PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PBL)

Report on

“ ADVANCES IN WASTEWATER”

Submitted by

Mr.PATHAN FAIZANKHAN ARSHADKHAN ( PNR.No.- 72175707D)

Mr. ROHIT SANDEEP RAJARSHI ( PNR.No.- 72175720M)
Mr. JAY VASANT MANANI ( PNR.No.- 72175693L)
Mr. NARENDRA RAMACHANDRA PATIL ( PNR.No.- 72175710D)
Mr. PATHAN ASIM ZAKIR (PNR.NO.- 72175706F)
Mr. ATHARV BALASAHEB DESHMUKH ( PNR. NO.- 72175654L)

Guided by

Mr. SURAJ W. JAGTAP

 ADVANCES WASTEWATE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SINHGAD EDUCATION SOCIETIE’S

RMD SINHGAD SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, WARJE ,PUNE-411058

SINHGAD EDUCATION SOCIETIE’S

RMD SINHGAD SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, WARJE ,PUNE-411058

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Based Learning work entitled

“ ADVANCES IN WASTEWATER”

Submitted by
Mr.PATHAN FAIZANKHAN ARSHADKHAN ( PNR.No.- 72175707D)
Mr. ROHIT SANDEEP RAJARSHI ( PNR.No.- 72175720M)
Mr. JAY VASANT MANANI ( PNR.No.- 72175693L)
Mr. NARENDRA RAMACHANDRA PATIL ( PNR.No.- 72175710D)
Mr. PATHAN ASIM ZAKIR (PNR.NO.- 72175706F)
Mr. ATHARV BALASAHEB DESHMUKH ( PNR. NO.- 72175654L)

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Second Year of Civil Engineering student have satisfactorily completed work under the guidance
of Prof. Mr.SURAJ W. JAGTAP as a part of curriculum of Savitribai Phule Pune University,
during second semester of the academic year 2020-21.

Dr. Mrs. Pratibha Alandkar Dr. V.V. Dixit

(HOD) ( Principal)

Place: Pune.
Date:

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ABSTRACT

By the year 2050 it is anticipated that the Earth's population will exceed 9 billion. To meet the

basic needs of the population we need technology to deliver secure and safe sources of water

for production of food and energy. Water reclamation, recycling, and reuse address these

challenges by resolving water resource issues and creating new sources of high-quality water

supplies. One of the most challenging aspects of a sustainable sewage treatment system design is

the analysis and selection of the treatment processes and technologies capable of meeting the

requirements. This paper reviews various technologies of waste water treatment and describes

the process of selection of suitable technology based on certain established criteria.

Keywords: Waste water; treatment; technology;

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

Certificate 2

Abstract 4

Contents 5

List of Tables 21,22 & 23

List of Figures 14,16,17,19 & 20

1 Introduction 6-9

1.1 Introduction of The Topic 6

1.2 Selection Of Technology 7

1.3 Significance of work 8

2 Literature Review 10-12

3 Methodology 13-23

3.1 General 13

3.1.1 Activated Sludge Process 14

3.1.2 Moving Bed Bio Reactor 15

3.1.3 Sequencing Batch Reactor 16

3.1.4 Up-flow Anearobic Sludge Blanket 18

3.1.5 Membrane Bio Reactor 19

3.2 Comparative Analysis Of Technologies 20

4 Conclusion 24

5 References 25-26

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of the Topic:

One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate

access to clean water and sanitation [1]. By the year 2050 it is anticipated that the Earth's

population will exceed 9 billion. To meet the basic needs of the population we need technology

to deliver secure and safe sources of water for production of food and energy.[2]. Communities

across the world face water supply challenges due to increasing demand, drought, depletion and

contamination of groundwater, and dependence on single sources of supply. Water reclamation,

recycling, and reuse address these challenges by resolving water resource issues and creating

new sources of high-quality water supplies [3].There exist a number of significant barriers and

impediments to the widespread implementation of water reuse. These include the need for

