Essay Language - Task 2

169

Introduction (Fact or attitude)

It is widely accepted that ... I t has become apparent that... / It is obvious that...

It is widely believed that... I t is absolutely imperative to ...

I t is widely argued that... I think it is right and proper that.. .

I t is widely acknowledged that ... It is reasonable to assume that...

It is g ene rally acknowledged ... I t is frequently asserted that ...

It must be admitted that. .. These days, it is noticeable that...

It is g enerally felt that... In many societies these days, people are concerned about...

It is unj ustifiable t o say that.. . There is growing concern about/ over ...

I t hink it is incredibly unfair to say that... There is considerable concern about/over...

It is hard to accept that ... Today people seem to be anxious ...

It is hardly acceptable to ex pect ... In today's world, ...is a matter of concern to many people ...

... is a generally acknowledged fact ... is regarded as the greatest threat t o ...

It is an incontestable fact that .. . These days, ... is considered as a worrying concern

I t is a proven fact that in today's society... There is a decline in the quality of...

It is a well-known fact that ... . .. is/ are likely to cause enormous damage to ...

It is an inescapable fact that... It is certainly true that there is an ala r ming lack of ...

It is a well-established fact ... The rate of ... is escalating alarmingly/. .. is on the increase

It would be difficult to imagine .../ It is inconceivable that ... Statistics show there is a sign ifica nt increase in ...

Perhaps the majority of people wou ld agree that... The last century witnessed an unprecedented increase in ...

Many people these days claim that... It should come as no surprise that...

It is certainly understandable that ... / It goes without saying ... It might be tempting to agree with .. .

There is no doubt that.../ No one doubts that. .. I think it is reasonable to say that ...

It cannot be denied that .. ./ It is undeniable that... There are certainly a number of accepted reasons ...

We cannot deny the fact that.../ There is no denying that... It is probably inevitable that...

No one can be sure ... Nowadays we hear that...

There is a genera l perception that... Our ever-increasing use of... has caused ...

No sensible person will deny ... Nowadays ... is/are becoming more widespread

It would seem that... / I t often seems that... The widespread use of ... has ca used / enabled ...

It is becoming more and more evident that. .. The increasing avai lability/use of...

There is incontrovertible evidence that ... There was widespread agreem ent...

There is irrefutable evidence that .. . It is quite common these days...f...is all-pervasive in our world today

There is indisputable evidence that ... ... is/are becoming increasingly common/ preva lent/ frequent

There is growing evidence that... . .. have/ has long been a common t hing

There is abundant evidence that ... In many countries these days ...

There is compelling evidence that... There is a tendency towards.../In spite of... people still tend to...

There is tangible evidence that... There is a growing/irresistible trend towards ...

There is ample evidence t hat ... The growing/increasing popularity of.../The growing significance of...

Anecdotal evidence suggests that... It is crystal clear that...is/are increasing in popular ity

There is conv incing evidence that ... . .. have/ has an important role to play in popularising ...

There is conclusive ev idence ... A growing number of people feel. ..

There is increasing scientific evidence that... The number of...is growing exponentially each y ea r

There is little evidence to prove (the fact that) .. . A growing number of people.. ./ There is a grow ing interest in ...

It is undoubtedly t rue to say ... The significance of... lies in the fact that...

It is probably true to say ... ... is/ are becoming increasingly sophisticated

It does seem t o be t rue t hat .. ./ It is certainly true that... More and more people thro ughout the world ...

It has been pointed out. .. In many countries around the world ...

Obviously, it is easy to understand ... ... is a matter of conside rable public concern
 Essay Language - Task 2
170

Introduction (Fact or attitude)

.. .is always the centre of attention/ ... is the main focus of attention In recent times .. ./In recent decades.. ./Until very( relatively) recently ...
... is/are doing irreparable harm/. .. cause(s) lifelong damage It is predicted/ anticipated/ estimated that...
One of the burning Issues of today's world ... Over the next few years...{The 2 1•• century witnessed ...

One of the scourges of the modern world ... In recent years/ In today's world/ In the near future ...

Most developing countries are now experiencing a/ an ... crisis In fact, ...is a rhetorical question

... is one the most serious challenges facing the world today ... is/are generally/ widely regarded as ...
The world is facing many unprecedented problems ... have/has long been known/recognised as...
In many parts of the world .. ./ It is important in today's world... ...is considered as a relatively new phenomenon

... is an Intractable problem confronting us in modern society ... is a phenomenon of the 21•1 century/ modern age

In today's globalised world ... ... have/ has transformed/ revolutionised the way/ methods ...

In many modern Industrialised societies... In fact, at the time, this subject matter was revolutionary

The challenges facing our world seem overwhelming, however... There has been a marked/ drastic change In attitudes towards...

One of the most conspicuous topics... The last two decades, have seen enormous changes in the way people ...

It is said that no subject is as controversial as... ls These days, a high degree of reliance on ... has caused ...

It is undoubtedly true that... Is one of today's issues ...would have been considered unthinkable only a decade ago

Many young people today... ...have/has made great Improvements in ...

According to a recent survey conducted/carried out... There have been significant developments in ...

This is a widely held belief... There are many firmly-held beliefs... Thanks to modern methods of ... people now are able to...

It is unfortunate/regrettable that.../It is an unfortunate fact that ... have/ has greatly facilitated people's lives
The advent of... have/has probably had the most significant
Human beings have long struggled with ...
effect on everyday life
The most pressing Issue... / ...continues to be a serious problem Revolutionary advances in the field of...

Most governments are showing great concern about... Considerable progress has been made in ...

... is/are of (vital/crucial/critical/decisive) importance Advancements in a field of.. ./ With recent developments in ...

.. .is/ are (absolutely) vital/essentlal/cruclal/critical/indispensable New developments in science ...

... is a question of fundamental importance ... is/are considered as a major technological breakthrough

When discussing ... it is important to consider... As technology advances, humans are becoming...

... is becoming the focus of many governments/authorities Technological advances in t he field of...

...is the matter of the greatest Importance... Scientific advances in the field of...

I n today's world ... is regarded as a top priority Rapid advances are being made in ...

I believe the concept of... is fundamentally correct Recent research has revealed that...

Nowadays, ... is/are characterised by/as ... Research indicates/demonstrates that.. ./Research has shown ...
The philosophy/theory/ concept/notion of ... Research has generally suggested .../ Most studies confirm that...
These days, ... have/has led to a biased Interpretation According to (official) statistics available on ...

It is a widely held misconception that... The research findings show that.../ Most researchers agree on ...

It is very difficult to explicate the term ' ..... .' Some studies have suggested/established that...

The term ' ..... .' is widely/ commonly used to describe... Numerous studies have shown ... /Most accredited experts say ...

The word ' ..... .' is used in different ways Researchers have claimed that ...
To many people the term ' ..... .' means .../ Many people define' ......'as... Scientists have warned that...

