MODULE 2

ENERGY RESOURCES
 Energy Resources

• A natural resource that can be converted

by humans into other forms of energy in
order to do useful work.
• The sun is our most important energy
resource.

• It can be classified either non-renewable

or renewable.
Non-Renewable Energy Resources

• Energy resources that cannot be replaced

after they are used or can be replaced
only over thousands or millions of years.
 Coal
• Most of Earth’s coal began to form between 300
and 400 million years ago, when large swampy
forests covered much of the land.
• Over million of years, large volumes of plant
material fell into these swamps, where it was
covered by sediment and water before it could
decay.
• At first, this organic material was broken down
anaerobically into a wet, partially decomposed
mixture called peat.
• Over time, thick layers of sediment accumulated
on top of the peat.
• The higher the temperature and pressure caused
by the weight of these sediments forced much of
the water out of the peat and packed the carbon
compounds from the original plants closer
together, eventually forming coal.
 Coal
The different types of coal are:
• Lignite - A type of coal that is generally associated with younger
deposits that have not been subjected to as much heat and pressure
as other types of coal.
• Sub-Bituminous - Also called black lignite, generally dark brown to
black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal.
• Bituminous - Much denser than either sub-bituminous coal or lignite
because it was formed under higher heat and pressure.
• Anthracite - It is dark and shiny. It has the highest energy content of
all the types of coal. It is much less common than bituminous coal
and is usually found only at great depths.
Coal Production

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

Coal Consumption
 Oil
• Formed from the remains of microorganisms
that lived in shallow seas and coastal swamps
hundreds of millions of years ago.
• As these microorganisms died, they sank to
the bottom, forming thick layers of organic
matter.
• Over the course of tens of thousands of
years, this organic matter was buried under
layer after layer of sediment, where it was cut
off from oxygen and subjected to increasing
amounts of heat and pressure. These
conditions transformed the organic matter into
kerogen, a waxy substance that is a precursor
to oil and natural gas.
• Underground at depths of 2-3 miles and at
temperature above 200 Deg. F, kerogen
became crude oil.
Oil Production

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

Oil Consumption
 Natural Gas
• Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon
gases composed mainly of methane (CH4),
with smaller amounts of other gases such as
propane.
• It is colorless and odorless. However, gas
distributors add small amounts of sulfur-
containing chemical so that gas leaks can
be easily detected by the smell.
• It is usually associated with crude oil
reservoirs. Because gas is less dense than
crude oil, it tends to rise to the top of the
reservoir and become trapped just below the
cap rock that holds the oil in place.
• It can also be found in large quantities in
coal seams and sedimentary rocks such as
shale in the absence of oil.
Natural Gas Production/ Consumption

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

 Nuclear
• Nuclear power plants use low-enriched uranium
fuel to produce electricity through a process
called fission—the splitting of uranium atoms in a
nuclear reactor. Uranium fuel consists of small,
hard ceramic pellets that are packaged into long,
vertical tubes. Bundles of this fuel are inserted
into the reactor.
• A single uranium pellet contains the same energy
as a ton of coal, 3 barrels of oil, or 17,000 cubic
feet of natural gas. Each uranium fuel pellet
provides up to five years of heat for power
generation.
• When it comes to efficiency and reliability, no
other electricity source can match nuclear.
Nuclear power plants can continuously generate
large-scale, around-the-clock electricity for many
months at a time, without interruption.
 BNPP
• Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, BNPP is located in
Morong, Bataan and was built to supposedly generate
623 MW of clean energy.
• It took 10 years to build which began in 1976 costing
around $2.3 million but never completed.
• It is now in preservation after President Corazon Aquino
refused to activate it because of the Chernobyl disaster
in 1986.
Renewable Energy Resources

• Renewable energy, often referred to as

clean energy, comes from natural sources
or processes that are constantly
replenished.
 Solar

• Solar energy is the energy from the sun

that is converted into electrical energy.
 Wind

• Wind energy is the use of wind to provide

mechanical energy through wind turbines
to turn electric generators for electrical
energy.
 Hydroelectric

• Hydroelectric energy, also called

hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a
form of energy that harnesses the power
of water in motion—such as water flowing
over a waterfall—to generate electricity.
Distribution of Hydro Power Plants

No. of
Location Hydroelectric Capacity (MW) % Share
Power Plants
Luzon 66 2,537.265 70.11%
Visayas 10 21.3 0.6%
Mindanao 27 1,060.076 29.29
Total 103 3,618.469 100%
December 2017

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

 Types
No. of Homes
Hydro Category Power Range
Powered
Pico 0 – 5 kW 0–5
Micro 5 – 100 kW 5 – 100
Mini 100 kW – 1 MW 100 – 1,000
Small 1 – 10 MW 1,000 – 10,000
Medium 10 – 100 MW 10,000 – 100,000
Large 100 MW + 100,000+
Three Gorges Dam

Photo by CNN
 Geothermal

• Geothermal energy is heat derived within

the sub-surface of the earth. Water and/or
steam carry the geothermal energy to the
Earth’s surface.
 Types

• Dry Steam Power Plants

• Flash Steam Power Plants
• Binary Cycle Power Plants
 World Rank

According to IRENA
(International Renewable
Energy Agency) in 2019, the
Philippines was on the 3rd
spot worldwide for the largest
geothermal installed capacity.
Geothermal Projects
Geothermal Projects

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

 Biomass

• Biomass energy is energy generated or

produced by living or once-living
organisms. The most common biomass
materials used for energy are plants, such
as corn and soy.
Biomass Projects
Biomass Projects

Source: DOE, Department of Energy

 Tidal

• Tidal energy is a renewable energy

powered by the natural rise and fall of
ocean tides and currents.
 Tidal Project

• Philippines’ and the ASEAN region’s first

commercial ocean power plant deploying
tidal in-stream turbines in San Bernardino
Strait.
Energy Mix in the Philippines

Source: Eco-Business