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innovative technologies, technology transfer, and novel applications; the need for public

education and increased public acceptance; lack of available funding for water reuse projects;

and the need for support by suitable legislations and regulations. One of the most challenging

aspects of a sustainable sewage treatment system design is the analysis and selection of the

treatment processes and technologies capable of meeting the requirements. The process is to be

selected based on required quality of treated water. Other than the cost of treatment, effluent

quality,process complexity, process reliability, environmental issues and land requirements

should also be evaluated and weighted in selecting the suitable technology. This paper is a

compilation of the literature review conducted on various technologies of waste water treatment

available today, and describes the process of selection of suitable technology based on certain

established criteria.

1.2 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY

Selection of technology for waste water treatment depends on

the following parameters:

1. The use to be made of treated effluent

2. Nature of waste water

3. Compatibility of treatment process

4. Available means of ultimate disposal of contaminant

5. Environmental and economic feasibility

The use of treated effluent, for example for drinking or cooking, demand the extent of treatment

required to be very high, so that whatever constituents present in the system will have to be

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removed. The nature of waste water refers to the characteristics of the influent that in turn

depends on the constituents in the waste water or its level of contamination.Compatibility of

treatment process refers to the suitability of a process for a particular circumstance or particular

type of waste water. Similarly the available means of ultimate disposal of contaminants is also

important since many of treatment technology generate some secondary pollutants which need

further attention for their safe disposal. The environmental feasibility refers to the impact of a

particular technology on the environment in terms of the pollution that it creates during its

operation or due to the storage or disposal of the generated waste. The economic feasibility is

also important as the cost involved in getting the effluent of the required quality would decide

whether it is worth adopting a particular technology.

1.3 Significance of Work :

Look at a global drought map and you will see that many areas of the world simply do

not have enough water. All communities, especially areas with water scarcity, need to ensure

they have good water treatment processes in place so that treated water can either be reused or

returned to the water cycle, but never wasted.

Wastewater can include contaminants from both residential and commercial use.

Untreated, the chemical compounds and pathogens in wastewater can harm the health of

animals, plants and birds that live in or near the water. It can also contaminate crops and

drinking water, affecting human health. Wastewater treatment is fundamental to protect the

health of many different ecosystems.

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Wastewater, properly treated, is a source of water for many purposes. Good

wastewater treatment allows the maximum amount of water to be reused instead of going to

waste.

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CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Research Article Estimating the value of improved wastewater treatment: The case

of River Ganga, India byEkin Birol, Sukanya Das Journal of Environmental Management 91

(11), 2163-2171, 2010

In this paper we employ a stated preference environmental valuation technique, namely

the choice experiment method, to estimate local public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for

improvements in the capacity and technology of a sewage treatment plant (STP) in

Chandernagore municipality, located on the banks of the River Ganga in India. A pilot choice

experiment study is administered to 150 randomly selected Chandernagore residents and the

data are analysed using the conditional logit model with interactions. The results reveal that

residents of this municipality are willing to pay significant amounts in terms of higher monthly

municipality taxes to ensure the full capacity of the STP is used for primary treatment and the

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technology is upgraded to enable secondary treatment. Overall, the results reported in this

paper support increased investments to improve the capacity and technology of STPs to reduce

water pollution, and hence environmental and health risks that are currently threatening the

sustainability of the economic, cultural and religious values this sacred river generates.