.... is a catch-all term t hat is frequently used to refer... Scientists have long observed ...

From a global/historical/economic perspective ... ' .. .' means ... It Is certainly true that...may have an important impact on ...

At the turn of the century ... {Throughout history ... In general ... ls/are adversely affected by...

For the past 100 years.../ Over the years... Most count ries spend large proportions of their budgets on ...

During the past century/ In the last century .. ./Over the last few centuries... Enormous/ vast amounts of money spent on ...

For decades/ For many years.. ./ For many hundreds of years ... To answer this question. It Is necessary to distinguish between ...

Over the last fifty years.../ Over fifty years ago ... There Is a fundamental difference between ... and ...
Over the last few decades.../ The past half century has seen ... There is a perennial dilemma between ... and ...
Essay Language - Ta sk 2 171

Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvant ages / For & Against )

An issue to be evaluated is whether the benefits of...are worth
There is a basic cont radiction between ...and ...
the costs
Whether... is a question that requires careful consideration In fact, these ideas are totally incompatible

The quest ion arises as to whether or not ... ... contradict(s) the idea that.../. .. and ...contradict each other
This issue may provoke a hostile response from opposition
Whet her (or not) ... remains a much debated question
arouos
A pertinent question to be considered is whether... is a positive Whether to accept ... (or not) has long divided people
or neqative development
The question is, under what circumstances ...is defensible The issue has polarised public opinion

Many questions remain about whether/ why/ how ... This controversial issue has attracted worldwide attention

A matter of debate is whet her (or not) ... is justifiable Matters of topical interest ...

It is highly debatable whether (or not) ...is reasonable ... have/ has attracted a lot of interest
The latest findings have generated a lot of discussions on this
It is disputed whether (or not) ... is moral/ethica l
issue
The problem comes from a collision between two opposing
It is arguable whether...is defensible (or not)
ooints of view
It is questionable whether... is acceptable (or not) Both sides regularly collide over policy decisions

One of the curial questions of today's world is whether cor not)... ...is a constant source of disagreement
. . has been a matter of interest whether the advantages Some people think that. .. is not a realistic option while others
outweigh the disadvantages (or not) are of the opinion that.. .
Opinions on the issue are divided, and my own considered
A controversial phenomenon of recent years is whether...
ooinion is that...
This is a subject that always causes controversy Experts hold widely differing v iews on this topica l issue

...has sparked a storm of controversy ... ... is a thought-provoking question . This question depends on ...

Today, controversy continues over whether/how/what/ why... ...is likely to remain an unresolved/ unsettled issue

Controversy exists as to whether/how/why/what... This question remains unanswered

A considerable controversy at present is ... Both views are highly contentious

Much controversy surrounds ... ...tends to be a complicated/complex/ knotty subject

Much debate has been generated by ...'s controversial paper ... is a highly emotive subject/issue
...is extremely controversial. There are strong views for and This argument encompasses a range of complex and
against... / I n fact, ...is due to the confrontation between ...and ... interconnected issues including ...
... is a sensitive issue which has provoked many discussions ...is a heated discussion

... has always been a matter of heated debate There is often a debate over whether/how/why ...

...has long been the subject of intense debate ...is a challenging question

People have a heated argument about whether/ how/ why ... ... is a divisive issue and known as a source of discord
People argue a lot nowadays about whether ( or not) ... ...is a highly contentious subject/ ...remains a point of contention

Strong arguments exist in support of both sides of this debate ... is a subject of considerable debate; and more controversially ...

There are both positive and negative sides to this decision ...is a long-running dispute/ bat t le

There are advantages and disadvantages to ... ...is a subject of wide-ranging debate
This issue has aroused strong feelings among ... This issue poses some challenging questions

The debate has aroused strong feelings on both sides There is wide disagreement on this issue

There are a number of different points of view on this issue The fundamental dilemma over... lies/ remains ....
This argument has been put forward by many experts, most
...have/has aroused a lot of adverse criticism
notablv bv Dr/Prof ...
Some people think... is/are helpfu l whilst others are of t he
...attracted a lot of criticism, both positive and negative
ooinion that...servels) no useful ouroose
The supporters of... think that ... serve(s) the interests of
There are certainly both benefits and drawbacks to ...
...whi le others t hink... is/are of no benefit to ...
Some people think ... could be of great benefit to...and offer(s) many
There are strong arguments for and aga inst... advantaaes while others believe...is/ are of no real value for ...
People have opposing views about the advantages and
There are strong emotions on both sides of the debate
disadvantaaes of t his verd ict
The antagonism between opposing sides has caused ... The debate is centred around two conflicting theories
People have different views about the merits and demer its of
There is a growing antipathy towards the idea of...
this olan
... is an issue which frequently generates a great deal of heated People have conflicting views about the advantages and
debate/ The issue of... is still hotlv debated bv researchers disadvantaaes of this olan
The issue remains hotly disputed There are numerous arguments for and against...

There has always been a great deal of widespread opposition to... The topic must be opened up for general discussion
 Essay Language - T ask 2
172

Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvantages / For & Against)

However, there are people who believe that the advantages Some people strongly agree with the opinion that.../ Most
of... are far greater than its disadvantages people share the view that...

There is evidence both to su pport and refute the view that ... The advantages are numerous. The positive points gained
from ...outnumber the neaat ive asoects
This issue ... has attracted great attention and ... has long
The positive points of... shou ld be acknowledged
divided scholars
A subject of broad interest is whether/how/why ... Very often this positive aspect is taken for granted

A topic of broad interest. .. This important aspect conspicuously neglected by ...

Another ang le on th is debate suggests that ... The deficiencies in this argument are easy to spot

It is important to settle the differences by ... Negative side effects of ... can occur and include ...

I n fact , there are a few minor inconsistencies in this argument This claim makes little sense especially ...

This attitude is perfectly understandable/definable/recognisable Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other

There is often a conflict of interests between ... and ... I find this claim unjustified in two respects

This bitter dispute between the two groups has led to ... There is considerable concern about...

The argument over ...will probably continue for ever There are doubts about the usefulness of...

There is room for argument about ... By contrast it is said that this argument is m isguided

Both arguments can be valid provided ... It cannot be denied that it may cause many problems

In fact, this argument can be applied to other contexts The research findings do not validate the claim made by ...

