency >= 50 Hz
Structural Analysis:
Free vibration analysis: This shall be carried out to calculate the natural frequencies
and mode shapes of the foundation. The highest natural frequency calculated should
be at least 10 percent higher than the operating frequency of the machine. Damping
may be neglected for the purpose of free vibration analysis.
The following frequency criteria shall be checked:
The fundamental natural frequency shall be at least 20percent away from the machine
operating speed.
that is, fn < 0.8 fm or fn > 1.2fm
where
fn = fundamental natural frequency of the foundation, and
fm = operating speed of the machine.
However, it is preferable to maintain a frequency separation of 50 percent.
Forced Vibration Analysis
Forced vibration analysis shall be performed at the operating speed and also at
frequencies corresponding to certain selected modes for transient resonance. The
calculated displacement shall be checked against the specified criteria.
A sinusoidal forcing function of the form
F(t) = F0 sin (ωt + φ) shall be used for analysis.
Design
Fatique Factor
A fatique factor of 2 shall be used for the dynamic forces caused by normal unbalance.
Grade of Concrete
The following grades of concrete shall be used:
Top deck : M 20 or higher grade
Columns : M 20 or higher grade
Base mat : M 20 or higher grade
Construction Joints
The base mat shall be cast in a single uninterrupted operation. Properly designed
construction joints shall be provided between the base mat and columns and between
columns and the top deck. Construction joint may also be provided approximately
at the mid-height of columns if the length of the column exceeds 8 metres. The top
deck shall be cast in a single uninterrupted operation.
FOUNDATION FOR ROTARY TYPE MACHINE (LOW
FREQUENCY)
In this, the design and construction of foundations, such as block foundations,
framed foundations and other similar supported constructions of reinforced
concrete for the installation of rotary machines of speeds up to 1 500 rev/min.
Some typical machines of this type are crushing mills, pumps, motor
generators, compressors and rolling mill stands.
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Isolation: To avoid transmission of vibration to adjoining parts of buildings or
other foundations, it is necessary to provide a suitable isolation between the
equipment foundation and the adjoining structures. This may commonly be
achieved by providing sand trench around the foundation block, the thickness
and depth of which shall be determined for each individual case. As a rule, the
equipment foundation shall not be allowed to serve as a support for other
structures or for machineries not related to the particular equipment.
• Frequency Distance — Natural frequency of the foundation system shall be
such as will avoid resonance with the operating speed of the machine, and
amplitudes of vibrations
should be kept below the values given in Foundations for low frequency
machines shall preferably be so designed that natural frequencies are much
higher than the operating frequency of the machine. The natural frequency of any
foundation should not preferably within 20 percent of the operating speed of the
machine.
Permissible Amplitudes: On the strength of data gained by experience so far, it is
possible to state that if no resonance is to occur in adjoining structure, the
amplitudes of vibrations of a foundation at the upper edge shall not exceed 0.20
mm in both directions. This amplitude is stated only as a guide to evaluate the
adequacy of the foundation.
foundations. The design value for the permissible amplitude of vibrations may be
increased by 30 percent.
Permissible Stresses: Concrete of M15 or higher shall be used for foundations.
Soil — The soil stress below the foundations under dead loads only shall not
exceed 80 percent of the allowable bearing pressure for static loading determined
in accordance with IS : 6403-1981
FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT MACHINES OTHER THAN
HAMMER
This deals with the design & construction of block type foundation of
reinforced concrete for the installation of the following machines:
a) Forging Sheet Metal and Stamping Presses
b) Scrap breakers or pig breakers, and
c) Jolters
Design criteria
• To avoid transmission of vibration, no part of the machine foundation shall
be allowed to have a rigid contact with parts of adjoining structures. For
best isolation, a gap is recommended between parts of the machine
foundation and adjacent structures
• In case it becomes necessary to support unimportant parts of a
neighbouring structures, sensitive to vibration measures shall be taken to
make a resilient connection using rubber, cork, falt or any other soft
resilient material.
Overhanging cantilever supports for walkways shall be avoided as far as
possible. Where unavoidable, they shall be designed to ensure adequate
rigidity against vibrations.
General provisions for design:
a) The centre of gravity of the machine as well as the foundation shall
preferably lie on the same vertical line passing through the centroid of the
base area.
b) The natural frequency of the foundation soil system (ωn ) shall not be a
whole number multiple of the operating frequency of impact ( ωm ). To avoid
resonance, the following inequality relation is suggested.
EXAMPLES
1) Determine the natural frequency of a machine foundation having a base
area 2m ×2m and a mass of 15 Mg, including the mass of the machine.