2) Reaserach Article Analysing water-energy-GHG nexus in a wastewater treatment

plant of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India by,Rajhans Negi, Munish K Chandel

Environmental Research 196, 110931, 2021

Developing nations are advancing towards improving municipal wastewater treatment

infrastructure. However, there have been limited efforts in these countries to understand Water-

Energy-GHG nexus for sustainable wastewater treatment. This study evaluates operational

energy, total embodied energy and corresponding GHG emissions of a widely implemented

municipal wastewater treatment technology in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India. Data for

wastewater inflow, total energy consumption and materials used in the unit processes of the

treatment plant were collected and analysed. Direct GHG emissions from the plant were

estimated using the method proposed by the intergovernmental panel for climate change

(IPCC). The energy embodied within the materials used in the construction and operations of

the plant was estimated using country-specific information. The results show that the energy

intensity for plant operation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 0.23 ± 0.05

kWh/m3 of wastewater treated and 1.12 ± 0.77 kWh/kg of COD removed, respectively. The

embodied energy in chemicals and building materials during the plant's life cycle contributed

19% of the total embodied energy. Wastewater inflow with specific average energy

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consumption in wet-well pumping and blowers showed a negative and positive correlation,

respectively. The total GHG emissions (direct and indirect) from the plant were ~0.22

kgCO2eq/m3 of wastewater treated. The study presents the energy accounting of a wastewater

treatment system and extensive analysis of infrastructural data, which is scarcely accessible and

available in developing countries

3) A Review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-

economical approach by,Nitin Kumar Singh, AA Kazmi, Markus Starkl Water Science and

Technology 71 (4), 468-478, 2015

As a solution to the shortcomings of centralized systems, over the last two decades

large numbers of decentralized wastewater treatment plants of different technology types have

been installed all over the world. This paper aims at deriving lessons learned from existing

decentralized wastewater treatment plants that are relevant for smaller towns (and peri-urban

areas) as well as rural communities in developing countries, such as India. Only full-scale

implemented decentralized wastewater treatment systems are reviewed in terms of performance,

land area requirement, capital cost, and operation and maintenance costs. The results are

presented in tables comparing different technology types with respect to those parameters.

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CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY

3.1General

Waste water treatment is performed by adopting different processes. The processes

have been classified according to removal of various constituents from waste water. These

involve removal of - organic and inorganic, colloidal and suspended solids, dissolved organic

constituents, dissolved inorganic constituents and biological constituents.

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3.1.1 Activated Sludge Process

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is the most common suspended growth process

used for waste water treatment. In this process, waste water containing organic matter is

aerated in an aeration basin in which micro-organisms metabolize the suspended and soluble

organic matter. Part of organic matter is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized to CO2

and water to derive energy. In activated sludge systems the new cells formed in the reaction are

removed from the liquid stream in the form of a flocculent sludge in settling tanks. A part of this

settled biomass, described as activated sludge is returned to the aeration tank and the remaining

forms waste or excess sludge (Refer Fig. 1)

Activated sludge plant involves:

1. Waste water aeration in the presence of a microbial

Suspension

2. Solid-liquid separation following aeration

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3. Discharge of clarified effluent

4. Removal of excess biomass, and
5. Return of remaining biomass to the aeration tank.

It is provided with primary clarifier to reduce the organic load in biological

reactor (aeration basin). About 40% of organic load is intercepted in primary clarifier in the
form of sludge, decreasing the loading in the aeration tank. Detention period in aeration tank is
maintained between 4 to 6 h. After aeration tank, the mixed liquor is sent to secondary
clarification where ludge and liquid are separated. A major portion of the sludge is re-circulated
and excess sludge is sent to a digester.

In case if the sludge generated in primary clarifier and excess sludge from
secondary clarifier are not matured, digestion of such sludge is essential before disposal. In
anaerobic sludge digestion, such sludge produces biogas which can be used for power
generation by gas engines. Generated power can be used for operation of plant [4].

3.1.2 Moving Bed Bio Reactor

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor is an aerobic attached biological growth process. It

does not require primary clarifier and sludge recirculation. Raw sewage, after screening and

degritting, is fed to the biological reactor. In the reactor, floating plastic media is provided which

remains in suspension. Biological mass is generated on the surface of the media. Attached

biological mass consumes organic matter for their metabolism. Excess biological mass leaves the

surface of media and it is settled in clarifier. Usually a detention time of 5 to 12 h is provided in

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the reactors (Refer Fig. 2).