There are people who are (totally/fundamentally) opposed t o... The disadvantages of...are too numerous to mention

It is obvious that the advocates are growing in number This theory seems to have no basis in fact

There are telling points, but the argument is by no means over This argument has structural defects

There are subjective judgments about ... There is no scientific basis to t his method
This view is subjective and therefore open to disagreement There is no logical basis for t his claim . There is no logic in ...
The views which are expressed are diametrically opposed on This view point is flawed/ This argument has fundamental flaws
this issue
There is widespread support for ... Researchers found th is explanation t o be highly implausible

The supporters strenuously defend the theory of ... These claims are completely unfounded

They state clearly ... ; substantiating their claims... These claims seem to be complet ely baseless
This is obviously of mutual benefit to ... ... have/ has been justifiably criticised

... have/has a wide range of benefits There is a widespread criticism.. ./ I th ink It is a valid criticism
...can be very conducive to... There are certainly convincing explanations to evaluate this subject
I n the face of such crit icism, proponents of ... have responded in
Of course, the positive points should not be overlooked
a number of ways
Opinions are mixed regarding .../ People have mixed feelings
about. ../ There has been a mixed reaction to ... Scient ists have raised strong crit icisms of...
They set out some powerful arguments which will shape our
It is said that. ..help(s) most people in quite a lot of ways
thinkina for vears
Admittedly, ... hold(s) certain advantages over... This aspect can sway the public opinion in a negative direction

... result(s) in immediate and sign ificant benefits In contrast, there Is considerable disagreement over...

There are many advantages to ... I think there is no defensible basis for th is argument
There is always a degree of uncertaint y surrounding the fu t ure
... have/ has brought about real advantages to ...
of ...
... is a problematic situat ion as there is always a degree of
Add to this positive point, we ca n benefit ...
ambiauitv surroundina t he conceot of...
The results of ... substantlated the claims There is growing apprehension that ...

... is a positive development/ trend The disadvantages of... should not be neg lected
There are basically three schools of t hought regarding the issue
This agreement would be advantageous to both sides
of...
Many people assume that...is/are beneficial Several explanations have been offered for the issue of...

... has/have brought about great advantages to... ... Is a very convincing argument
There is widespread agreement on this subject. Most specialists
There are many people who are for ...
are unanimous on this Issue
These policies have been widely advocated ... This is a perfectly valid question t o ra ise
The idea of ... is st rongly supported by ... I tend t o side with those who think...

I can see no flaw In the argument Some people claim that It is a feeble argument

The significance of...is appreciated by the supporters of... The opponents query the decision ...
Essay Language - Task 2
173

Balanced ( Advantages & Disadvantages / For & Against)

The opponents set out their objections to this issue It is important to consider the pluses and minuses of...
It is difficult to confirm or disprove ... This essay covers the most important aspects of the debate

It is necessary to counter negative images with positive images This essay evaluates the positive and negative points of this Issue

This is a view echoed by many veteran/seasoned campa igners I will briefly address each argument

The theory has now been disproved by ... This essay emphasises the controversy surrounding ...

This hypothesis is often refuted by ... The arguments for and against ... will be discussed
The opponents challenge the theory of... This is the subject which has aroused a lot of controversy ...

The debate tends to be one-sided This essay deals with this thorny issue

There is a strong bias In favour of/against. .. This essay will discuss both sides of this issue

These views on ... are quite objectionable I n this essay, t he arguments surrounding ... will be analysed

They tend to agree to t he proposal in principle but ... This essay deals with th is controversial issue
There is an argument for each side, the final answer comes
In this essay, I will try to put forward some of these arguments
down to a matter of oersonal choice
In support of the opinion that ... it could be argued that... This essay touches upon this disputable issue

... have/has been disputed for centuries The aim of the essay is to elucidate the main points of the Issue

These claims are often unsupported by research findings The essay covers much broader aspects of this issue
This essay deals with this controversial topic from a different
In some senses, the criticisms are justified
perspective
The theory is based on several erroneous beliefs/assumptions This essay will look at the reasons for and against ...
In this essay, the main reasons for and against. .. will be
The opponents hold a number of mistaken beliefs ...
examined
An unsubstantiated cla im ... The main objective of this essay is to discuss the pros and cons
of...
Both groups have very definite ideas on how ... In this essay, both viewpoints for and against... will be
discussed
The advantages are stronger than the disadvantages Below are a number of points that suggest...
The problems caused by ... continue to outweigh its advantages In this essay, the pros and cons of... will be discussed

We must weigh the benefits of...agalnst the risks involved in ... In this essay, both aspects of this issue will be elaborated
In this essay, both sides of this argument will be
We must weigh up the pros and cons of...
comorehensivelv discussed
We should appraise the ga ins and losses of this decision This essay attempts to deal with both viewpoints
In this essay, I will explain the issue in great detail This essay assesses these arguments

Advantages ( Linking expressions)

' -
The most obvious advantage (of) ... Another positive outlook on this issue ...
The greatest advantage (of) .../ A big advantage (of) ... The strength of such a method is that...
An obvious positive point... One positive attitude towards this subject...

Another benefit obtained from ... An additional merit (of) ...

One the most important advantages ( of) ... The next positive aspect I would like to consider...

The most significant benefit (of) ... With regard to social/economic matters, a great advantage ...
From a social/cultural point of view, the main advantage ( of) ... The last benefit gained from ...

By far the most important advantage ( of) ... A final advantage of...
-
Disadvantages ( Linking expreulons) - J

On the minus side .../The greatest weak point/ weakness Another danger/ threat/challenge/risk posed by ...
One major disadvantage/ drawback associated with ... A common pitfall ...

An inherent weakness in such a decision ... One major shortcoming (of)...

Another negative aspect ( of) ... A severe disadvantage (of) ...

Another negative point ( of) ... A further criticism...

A further disadvantage ( of) ... A downside (of) ...

Worryingly, the most serious threat ( of) ... Another negative aspect (of) ...

The most worrying aspect (of) ... On the positive side, we can say ...

One barrier/ obstacle/hindrance ... Another loophole ...

 Essay Language - Task 2
174

For (Linking expressions)

Those people who are in favour of ... believe that ... Another j ustification t he advocates would put forward ...

The advocates figure ... Some people are inclined to agree with ...

Those who are for.../Those who are in favour of... An additional argument in support of. ..

An important consideration t o justify ... One explanation to support this point of view ...

One justification often given for ... (Some/many/most) experts/ academics believe ...

Many people evidently agree with this point of view ... (Some/many/most) researchers are of the opinion that ...

The supporters of... often refer to ... Some economists/env ironmentalists/sociolog ists support ...

The defenders of... often point out... The most powerful argument in favour of...

The advocates believe ... / Some people strongly advocate ... One convincing explanation in favour of ...

Most scholars tend to agree with ... Some scientists point out that...

Many people claim/proclaim ... The supporters of... express their v iews cogently. They believe ...

Those who defend .. ./ The upholders of ... believe ... Proponent s of this view often encourage/promote/ su pport ...

A strong argument for ... People who adhere to t his concept often claim ...

Those who insist ... The advocates are strongly of the opinion that...

The supporters maintain ... Many people assume that...

To many people ...They remark... From their point of view ... There are many people supporting ...

There are many people who hold that... The backers hold strong opinions on ...

There may be an argument in favour of this issue ... One of the strongest arguments for...

The simplest explanation for ... The most convincing expla nation offered by ...