Taking cu = 4*104 KN/m3.
= 103.28 rad/sec
2) The natural frequency of a machine foundation is 4 hertz. Determine its
magnification at the operating frequency of 8 hertz. Take damping factor
(D) as 0.30.
3) The exciting force of a machine is 100 KN. Determine the transmitted force
if the natural frequency of the machine foundation is 3.0 Hz. Take D = 0.40
and the operating frequency as 5 Hz.
4) Determine the coefficient of uniform compression if a vibration test on a
block 1m * 1m * 1m gave a resonance frequency of 30 Hz in the vertical
direction. The mass of the oscillator used was 60 kg.
Mass of foundation block = (1×1×1) × 2400 = 2400 kg.
Total mass = 2400 + 60 = 2460 kg
5) Assuming resonance to have occurred at the frequency of 22
cycles/second in a vertical vibration of a test block, 1.0×1.0×1.0 m size,
determine the coefficient of elastic uniform compression. The mass of
oscillator is 62 kg and the force produced by it at 12 cycles per second is
981 N. Also compute the max. Amplitude in vertical direction at 12
cycles/second
= 2π × 22 = 44π
Mass of vibrator = 62 kg
Mass of foundation block (concrete) = 1×1×1×2400 = 2400 kg
m= 62+2400 = 2462 kg, A = contact area of foundations = 1 m2
𝐶𝑢 × 1
, we get 2π × 22 =
2462
Cu = (44π)2(2462) = 47042798 N/m3
Fo = total load produced in vertical direction = 981N ; r2 = (12/22)^2 = 0.3
981
𝐴𝑧 = = = 3 * 10-5 m = 0.03 mm
2462 × 44𝜋 2 1 − 0.3
7) Resonance occurred at a frequency of 22 cycles per second in a vertical
vibration test of a block 1.0×1.0×1.0 m. Determine the coefficient of elastic
uniform in compression of the soil. Given that the mass of the oscillator in 65
kg and that the force produced by it at 12 cycles per second is 10kN. Also
compute the amplitude in vertical direction at 12 cycles per second.
= 2π(22) = 44π ; Mass of vibrator = 65 kg
Mass of test block of concrete = 1x1x1x 2400 = 2400 kg
m = 2465 kg
Now
= (44π)2(2465)/1 = 47100120 N/m3
r = 12/22 = 0.5455 ; r2 = 0.2975
𝐹𝑜 10000
Amplitude , 𝐴𝑧 = 2 (1−𝑟 2 ) =
𝑚𝜔𝑛 2465×(44𝜋)2 ×(1−0.2975)
= 3.022× 10-4 m = 0.3022 mm
8) Assuming resonance to have occurred at a frequency of 30 cycles/sec. In a
vertical vibration of a test block 1.0×1.0×1.0 m, determine the coefficient of
elastic in compression. The weight of the oscillator is 800 N and the force
produced by it after 15 cycles is 1500 N. Compute the maximum amplitude in
the vertical direction at 15 cycles per sec. Weight of test block is 24 KN/m3.
= 2π(30) = 188.5
Mass of vibrator = 800/9.81 = 81.5 kg
Mass of block = (1×1×1×24) 1000/9.81 = 2446.5 kg
Total mass m = 81.5 + 2446.5 = 2528 kg
= 2528(188.5)2/1 = 89.8 × 106 kg/m3
r= f/fn = 15/30 = 0.5 ; r2 = 0.25 ; Fo = 1500 N
= 2.23 × 10-5 m = 0.0223 mm
9) A machine having a total weight of 2000 KN has an unbalance such that it is
subjected to a force of magnitude 5000 KN at a frequency of 600 rpm. What
should be the spring constant for the supporting springs if the maximum force
transmitted into the foundation due to the machine is to be 500 KN? Assume
that the damping can be neglected.
m = W/g = 2000 (1000)/9.81 = 2.0387 × 106 kg
Transmitted force
Where r = frequency ratio = f/fn = ω/ωn ; D = damping ratio = 0 (given)
for D = 0
Fo = exciting force = unbalanced force = 5000 KN
FT = Force transmitted = 500 KN
Hence, 500 or 1 – r2 = 10
From which r = 3 = f/fn = ω/ωn
But ω = 600 rpm = 10 r.p.s.
ωn = ω/3 = 10/3 = 3.33 r.p.s
Now, = 2.038 × 106 (3.33)2 = 22.65 × 106 kg/ sec2
= 22.65 × 106 N/m