MBBR utilizes the whole tank volume for biomass growth. It also has a very low
head-loss. Contrary to the activated sludge reactor, it does not need any sludge recycle. This is

achieved by having the biomass grow on carriers that move freely in the water volume of the
reactor and that are kept within the reactor volume by a sieve arrangement at the reactor outlet.
The reactor may be used for aerobic, anoxic or anaerobic processes [5].

3.1.3 Sequencing Batch Reactor

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a fill and draw type activated sludge system.
In this system waste water is added to a single batch reactor, treated to remove undesirable
components, and then discharged. The conventional activated sludge system and SBR process
are the same but the difference between the two technologies is that the SBR performs

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equalization, biological treatment and secondary clarification in a single tank using time
controlled sequence. Equalization, aeration, and clarification can be achieved using a single
batch reactor (Refer Fig. 3).

The sequential batch reactor (SBR) process is a cyclic activated sludge treatment
process. Multiple reactors are provided to treat the wastewater in batches. Sequencing batch
reactors will be operated to oxidize carbonaceous BOD, nitrify the ammonia and denitrify to
reduce total nitrogen to a level that meets the permit limits. All treatment processes including
equalization, aeration, denitrification, and sedimentation and decanting occur in the SBRs
eliminating the need for separate clarification and return activated sludge systems [6].

All the SBR systems have five steps in common, which are carried out in sequence as follows.

Fill: waste water flows in to the reactor and mixes with the biomass already present in the

reactor. Filling of influent can be varied to create the condition like static fill, mixed fill, and
aerated fill

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React: Depending on the conditions applied: anaerobic, anoxic or aerobic reactions, substrate
present in the waste water are consumed by the biomass.

Settle: After sufficient time of reaction, aeration and mixing is stopped and biomass is allowed to
settle from the liquid resulting in clear supernatant.

Decant: Clear supernatant (treated waste water) is removed from the reactor.

Idle: This is the time between cycles which is used to prepare the SBR for next cycle. It is also
used to adjust the cycle time between the SBR reactors. Sludge wasting is also performed
during this phase.

3.1.4 Up-flow Anearobic Sludge Blanket

Nowadays, carbon emission and therefore carbon footprint of water utilities is an

important issue. In this respect, we should consider the opportunities to reduce carbon footprint

for small and large wastewater treatment plants. The use of anaerobic rather than aerobic

treatment processes would achieve this aim because no aeration is required and the generation

of methane can be used within the plant. High-rate anaerobic digesters receive great interests

due to their high loading capacity and low sludge production. Among them, the upflow

anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors have been most widely used [7]. Upflow Anaerobic

Sludge Blanket (UASB) is an anaerobic process in which influent waste water is distributed at

the bottom of the reactor and travels in an up-flow mode through the sludge blanket. Critical

components of UASB design are the influent distribution system, the gas-liquid-solid separator

(GLSS) and effluent withdrawal design. Compared to other anaerobic processes, UASB allows

the use of high hydraulic loading(Refer Fig. 4).

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3.1.5 Membrane Bio Reactor

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, which combines biological-activated

sludge process and membrane filtration has became more popular, abundant, and accepted in
recent years for the treatment of many types of wastewaters, whereas the conventional activated
sludge (CAS) process cannot cope with either composition of wastewater or fluctuations of
wastewater flow rate. MBR technology is also used in cases where demand on the quality of
effluent exceeds the capability of CAS. Although MBR capital and operational costs exceed the

costs of conventional process, it seems that the upgrade of conventional process occurs even in
cases when conventional treatment works well. It can be related with increase of water price
and need for water reuse as well as with more stringent regulations on the effluent quality. Along
with better understanding of emerging contaminants in wastewater, their biodegradability, and
with their inclusion in new regulations, MBR may become a necessary upgrade of existing
technology in order to fulfill the legal requirements in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)