Against (Linking expressions)

(By contrast), it is often argued ... The opponents believe... Many people have warned that...They have voiced criticism ...

( Nevertheless), people who are against... claim ... A number of experts have voiced concern about...They believe ..

(However), not everyone agrees .. ./ not all research agrees... Another point of disagreement is over...
This issue is open to dispute. Public sentiment tends to be
(Yet ) , the other side of the issue should be considered ...
aoainst...
The other side of t he coin is ... The pressure groups tend to be against...They think...

These arguments seem inconsistent. Some critics claim ... The advocacy groups tend to be against...

Another justification to reject this attitude ... The interest groups tend to be aga inst...

The opponents believe ...They claim .../ One might argue that... The counterparts of... would probably put forward ...

Critics of...argue that.../ Some sceptics claim ... I t is widely argued t hat.../ One might argue that ...

Those who object to ...often argue t hat... One convincing point/case against ...
I n fact, there are a nu mber of reasons which could be given to
One compelling argument against ...
refute such a claim. The most imoortant reason aaainst...
People who are opposed to ... are of the opinion that... The initial public reaction is against...because ...

Some critics oppose t he view that... Another reason the opponents put forward ...
This view is no longer widely held. The ma in reason for
Many criticisms are levelled at...
reiectino ...
Another point against ...which needs to be taken into
Others feel that t he focus should be on ...
consideration ...
Many people find it difficult to agree with ... Others are totally opposed to ... They believe ...
In contrast to evidence wh ich presents the view that ... an
In opposition to the argument, it could be said ...
alternative oersoective illustrates that ...
Those who are against ...have reasons that cannot be ignored. Some people believe it is almost impossible to explicate this
The most important aroument aaainst... conceot in anv meaninaful wav. Thev usuallv out forward ...
There are people who argue against... Those who are opposed to...thin k, and convincingly argue ...

There are people who strongly oppose t o ... They claim that this approach ignores the fact that...

This approach ignores the fact that... I t could be arg ued that... Some people tend to disagree with ...

Some people suspect t hat .../ Many people express doubts... Others are inclined to believe ...

Contrary to popular belief, there are many reasons for rejecting ... It seems barely credible that...

Campaigners have objected that... Another persuasive argument against...

Many people t hin k that t his arg ument is incorrect. They claim ... A reason which convinces me to reject...

Some people believe... is a worrying trend. They think ... Another reason to rej ect this issue ...
Essay Language - Task 2
175

Opinions
The evidence supports the view that...This view is also held by ... The research finding s run contrary to popular beliefs

There are certainly many logical reasons to support ... Contradictory evidence suggests that...

The prevailing view seems to be ... The rationale behind this concept.../ The idea behind ... is ...

It has been rightly said ... Considering the fact that... This essay makes a case for .. ./ It is simply/often the case that...

There is considerable proof concerning this subject Having considered ..., it is reasonable t o say...
These statistics lend su pport to the view that.../ The figures
There are several theories related to...corroborating ...
indicate ...
It is particularly significant that.. ./This is particularly true that... For this reason ...it should not be overlooked that...
The evidence proves.. ./ Lots of evidence supports this ... is arguably necessary/... is highly critica l/ ... is of immense
assumotion .. ./ There are a number of facts suQQestinQ ... imoortance/ ...is of the hiohest imoortance
Scientists have found concrete evidence... It must be conceded that... The point lies in the fact that ...

There are two schools of thought about... It is difficult to pinpoint/find the reasons for ...

In fact, the word ' ..... .' has many shades of meaning This view seems plausible .../ I can see a valid reason for ...

The theory of . .. expounded by ' .... .. · / ... can be explained by ... To look at this issue from different angle, we can conclude ...
In point of fact, the concept of...is too vague/ It's not clear This approach/method is explicable in terms of...
oreciselv how/whv ...
The simplest explanation for ... lies in .../ It is precisely because ... It is an unquestioned principle/issue that...

Before considering ... it is important t o note ... The essay alludes to some reasons that need closer examination

These beliefs are best understood when it comes t o ... Many (historians/politicians... ) have posited...

There is no clear-cut answer to the question of... There are many grounds for saying that...

There is certainly a great dea l of evidence to support ... An underlying assumption .. ./ An implicit assumption ...

The truth ( of the matter) is.. ./ ... is t he real crux of the issue I tend to agree on this opinion based on the following reasons

It is wrong to make assumptions about... Below are a number of reasons which prove ...

... is an all -embracing theory/study The following present some of these reasons

Statistical analysis reveals .. ./Scientist s have recently reported ... The reasons are presented in descending order of importance
According to a report issued by ... Newspapers ...
I think there is convincing evidence to suggest that ...
Based on a reoort.. ./Accordina to a research oublished in 2010 ...
According to the results of a survey conducted ... In this essay, I will explore the underlying reasons for ...
There are numerous reasons why ... This essay will touch on the
The report makes no definite claims but implies .. most frequentlv mentioned reasons to sunnort ...
This is an opinion which is widely echoed in the news There are many good reasons for supporting ... This essay puts
/ broadcastinQ media forward the most common lv cited reasons for/ behind ...
Another way of viewing .. ./ This view is also held by ... I sha ll return to this point later in my essay
In this essay, I should like to draw a distinction between ...
Many studies have attempted to assess the significance of...
and...This essav aims at. ..
There are several reasons why I think ...is justifiable I
There are a number of facts indicating that...
reasonable /rat ional/loaicaljva lid/ feasible/viable
The results of this groundbreaking research show... For the following reasons, I firmly believe ...

Opinion (Linking expressions)

The first and perhaps the most significant reason ... Another convincing explanation .../ A further reason/ point...

The first point that I would like to make... Another major reason for agreeing/ disagreeing with ...

One reason for this is t hat.../The primary/ principal reason to justify ... The chief reason why I agree/disagree/believe with ...

Another justification to be taken into consideration ... Another key point to justify t his attitude ...

One explanation might be .. ./ One possible explanation for... From an overall perspective, one reason for this viewpoint...

Not surprisingly many people are of the opinion that... One of the most obvious reasons for ...

Another logical/leading reason to support... A reason which convinces me to support...

A possible reason for .. ./ The most likely reason for ... Another aspect of th is issue is the fact...

(Econom ic/Social... ) think tanks are of the opinion that ... Another reason which is often overlooked ...

A further point to support .../ Another fact to note ... An underlying assumption ...

Perhaps the main reason for this alarming fact ... There is now a belief that...

Perhaps the main reason for th is worsening trend ... One culture-related reason to justify ...

It is also important to consider t he issue (of) ... Another reason why I t end to agree/disagree ...

Most leading theorists believe .. ./One theory t hat possibly explains... No one can deny... /One can say ..