[8].Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR) for waste water treatment is a combination of a suspended
growth biological treatment method, usually activated sludge, with membrane filtration

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equipment, typically low-pressure microfiltration (MF) or ultra filtration (UF) membranes. The
membranes are used to perform the critical solid-liquid separation function. In activated sludge
facilities, this is traditionally accomplished using secondary and tertiary clarifiers along with
tertiary filtration. It is a biological reactor with a suspended biomass. The solid-liquid separation

in membrane bioreactor is achieved by a microfiltration membrane with pore sizes ranging from
0.1 to 1.0 μm. No secondary clarifier is used and has the ability to operate at high MLSS
concentrations. Air is introduced through integral diffusers to continually scour membrane
surfaces during filtration, which facilitate mixing and in some cases, to contribute oxygen to the
biological process. (Refer Fig. 5)

3.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGIES

In the process of choosing the most suitable technology, it is necessary to compare

different features of the technologies as well as their performance.
The following table (Table I) gives the important considerations for selection of waste
water treatment processes.

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The pros and cons of technologies are compared against the weighted significance of
each of the criteria. The following table (Table II) gives a comparative analysis of the
technologies that were described in the previous section.

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A comprehensive analysis portraying the positive aspects of the most important factors is
performed to get the following result as given in Table III.

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CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION

Water recycling and reuse has been recognized as a key approach to alleviate

water shortage. It is understood that one fourth of global population faces economic water

scarcity resulted from poor management of the sufficient available water resources. Hence

proper management in water recycling and reuse is required to provide the best solution to

water crisis. The conventional methods used for the treatment of waste water do not provide the

effluent of the required quality. It is therefore required to employ advanced waste water

treatment methods which would significantly improve the performance of treatment plants and

the production of high quality effluent suitable for various reuse applications.

Various advanced technologies such as ASP,MBBR, SBR,MBR and UASB

have been studied and an analysis of these methods in terms of their performance to achieve

certain criteria has been presented. Serving the world population with adequate drinking water

and sanitation is an important prerequisite, not only to hygienic safety, but also to prosperity.

Hence to meet the basic needs of the population which is anticipated to be more than 9 billion

by the year 2050, technological advancement in water recycling and reuse which will surely

deliver secure and safe sources of water for production of food and energy, is imminent.

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REFERENCE

1. Mark A Shannon, “Science and technology for water purification in the coming
decades”, World Scientific Publishing Co., 2009, pp.337-346..

2. John W.Finley, James N.Seiber, SatinderAhuja, “The Need for Water Reuse”, Food
Energy and Water, 2015, pp. 431-447.

3. G. Wade Miller, “Integrated Concepts in Water Reuse: Managing Global Water Needs”,
Desalination,2006, pp. 67-75

4. Vinod Tare, “Sewage Treatment in Class I Towns: Recommendations and Guidelines”,

Report (Code 003-GBP-IIT-EQP-S&R-O2-Ver1), 2010.

5. Bjorn Rusten ate al, “ Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm
reactors”, Aquacultural Engineering,Science, Vol. 34,2006, pp.322–331.

6. H Shailaja, “Feasibilty Report on Sewage Treatment Plant”, Unpublished Report.

7. S Chong, T K Sen, A Kayaalp and H M Ang, “The Performance Enhancement of Upflow

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors for Domestic Sludge Treatment – A State of the Art
Review”, Water Research, Vol. 46, Issue 11, 2012, pp 3434-3470.

8. Jelena Radjenovi et al, “Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced Wastewater

Treatment Tecnology”, Enviormental Chemistry, Vol 5, 2008, pp37-110.

9. Vinita Dhupkar, “Optimization of Design & Technology for Sewage Treatment”,

National Conference on Energy and Environment, February, 2014

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