Many specialists presume that.../ Many experts have highlighted ... Some people correctly put forward that...
176 Essay Language - Task 2

Cause & Effect

Various factors have been criticised for... ...(can) influence(s) .... in a variety of ways
Various factors have been blamed for ... .. .profound ly/ greatly affect(s) ...
The problem often stems from ..., more precisely, because of... ...is/ are triggered by .. .j. .. trigger(s) ...

As regards the internal/external factors ... It is unrea listic to lay the blame for ... as all the contributors
should be taken into account
It is difficult t o determine the exact cause of... ...have/has powerfu l influence on ...
Other root causes are ... ...have/ has enor mous inf luence on ...
... (may) lead( s) t o inevitable outcomes ... have/has tremendous influence on ...
... has always been a prime driving force for ... ... is/ are (heavily/ strongly) influenced by ...
It is not fair to shoulder all the blame for ... ...is/ are deemed as a common cause
There are many factors behind ... Most problems come from ...
... can be expounded by ... ... (may) resu lt(s) in/from ... / ... resulting in ...
Some of these root causes are ... ... arise( s) from ...
Other key fact ors which contribute ... The logic behind ... is...
The most probable causes (of ) ... ...the reason behind ...
... is because of having a negative attitude towards .. ...is/are directly attributed to ... / ... is/are attr ibutable to ...
Other factors which encourage/promote/ persuade/induce... ...is/are attributed to a nu mber of factors
... arise(s) from t he fact ... This follows from the fact t hat ...
There are many causes held responsible for this issue ... is a second key factor that should be considered
... is/are relat ed to many factors such as ... ...is/are mainly due to lack of...
... (can) increase(s) the impact of... ...is/are (largely/ partly/often) due to ...
Other deciding factors which can impact on ... There are manifold causes...
I think a large number of factors may cause ... There is a proven association between ...and ...
... is a combination of a number of factors One leading cause which may harm/ hurt/ destroy/deteriorate ...
The increase in the number of ... has a dramatic impact on ... One leading cause which may discourage/ undermine/ worsen ...
To some ext ent ... may contribute to... One major cause which may induce/persuade/ provoke
... is/are attributed to a number of reasons One root cause which may intensify ...
The problem often stems from ... One common cause which may hinder...
Other leading causes which have been identified are ... ...appears to have a direct impact on ...
This crisis is the inevitable resu lt of... Another factor cont ributing to...
... is/are more likely to cause ... This worrying trend Is mainly attributed to ...
...cause(s) irreparable damage such as ... A number of problems have resulted from ...
... is/are compounded by a number of contributing factors ... There are many unknown reasons behind ...
.. .is/are likely to affect ... ... is/are the source of ...
The increased availability of...contributed to t he problem of... There are many factors that account for ...
Other determining factors wh ich may affect... The most Important influential factor...
Many problems can arise as a result of ... There are clear Indications that there is a link between ... and ...
On closer examination, we find that t he root causes are ... The most common factor deemed responsible for ...
... strengthen(s) the impact of... It is clear that ... and ... go together
It is said t hat ... and ...are t otally unrelated . However, ... ...relevant to...
The combination of... and ... are all contributory factors There are many causes in relat ion to t his matter
... is a (common) cause of... ...is the sing le most important factor
... is/ are (most ly) caused by.. ./...cause(s) ... There is a growing consensus of opinion on the causes of...
... in turn lead (s) to .. ./ ... leading t o .. ./ ...may lead to ... ...by the same token ...

... (may) bring (s) about... The problem is twofold ...

There are many factors to be considered when comparing ... Some of the most frequent causes of are ...
...is (partly) because of...
In order to elaborate on the main causes, I should mention ...
Essay Language - Task 2
177

Cause & Effect

... and ... have become inextricable This crisis is the direct result of...

There is an inextricable connection between ... and ... The idea may lead to... /. .. in turn lead(s) to .. .

There is a direct relationship between ... It is not easy to account for ...

There is a direct correlation between ... The results can be counterproductive ...

.... is/are closely interrelated with ... ... is/are having a powerful influence on public opinion ...

Closely linked to... , it can be seen that. .. The results are utterly predictable

A clear relationship emerged in ... ... is an inevitable consequence of this decision

It is axiomatic that there is a clear relationship between ... and ... The effects of...are beyond the scope of this essay

There is a complex cause-and-effect relationship between ... The consequences of... seem to be numerous

There is a significa nt correlation between ... and ... ... is/are consistently linked with a variety of negative effects

There is a direct connection between ...and ... The situation has been exacerbated by...

Researchers ha ve established a connection between ... and ... ...(can) cause(s) many unforeseen problems

There is a strong connection between ... and ... ... have/ has a number of long-term effects

There is an interconnection between ... and ... The overa ll effects of ... are overwhelming ...

...and ...are interconnected ...is/are having serious/major/significant/huge impact on ...

... and ...are directly related Other long-term effects include ...

... and ...are closely related This illustrates another potential problem. One indirect result of...

... and ...are thematically linked In the long run, there may be certain positive outcomes ...

... and ...are inextricably linked It is important to learn to distingu ish between cause and effect

...and ...are interlinked The beneficial effects of...are immense

A large number of problems is said to be linked with ... (Environmental/Social. .. ) factors can increase/ decrease...

There is growing awareness of the direct link between ...and ... ... has/ have knock-on effects on ...

There is a close connection between ... and ... The scope of the problem facing people is immense

...is because of the inverse relationship between ...and ... ...would represent a huge/serious setback in ...
Apart from the positive aspects, there are some negative ... is/are likely to cause multiple problems
effects associated with ...
... have/has many serious repercussions ... have/has (positively/ negatively) affected ...

... (can) produce(s) the opposite effect ... have/has unforeseen outcomes ...

Other effects which are probable to occur... As a direct of consequence of. ..

... is/are the outcome of... ... is now regarded as a major problem. One negative effect...

These results directly/indirectly support this hypothesis ... lead(s) to numerous problems such as...

... is/are the ( direct) result of... ...have/has far-reaching consequences such as ...

Some huge effects include ... The positive effects of... will be apparent when it comes to ...

The after-effects of... The emotional impact on ... is huge

...on t he grounds that ... The beneficial effects of ... will be soon apparent

One stimu lating element ... ...is perceived as a serious t hreat, one damaging effect (of) ...

A number of interrelated problems are usually observed ... ...(may) have/has unexpected outcomes

This new piece of evidence invalidates ... The practical/possible consequences are considerable
There are many other problems which are related to... ...(may) have/has long-lasting effects

Other adverse effects associated with ... ... (may) have/has tangible results

Other effects which are probable to occur... The problem is compounded by the fact that...

... have/has adverse side effects on ... ...have/has dramatic effects

The results of... are not statistically significant ...have/has made the situation worse. The problem lies in ...

...have/ has many destructive effects ...may be derived from ...

Some people think that.... has no significant effect on ... These two factors are equally important

The effects of... are immense ...lead(s) to predictable outcomes...

In the long term, there may be certain negative outcomes ... The results implicate ...
178 Essay La nguage - Task 2

Cause & Effect

Below is an outline of some contributing factors ... The essay will explore t he connections bet ween ...
This essay aims to clarify the most important effects of... This essay focuses on some of these contributors
Below is a brief outline of the effects of... This essay tries to introduce these causes
It is very important to go into greater detail to find the real
causes In this essay I shall concentrate on some of these effects
The essay contains t he causes that are germane to this issue This essay identifies these crucial factors
it is very important to ta ke a close look at the main causes and
effects This essay tries to analyse these effects
In t his essay, I wi ll zero in on the main causes and effects of
this issue I n this essay, I will point out some of t hese effects
In this essay, I have attempted to show the relationship In this essay, the main causes of this social/cultura l/socio-
between ... and ... cult ural issue will be discussed in more detail
The essay examines the causes of..., and, more pertinently,
deals with these effects The aim of this essay is to enumerate the beneficial effects of...
This essay highlights some of the negative effects of... Some common causes which have been ident ified are as follows
This essay has focused on three factors affecting ... This essay focuses on some immediate problems confronting ...
This essay shows the ma in factors which impact upon ... This essay looks at some of these inter-related problems
The essay highlights the major problems facing ... The goal of this essay is t o outline the main causes of...
This essay seeks to investigate t he impact of ... in relation t o... This essay will elaborate on the reasons behind ...

This essay focuses on ... and how this affects ... The principal objective of this essay is to describe some of the
problems involved with ...
This essay explores the main effects associated with this issue The main aim of this essay is to set out ...

Cause (Linking expressions)

An important cause lead ing to ... One of the main/ major causes (of) ...
One key factor beh ind ... The most frequent cause (of) ...
Another key factor which can make a profound impact on ... Anot her major contributor ...
Perhaps the largest factor ... Another common cause which is related to ...
One more var iable which is o~en known as a major ca use... Another ulterior motive ...
An important factor which influences ... Another factor wh ich has significant impact on ...
Another immediate cause (of) ... Another factor which has huge impact on ...
Another reason behind ... One of the ma in causes (of) ...
Another underlying reason for ... Another reason that cou ld account for ...
Another determining factor ... The last contributing factor ...
-.
Effect (Linking expressions)
The first and perhaps the m ost important effect... Another positive effect (of) ...
The most obvious effect (of) ... The clearest indication of...
The most likely outcome (of) ... An important effect which is likely to happen ...
Another potential problem ... Another tangible effect...
One unforeseen resu lt (of) ... Another noteworthy effect of...
Another major difficulty that we face ... Another matter of great concern ...
Perhaps the most important effect (of) ... Another recurrent problem ...
One aspect of the problem that has yet to be considered ... A social effect of this issue ...
Another deleterious effect ( of) ... One of the possible negative consequences ( of) ...
Another negative effect ( of) ... One unavoidable consequence (of) ...
Another unfavou rable effect (of) ... Another effect which needs urgent attention ...
Another detrimental effect (of) ... One of the possible negative consequences (of) ...
The greatest problem area ... Another major result (of) ...
Another problem t hat exacerbates t he issue ... Another significant/noticeable effect (of) ...
Another harmful effect (of) ... Another possible outcome ...
A serious problem inherent in... One immediate effect (of) ...
A problem resulting from ... Another side effect ( of) ...
Another beneficial effect (of) ... The last outcome ( of) ...
Essay Language - Task 2
179

SOiution
... is a complex issue with no clear solutions. A number of There is much that can be done to address the problem
solutions have been proposed to deal with th is critical issue constructively/...can be improved enormously by ...
This issue needs to be clarified . We need a clear understanding
It is very important to make the most efficient use of... of.../ We should identify the problem areas
It is very essential to make every effort to promote ... Serious attempts to halt/prevent/ solve this Issue must be made
We should view this issue from the perspective of the people To solve this Insuperable problem, people should be encou raged
involved .. ./We should see the issue from a different perspective to.../There are various ways In which Individuals can ...
There are several measures which could be taken to identify The methods require further elucidation. The best method .. ./
the severitv of the problem The only practicable alternative is to ...
More attention should be focused on ...to improve/boost... The key to this problem Is not as obvious as it first seems

All possible measures should be ta ken to minimise the risks of... Measures like this would be difficult to enforce
... is an Issue which needs concrete action, not just concern/ ... is Many decisions have been implemented to encourage
an addressable issue. The first priority should be ... /support/promote/discourage/add ress/solve t his matter
Stricter policies are needed to ... / Imposing certain restrict ions Official authorities shou ld take steps/ take
on ... Is often reoarded as an effective solution actlon .. ./Governments should act auicklv and decisivelv to...
Many different policies have been adopted to tackle this
Many of these solutions appear to be in conflict with each other
problem . We should come up w ith a practical solution
At the simplest level.../ At the individual level .. ./ More attention shou ld now be focused on .../ More emphasis
At the community level every one can contribute ... shou ld be placed on .. ./ A sensible decision is to focus on ...
I think we should view the situation objectively/subjectively Problems should be dealt with on a case by case basis
We should strive to find a solution that is acceptable to all
... is considered as an effective tool by which we can ...
cases/ ... is a step in the rioht direction
On a national level, a new system can be devised for. .. These measures should be compatible with ...
The main target should be.. ./Unli ke most methods, this
People can contribute a great deal through ... approach helps to make the issue more tractable .
These measures can be of great benefit to improve ... ... Is largely a matter of t r ial and error
A programme for ... can be Implemented in order to address
There are many solutions offered to manage th is cr ucia l issue
this issue. We need an in-depth look at ...
This problem can be effectively tackled by .. ./Adopting problem- Having considered ... ,it seems to be necessary to take the
solvino methods ... followina measure
Let's now examine the range of initiatives that... /There has To address this insurmountable problem, ... should be
lono been a sinole method for ... limited/restricted/controlled/banned/prohibited/forbidden
I n fact, there is no single panacea for the problem of ... ... serves as an important catalyst ...
Special programmes can be tailored to t he needs of specific
To al leviate the situation, people should be encouraged to ...
groups/ We need a functional approach to...
The problem could be solved by... When it comes to the point, This issue has several important aspects that deserve careful
we have to make the right decision considerat ion. The idea is well-worth considering
There is no clear-cut answer to this question. We should
To address this vexed question, people must...
constant ly strive for ...
On a practical note, appropriate measures should be taken to... The following solutions can be effective to encourage ...
We should assign a high priority to... This essay explores theoretical and practical approaches to ...
Individuals can do a great deal to address t his problem This essay tries to present the most effective solutions to ...
...offers the best and most-far sighted solution to the problem
This essay out lines some practica l solutions to deal with ...
of...
People should be encouraged to approach t he problem from a
different Perspective This essay examines some of these solutions more closely

Solution (Unking expressions)

By far the most important course of action to address this Having identified the root of the problem, a good remedy to
issue .. ./ The most important cure for .. ./ Another prescription ... cope with .. ./ Another action plan t o halt/prevent...
The first thing to be considered .. ./ A workable plan ... An effective way to improve the current situation ...

The most important policy in order to deal with ... A good/perfect/clear/ simplistic solution to this problem ...
From an economic point of view, a feasible solution to tackle ... From a cultural perspective, the most effective way to enrich ...

An innovative/sensible/creative/practical solution to cope with ... Perhaps this problem can be effectively solved by ...

One measure which may improve ... / An effective way ... A common sense/pragmatic approach to this problem ...
A good Initiative to enhance.../ Perhaps the best way... By far the only permanent answer to this problem ...

An instant solution to handle ... / An alternative viewpoint is.../

An alternative strategy to optimise/ maxim ise/enhance/ boost ...
One obvious alternative ...
Having identified the causes, a useful suggestion ... A commonly used method ... /A more effective measure...
One strategy t o deal with this issue.. ./ A long term strategy... From this standpoint, a good plan to achieve...
On the (pure ly) cultural front, a strategy to encourage... An alternative way to combat .../ An Important step in battling
A good method employed by .. ./ Another workable solution ... this problem ... / A further deterrent...
Another potential solution .../ Another and far more frequent From a social standpoint, an efficient way to develop ...
solution .../The most important weapon ... The most effectual means of...
The most obvious answer.../ The answer lies in ... A worthwhile step to deal with .. ./ A workable proposal. ..

A further way to tackle this issue .. The only way to ensure that.../ One possible solution ...
 Essay Language - Task 2
180

orofesslonal advantaaeous
Adjectives frequently used in an essay (Positive)
useful heloful fruitful effective efficient oroductlve
I
comoetent functional feasible reasonable loqical rational acceotable iustifiable
defensible comoatible humane rewardinq fulfillinq valid unoroblematic iust
beneficial economical fair practical sensible wise ethical exact
moral suitable appropriate applicable leqal leqitimate realistic reliable
svstematlc organised dependable convenient successful safe secure Invaluable
valuable comprehensive complete equitable manaqeable satisfactorv standard reqular
Adjectives frequently used in an essay (Negative) I
unprofessional disadvantaqeous useless unheloful futiletnnintless Ineffective inefficient unoroductive
incompetent non-functional unfeasible unreasonable illoaical Irrational unacceotable uniustifiable
indefensible incompatible Inhumane unrewardinq unfulfillinq Invalid oroblematlc unfust
vain uneconomical unfair impractical Insensible unwise unethical inexact
Immoral unsuitable Inappropriate inapplicable llleqal illeqitimate unrealistic unreliable
unsvstematic disoraanised undeoendable inconvenient unsuccessful unsafe insecure valueless
worthless deficient lncomolete ineaultable unmanaaeable unsatlsfactorv substandard lrreaular

to oromote to encouraae
Verbs frequently used In an essay I
to develoo to SUDDOrt to ootimise to orotect to reinforce to enrich
to persuade to enhance to maximise to safeauard to imorove to achieve to develoo to leaalise
to motivate to emoower to enable to ensure to boost to oroaress to allow to oermit
to forbid to orohibit to outlaw to orevent to eradicate to address to slow ta deter
to limit to dlscouraae to abolish to Inhibit to confine to solve to ban to combat
to restrict to control to halt to overcome to eliminate to resolve to hinder to disallow
to deal with to ootimise to minimise to avoid to exolain to orioritise to oraanl se to orave
to contribute to orovlde to benefit to balance to consider to outwelah to lustifv to analvse
to reaulate to emohaslse to olan to lntenslfv to worsen to handle to manaae tol exoand
to maintain to aenerallse to concentrate to allocate to utilise to serve to urae 1tol cause
to affect to influence tol relieve to adiust to suoervise Ito standardise to lmolement tol focus
to determine to orooose to fudae to direct to soecifv Ito advance to challenae tol assume

New points & Comments

The first point... One more point to remember is ... It i s (clearly/particularly) evident that ...

It should be stressed/emphasised that... Another considerable feature ... It is worth pointing out/bearing in mind that...

It should be underlined/noted that... Another key/noteworthy feature ... One explanation might be that. ..

Another (significant) point/ aspect/feature... The most striking feature... It is important to note/remember/realise that...

Another criterion ... The most outstanding feature ... It implies/suggests ...

Another factor/parameter/element ... It is interesting to note ... It is noteworthy/ remarkable that...

Another logical reason ... Needless to say... This example clearl y highlights ...

Another interesting point ... Most notably/significantl y/Importantly ... The report/study underlines ...

As already mentioned ... Another distinguishing feature ... It is helpfu l to consider...

Probability
It is fairly likely that. .. It is quite likely that ... Beyond any doubt ...

It is very probable that. .. There is a strong possibility of. .. It appears...

It seems highly possible that... T here is very little chance of... It is quite unlikely t hat ...

There is a slight possibility of... There is very remote chance of... It is reasonable to assume...

There is a strong probability of... It is rather unlikely that... It seems...

It is highly probable... It is bound to... It is quite possible that ...

Quotation
I should like to preface my essay with a quotation
A quote from a speech by' ..... .' T he renowned writer, ' ..... .' once said ...
from' ......'.
As the famous writer/novelist /poet/dramatist/
A quotation from a speech by ' ...... According to ' ......'
/ol avwrioht/ohllosooher ' ..... .' Concel said/wrote...
A quote from an article entitled ... by ' ..... .' This succinct/pithy point quoted by ' ..... .' This quotation taken from ' ......'

Impersonal opinion
-·
It is generally admitted ... It is w idely accepted that... It is commonl y alleged that ...

It is generally viewed It is widely believed that... I t is common ly cla imed that...

It is generally said ... It is widely argued that ... It is commonly asserted that ...

It is generally agreed ... It is widely/ well acknowledged that ... It is frequently alleged that...

It is generally accepted ... It is strongly advised that ... It is frequently claimed that...

It is strongly recommended that... It should be noted that... I t is frequently asserted that ...

It should be explained that... It should be emphasised that... It should be stated that...

It has been proved ... It has been ascertained ... It has been established ...

It is generally felt... It Is generally believed ... It is generally held ...

 Essay Language - Task 2
181

Personal opinion
(Personally) I think .. / What I think is ... I tend to th ink ... My experience tells me .. ./ In my experience...
To my m ind ... From my point of v iew ... I (finnly/strongly) believe.. ./ It is my belief that...

In my opinion/ v iew ... I am of the opinion that... I hold the view that...

To the best of my knowledge/belief... It has long been my belief that ... It seems to me ... I am inclined to think ...

As far as I ' m concerned ... As far as I can see ... My personal opin ion is...

I am quite convinced that ... The way I see it .../To my way of thinking ... My (overall/initial) impression ...

Having said this, I th ink ... I reckon/suppose ... I would like to point out that...

From my perspective ... We can say beyond any doubt that.. . I am inclined to believe that...
On a more personal level, I wou ld say... I can't help thinking that... It is clear to me...

Total agreement
I fully agree with .../ I believe ...t o the max It is absolutely r ight to say ... I am tota lly convinced that...
I entirely agree with ... That is perfectly true... I strongly support ... I am quite convinced that...
I totally agree with .../! am a great believer in... There is ample reason to support... I share the opinion that...
I fundamentally agree with ... I am utterly convinced that... I totally understand the point of view that

Partial agreement
I agree on the whole/ up to a point... I ag ree to some extent It seems there is some truth in (this) ...

I think it is justifiable in some ways I would tend t o agree with ... I only partly agree with ...
I am indined to agree with the former viewpoint This is partly true but... I can see both sides of the argument

I am inclined to agree with the latter viewpoint There could be a case for saying that... I ag ree with it to a certain extent

Disagreement
I find ... indefensible . It fa ils to address ... I am totally opposed to ... I believe ... is rarely justifiable

I think it is unjustifiable to say that I am com pletely aga inst... I can see no possi ble justification for ...

It is hard to justify ... For all these reasons, I disagree ... There is absolutely no Justification for...

I doubt/ I find ...somewhat dubious... It is a paradox t hat... Some people mistakenly believe ...

It is important to be suspicious of. .. I whol ly disagree with ... I strongly suspect that ...

I remain u nconvinced that ... I totally disagree w ith ... I would not agree t hat...

I find it hard t o agree ... I don't share the opinion ... I cannot altogether agree w ith ...

:,
Restatement (Conclusion) -·
On the basis of the points mentioned above, it would seem t hat... Having looked at this issue, I would say ...

Based on the arguments cited above ... it is evident that... To sum up, the foregoing discussion indicates ...
Based on the arguments mentioned above ... The obvious conclusion to be drawn is that ...

For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt... What clinches the argument is t he fact...

For t he above-mentioned reasons, ... I n fact, There is no absolute answer to the question of ...

On this basis, it may be inferred that... According to the above ana lysis

With the points stated above, we can safely say that... It is apparent from the above arguments ...

According to t he points mentioned above ... It is apparent from the above points...

Finally my main points in t he essay ... Given this, it may be concluded that...

The reasons cited above prove t hat... In the final analysis ...

For these aforesaid reasons... To return to my original idea ...

Given these facts/ points In general. ../Generally .../As a general rule.. ./As a broad generalisation ...

Taking everything into consideration ... To conclude .../ It can be concluded that.../ In conclusion ...

All t hings considered, one can conclude... It is my (firm) opinion /view (that) ...

Taking into account both these sets of argument s ... It is my (firm) belief (t hat) ...

For the reasons above, it is evid ent ... As shown/ indicated/suggested/ outlined/stipulated above ...
In sum, with the reasons stat ed above ... On balance ...

After examining these Issues, it is evident that... On the whole...

182 Essay Language - Task 2

Restatement (Conclusion)
Alt ogether... In t he light of this evidence, it is clear...
For these reasons ... I would like to conclude by saying ...
All in all ... Therefore, it can be said that...

As a final word / As a final point, ... In conclusion, ... seems to be inevitable ...
In brief... In the normal course of events...
In short... Generally/Broadly speaking
In a word ... Rough ly/Relatively speaking
To put it simply ... Personally speaking

In view of... / In view of the fact that... Practically speaking

In general, it is foreseeable ... To put it in a nutshell ...

I t is clear to me that.../ It is obvious that ... The logical conclusion would be ...

It appears to me .. ./ It seems to me ... To summerise... / In sum mary ...

It can be seen from the above ana lysis t hat, ... The overall picture is that...
Thus, it ca n be deduced that ... To reca pitulate briefly ...
From an overall perspective ... To reca p the main points ...
Overall ... To reiterate To sum up briefly ...
~.

Conclusion expressions
...offer(s)/ ... present (s) more advantages than disadvantages I think ... will continue to benefit humans

There are more benefits than drawba cks to sth/doing sth We shou ld dea l with t hese problems on a case by case basis
The drawbacks associated with ...outweigh t he advantages... This is an impossibly d ifficult problem
It is true to say t hat ...have/has always been overshadowed by ... We need an initiative to encourage/promote ...

... can offer many advant ages depending on ... It is very important to impose (certain) limitations on ...

...vastly / greatly/clearly/u ndoubtedly/ far outweigh( s) ... To impose (certain) const raints on ... is of crucial importance
The advantages of... outweigh the drawbacks provided that... It is somewhat illogica l t o compare...

The benefits and drawbacks appear to cancel each other out I think ... is more of a hindrance than a help
The benefits of... are greater than the risks associated with ... All factors should be considered/ ... and ...are equally important
I would say that... is both a posit ive and negative development ...play(s) a pivotal/vital/crucial/significant role in ...
... bring (s) considerable/ great benefits to... ...present(s) a short-term resolution
There are many problems inherent in .../...seems to be unavoidable A more relaxed approach/ attitude to this issue is requ ired
It is (un)wise to assess/evaluate/j udge... To a certain/some extent, it is right to say ...
It seems t o be (un)fair t o say t hat .. We can say beyond a shadow of a doubt...

The outcome will depend on a number of factors We should consider that...do not necessarily lead t o ...

While I admire/ appreciate .. ./Wh ile ...is certainly understandable ... It is difficult to reach a consensus about this issue as...

I think there is abundant evidence to say... I t hink ... should be optiona l provided that ...

... is not an either or issue. In fact, both factors should be considered ...should be compu lsory/ obligatory/ mandatory

Although it is regrettable ..., I tend to feel ... They do not contradict each other/ ... and ... can coexist
oeacefullv with ...
Alt hough, the costs involved are enormous,... is still justified It is very important to find a way to reconcile the two
conflicting views/ ...should be regulated by law
Given, the advantages of...outlined in t he previous paragraph, ...
I do not think this is necessarily true
it is auite oredictable that...
Despite these criticisms, ... the popularity of... remains largely
Despite ... , ... remain(s) enormously popular undim inished . We must consider the fact that...
It is important to consider... I n fact... is an integral part of... There is convincing evidence t o say...Therefore we can say ...
It is important to find a (correct ) balance between ... A method ical approach is a usefu l tool for solving t his problem
It is essential to ach ieve a balance between ... The fact is t hat we cannot generalise ...
A balanced approach appears to be the best way to ... I think the first argument appears to be more logical
While it may be true ( correct) to say that... It is not reasonable to say .. ./ It is not realist ic to expect...

I tend to think there is certainly some t ruth in both views We have to find a realistic alternative/solution ... /We should
find a viable alternative
... is a matter of opinion/preference/ ...is a hig hly subjective opinion I can predict with absolute evidence .. ./ I can safely predict...